Upper motor neurons originate in the brain and convey signals for voluntary movement through descending pathways to lower motor neurons. Lower motor neurons originate in the spinal cord and brainstem and directly innervate skeletal muscles. An upper motor neuron lesion causes spastic weakness without atrophy while a lower motor neuron lesion causes flaccid paralysis with atrophy.
This ppt describes various movement disorders found commonly in elderly persons. It also describes hyper and hypokinetic disorder categorization with cause and pathophysiology of movement disorders.
here i am to explain the Anatomy and physiology of part of the Pyramidal tract, that is the corticospinal tract. I also added the clinical significance of corticospinal tract. The course of the corticospinal tract are well explained.
This ppt describes various movement disorders found commonly in elderly persons. It also describes hyper and hypokinetic disorder categorization with cause and pathophysiology of movement disorders.
here i am to explain the Anatomy and physiology of part of the Pyramidal tract, that is the corticospinal tract. I also added the clinical significance of corticospinal tract. The course of the corticospinal tract are well explained.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
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The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
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Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
2. CNS influence the activity of
skeletal muscle through two
sets of neuron
• Upper motor neuron
• Lower motor neuron
3. UPPER MOTOR NEURON
• Upper motor neurons (UMN) are responsible
for conveying impulses for voluntary motor
activity through descending motor pathways
that make up the upper motor neurons.
• UMN send fibers to the LMN, and that exert
direct or indirect supranuclear control over
the LMN of the cranial and spinal nerves..
5. • Axons from the cortical areas form the
corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts.
• 1/3 from primary motor cortex (Betz’s cell
axons -3-5%, and other 95% from small
neurons)
• 1/3 from the somatic sensory cortex (areas 1,
2, and 3), and
• adjacent temporal lobe region.
6. HOW UPPER MOTOR NEURON
FUNCTION
Upper motor neuron control
lower motor neuron through two
different pathways
• Pyramidal tract
• Extra pyramidal tract
8. Nerve pathways
Descending Tracts
Tract Signal function
Fine voluntary motor control of the limbs. The
Corticospinal (pyramidal) pathway also controls voluntary body posture
adjustments.
Involved in involuntary adjustment of arm position in
Rubrospinal response to balance information; support of the body.
Regulates various involuntary motor activities and
Reticulospinal (1) Pontine assists in balance (leg extensors). Some pattern
movements e.g. stepping
(2) Medullary Inhibits firing of spinal and cranial motor neurons,
control of antigravity muscles.
It is responsible for adjusting posture to maintain
Vestibulospinal (1) Medial balance (neck muscles).
(2) Lateral It is responsible for adjusting posture to maintain
balance (body/lower limb).
Controls head and eye movements, Involved in
Tectospinal involuntary adjustment of head position in response to
visual information.
9. Descending Pathways
Pathway Upper limb Lower limb
This Tract functions to modulate the activity of
Cortico/-pyramidal Alpha or Gamma Motor Neurons as directed by the
Motor Cortex.
Rubro-spinal Stimulates flexors
Medullary inhibits extensors and excites flexors
Reticulo-spinal Pontine excites extensors and inhibits flexors
(Generally upper limb)
Doesn’t affect upper limbs Stimulates extensors
but helps position head and (lateral)
Vestibulo-spinal neck in response to body
tilting (medial)
Tecto-spinal Control of head, neck and eye movements.
10.
11. UPPER MOTOR NEURON LESION
• Loss of dexterity, voluntary skillful
movements. (corticospinal
• Babinski sign(corticospinal)
• Loss of superficial reflex (corticospinal)
.
12. • weakness with no muscle atrophy
• Spasticity is hallmark of the UMN
disease. Spasticity is a state of sustained
increase in muscle tension in response to
muscle lengthening, in particular, with
passive movements.
• hyperreflexia. deep tendon reflex
• Pseudobulbar palsy is hallmark of the
UMN disorder
13. • PSEUDOBULBAR PALSY
results from an upper motor neuron lesion to
the corticobulbar pathways in the
pyramidal tract.
• It results from bilateral lesion of UMN’s of
the muscles of the tongue (XII), face (VII),
speech and swallowing (IX,X)
• Individuals with pseudobulbar palsy also
demonstrate inappropriate emotional
outbursts.
14. WHAT ARE LOWER MOTOR
NEURON
All voluntary movement depend upon excitation
of lower motor neuron by upper motor
neuron
These are the only neurons that innervate the
skeletal muscle fibers, they function as the
final common pathway, the final link between
the CNS and skeletal muscles
15. WHERE THEY COME FROM
• Motor Neuron in spinal cord
• Motor component of cranial nerve nuclei in
brain stem (Those in cranial nerves innervate
the skeletal muscles associated with the
movements of the eyes, tongue, chewing,
swallowing, vocalizing.)
16. CLASSIFICATION OF LMN
Lower motor neurons are classified based on the type of
muscle fiber they innervate:
•Alpha motor neurons (α-MNs) innervate
extrafusal muscle fibers, the most numerous type of
muscle
fiber and the one involved in muscle contraction.
•Gamma motor neurons (γ-MNs) innervate
intrafusal muscle fibers, which together with sensory
afferents
compose muscle spindles. These are part of the system
for sensing body position (proprioception)
17. LOWER MOTOR NEURON LESION
• Flaccid paralesis
• Muscle atrophy and Hyporeflexia
• Muscle hypotonicity
• Fasciculations
18. • BULBAR PALSY
• is a similar disorder as psedobulbar palsy but
is caused by lower motor neuron lesions
• It consists of LMN signs in regions innervated
by the facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX),
Vagus (X) and hypoglossal (XII
19.
20.
21. The corticobulbar tract projects bilaterally
to all the cranial motor nuclei except
• Part of facial nucleus that supply muscle
of lower part of face receives
corticobulbar fibers from same
hemisphere
in UMN LESION muscle of lower
part of face will paralyzed
in LMN LESION all muscle of
affected side will be paralyzed
22. • Part of hypoglossal nucleus that supplies the
genioglossus muscle receive corticobulbar
fiber from opposite hemisphere
in UMN LESION tongue will deviate to the
side opposite to lesion
in LMN LESION tongue will deviate to the
side of lesion