This document discusses language and speech from neurological and developmental perspectives. It addresses how language involves symbolic representation, communication, and learning verbal symbols that develop with brain maturity. Language relies on dominant hemisphere functions like thinking and manual dexterity, while speech involves articulation which may be impaired separately. The document also describes the neurological pathways and areas involved in language processing and production, including connections between cortical speech areas, striatum, thalamus, and between hemispheres.

3.  Social interaction and private intellectual
life
 Any disturbance due to brain disease-
functional loss more grave than blindness,
deafness and paralysis

4.  Symbolic representation of objects, actions
and events
 Mirror of higher mental activity
 Means of communication between patient
and physician- medium of delicate
interpersonal transaction

5.  Developing and using verbal symbols for our
ideas
 Transmitting those ideas by written or
spoken word
 Facility to use our hands
 Both language and manual dexterity are
functions of dominant hemisphere

6.  Seen in other animals – by vocalization or
gestures
 It is a feeling or reaction of that moment
 Earliest modes of emotional expression
appear in infancy
 Emotional expression is well developed in
human infants even when cerebrum is
immature

7.  Utterancesused to express joy, anger, fear
are retained even after destruction of all
language areas in the dominant hemisphere

8.  Essence of language
 Means of transferring ideas from one person
to another
 Learned – subject to social and cultural
influences of the environment
 Learnt only after nervous system has
attained a certain level of maturity

9. involves
 comprehension,
 formulation and transmission of ideas and
feelings
 using verbal symbols, sounds, gestures
 their sequential ordering according to
accepted rules of grammar

10. Needs
 Thinking
 Analysis
 Synthesis
 Creativity

11.  Derangement of language reflects an
abnormality of brain – specifically the
dominant hemisphere
 Speech disorder may have a similar origin,
but not necessarily; it may be a result of
abnormalities in different parts or
extracerebral mechanisms

12.  Speechrefers to articulation and phonetic
aspects of verbal expression

13. Exophasia = external speech
 Expression of thought by spoken or written
words, comprehension of spoken or written
words of others
 Almost continuous when humans gather

14. Introphasia = internal speech
Silent process of thought and formulation in
our minds of unspoken words

15.  Arcuate fasciculus connects sensory and
motor speech areas
 Short association fibres connect Broca’s area
with lower part of motor cortex that
innervates muscles of lips, tongue and
pharynx

16.  Perisylvian cortical areas connected to
2. Striatum, thalamus
3. Corresponding areas in non- dominant
hemisphere via corpus callosum and anterior
commissure

17.  Modulative aspects of language
Prosody
 Melody of speech
 Its intonation, inflection, and its pauses
 All these have emotional overtones
 Prosody and gestures accompanying them
enhance the meaning of spoken word

18.  Speech is endowed with richness and vitality
 Aprosody is seen in lesions involving inferior
division of right Middle cerebral artery