This document summarizes the major ascending and descending tracts in the spinal cord and brainstem that transmit sensory and motor information. It describes the dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway and anterolateral system, which are the main conscious sensory tracts transmitting touch, proprioception, vibration, pain and temperature. It also discusses the spinocerebellar tracts that transmit unconscious proprioceptive information to the cerebellum. On the motor side, it outlines the pyramidal tracts including the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts, as well as the extrapyramidal tracts that control posture, balance and locomotion.
Pyramidal tract by Sunita.M.Tiwale,Prof. Dept of physiology,D.Y.Patil Medical...Physiology Dept
Specific Learning Objectives:
At the end of session the students should be able to :
Enumerate the descending tracts.
Describe the origin, course, termination, collaterals of Pyramidal tract.
Describe the functions of the pyramidal tract.
Pyramidal tract by Sunita.M.Tiwale,Prof. Dept of physiology,D.Y.Patil Medical...Physiology Dept
Specific Learning Objectives:
At the end of session the students should be able to :
Enumerate the descending tracts.
Describe the origin, course, termination, collaterals of Pyramidal tract.
Describe the functions of the pyramidal tract.
enlists and the description of the different descending tracts of the CNS. cortico spinal tract, cortico bulbar tract, extra pyramidal and pyramiddal tracts, homunculus, vestibulospinal tract, reticulo spinal tracts, tectospinal tract, autonomic tract, uppermotor neuron lesion, lower motor neuron lesion, spinal cord injury, brown sequard syndrome. spinal cord infection, degenerative disorders of spinal cord,
here i am to explain the Anatomy and physiology of part of the Pyramidal tract, that is the corticospinal tract. I also added the clinical significance of corticospinal tract. The course of the corticospinal tract are well explained.
spinal cord, ascending tracts of the the spinal cord, spinocortical tracts, gray matter of spinal cord, white mater of spinal cord, organization of neuron, first order second order and third order neuron, anterolateral spinal tract anteroposterior spinal tract, spinolivary tract, visceral sensory tract, dorsal column tract, spino cerebellar tract , spinorectal pathway, spino olivary pathway, cerebellar peduncles,
Largest part of hind brain.
Called “ silent area/Little Brain ”
Weight- 150 gms.
Cerebellar cortex is a large folded sheet, each fold is called Folium.
Connected to brain stem by 3 pairs of peduncles- Superior (Brachium conjunctiva), Middle (Brachium Pontis) & Inferior (Restiform body) peduncle.
enlists and the description of the different descending tracts of the CNS. cortico spinal tract, cortico bulbar tract, extra pyramidal and pyramiddal tracts, homunculus, vestibulospinal tract, reticulo spinal tracts, tectospinal tract, autonomic tract, uppermotor neuron lesion, lower motor neuron lesion, spinal cord injury, brown sequard syndrome. spinal cord infection, degenerative disorders of spinal cord,
here i am to explain the Anatomy and physiology of part of the Pyramidal tract, that is the corticospinal tract. I also added the clinical significance of corticospinal tract. The course of the corticospinal tract are well explained.
spinal cord, ascending tracts of the the spinal cord, spinocortical tracts, gray matter of spinal cord, white mater of spinal cord, organization of neuron, first order second order and third order neuron, anterolateral spinal tract anteroposterior spinal tract, spinolivary tract, visceral sensory tract, dorsal column tract, spino cerebellar tract , spinorectal pathway, spino olivary pathway, cerebellar peduncles,
Largest part of hind brain.
Called “ silent area/Little Brain ”
Weight- 150 gms.
Cerebellar cortex is a large folded sheet, each fold is called Folium.
Connected to brain stem by 3 pairs of peduncles- Superior (Brachium conjunctiva), Middle (Brachium Pontis) & Inferior (Restiform body) peduncle.
Functions and ascending tract of spinal cordFatima Mangrio
As the name suggests, the ascending tracts of the spinal cord ascend from the spinal cord and connect it to the brain. These tracts are named based on their origin and termination. They are found running along the dorsal, lateral, and ventral columns of the white matter.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
3. The ascending tracts (somatosensory pathways or
systems) refer to the neural pathways by which
sensory information from the peripheral nerves is
transmitted to the cerebral cortex.
The ascending tracts can be divided into the type of
information they transmit – conscious or unconscious:
Conscious tracts – comprised of the dorsal column-
medial lemniscal pathway and the anterolateral
system.
Unconscious tracts – comprised of the
spinocerebellar tracts.
4.
5. The Dorsal Column-Medial
Lemniscal Pathway
The dorsal column – medial lemniscal pathway (DCML)
carries the sensory modalities of fine touch (tactile
sensation) vibration and proprioception.
Its name arises from the two major structures that
comprise the DCML. In the spinal cord, information
travels via the dorsal (posterior) columns. In the
brainstem, it is transmitted through the medial
lemniscus.
6.
7. There are three groups of neurones involved in this
pathway – first, second and third order neurones.
First Order Neurones
The first order neurones carry sensory information
regarding touch, proprioception or vibration from the
peripheral nerves to the medulla oblongata. There are two
different pathways which the first order neurones take:
Signals from the upper limb (T6 and above) – travel in the
fasciculus cuneatus (the lateral part of the dorsal
column). They then synapse in the nucleus cuneatus of the
medulla oblongata.
Signals from the lower limb (below T6) – travel in the
fasciculus gracilis (the medial part of the dorsal column).
They then synapse in the nucleus gracilis of the medulla
oblongata.
8. Second Order Neurones
The second order neurones begin in the cuneate
nucleus or gracilis. The fibres receive the information
from the preceding neurones, and delivers it to the
third order neurones in the thalamus.
Within the medulla oblongata, these
fibres decussate (cross to the other side of the CNS).
They then travel in the contralateral medial lemniscus
to reach the thalamus.
9. Third Order Neurones
The third order neurones transmit the sensory
signals from the thalamus to the ipsilateral primary
sensory cortex of the brain. They ascend from the
ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus, travel
through the internal capsule and terminate at the
sensory cortex.
10. The Anterolateral System
The anterolateral system consists of two separate tracts:
Anterior spinothalamic tract – carries the sensory
modalities of crude touch and pressure.
Lateral spinothalamic tract – carries the sensory modalities
of pain and temperature.
Much like the DCML pathway, both tracts of the anterolateral
system have three groups of neurones.
First Order Neurones
The first order neurones arise from the sensory receptors
in the periphery. They enter the spinal cord, ascend 1-2
vertebral levels, and synapse at the tip of the dorsal horn –
an area known as the substantia gelatinosa.
11. Lateral spinothalamic
tract
Pain & temp pathways
1st-order neurons
Pain conducted by A-type
fibres & C-type fibres
2nd-order neurons
decussate to the opposite
side
ends in thalamus (ventral
posterolateral nucleus
3rd-order neurons
ends in sensory area in
postcentral gyrus
13. Second Order Neurones
The second order neurones carry the sensory information from the
substantia gelatinosa to the thalamus. After synapsing with the first
order neurones, these fibres decussate within the spinal cord, and then
form two distinct tracts:
Crude touch and pressure fibres – enter the anterior spinothalamic
tract.
Pain and temperature fibres – enter the lateral spinothalamic tract.
Although they are functionally distinct, these tracts run alongside each
other, and they can be considered as a single pathway. They travel
superiorly within the spinal cord, synapsing in the thalamus.
Third Order Neurones
The third order neurones carry the sensory signals from the thalamus
to the ipsilateral primary sensory cortex of the brain. They ascend from
the ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus, travel through the
internal capsule and terminate at the sensory cortex.
14. The Spinocerebellar Tracts –
Unconscious Sensation
The tracts that carry unconscious
proprioceptive information are collectively known as
the spinocerebellar tracts.
Function:-
Brain co-ordination and refining of motor movements.
15. They transmit information from
the muscles to the cerebellum.
The spinocerebellar tracts have
two pathways:
Posterior spinocerebellar
tract – Carries proprioceptive
impulses from the lower limbs to
the ipsilateral cerebellum.
Anterior spinocerebellar
tract – Carries proprioceptive
impulses from the lower limbs.
The fibres decussate twice – and
so terminate in the ipsilateral
cerebellum.
16. Posterior (Dorsal)
spinocerebellar tract
Muscle joint sense pathways
to cerebellum
Unconscious proprioception
Muscle joint info from
muscle spindles, Golgi
tendon organ (GTO) -
a proprioceptive sensory
receptor organ that senses
changes in muscle tension,
joint receptors of the trunk &
lower limbs
Info is used by the
cerebellum in the
coordination of movements
& maintenance of posture
17. Anterior (Ventral)
spinocerebellar tract
Majority of 2nd-order
neurons cross to the
opposite side
Enter cerebellum
through superior
cerebellar peduncle
Info from trunk, upper &
lower limbs
Also carries info from
skin & subcut tissue
18.
19. The descending tracts
The descending tracts are the pathways by which motor signals are
sent from the brain to lower motor neurones. The lower motor
neurones then directly innervate muscles to produce movement.
The motor tracts can be functionally divided into two major groups:
Pyramidal tracts
These tracts originate in the cerebral cortex, carrying motor fibres to the
spinal cord and brain stem.
Functions
The voluntary control of the musculature of the body and face.
Extrapyramidal tracts
These tracts originate in the brain stem, carrying motor fibres to the
spinal cord.
Functions
The involuntary and automatic control of all musculature, such as
muscle tone, balance, posture and locomotion
20. Upper motor neurones.
There are no synapses within the descending
pathways. At the termination of the descending tracts,
the neurones synapse with a lower motor neurone.
Thus, all the neurones within the descending motor
system are classed as upper motor neurones.
21. The pyramidal tracts
The pyramidal tracts derive their name from
the medullary pyramids of the medulla oblongata,
which they pass through.
These pathways are responsible for the voluntary
control of the musculature of the body and face.
Functionally, these tracts can be subdivided into two:
Corticospinal tracts – supplies the musculature of the
body.
Corticobulbar tracts – supplies the musculature of the
head and neck.
22. Corticospinal Tracts
The corticospinal tracts
begin in the cerebral
cortex, from which they
receive a range of inputs:
Primary motor cortex
Premotor cortex
Supplementary motor
area
somatosensory area
23. After originating from the
cortex, the neurones
converge, and descend
through the internal
capsule.
After the internal capsule, the
neurones pass through
the crus cerebri of the
midbrain, the pons and into
the medulla.
In the most inferior (caudal)
part of the medulla, the tract
divides into two:
Lateral corticospinal tract
Anterior corticospinal tract
24. Lateral corticospinal tract
Lateral corticospinal
tract decussate. They
then descend into the
spinal cord, terminating
in the ventral horn. From
the ventral horn, the
lower motor neurones go
on to supply the muscles
of the body.
25. Anterior corticospinal tract
Anterior corticospinal
tract remains ipsilateral,
descending into the
spinal cord. They then
decussate and terminate
in the ventral horn of
the cervical and upper th
oracic segmental levels.
26.
27. The corticobulbar tracts
The corticobulbar tracts arise from
the lateral aspect of the primary
motor cortex. They receive the same
inputs as the corticospinal tracts.
The fibres converge and pass
through the internal capsule to
the brainstem.
The neurones terminate on the
motor nuclei of the cranial nerves.
Facial nerve
Hypoglossal
Here, they synapse with lower
motor neurones, which carry the
motor signals to the muscles of
the face and neck.
28. Extrapyramidal Tracts
The extrapyramidal tracts originate in the brainstem,
carrying motor fibres to the spinal cord.
Functions
The involuntary and automatic control of all
musculature, such as muscle tone, balance, posture and
locomotion.
There are four tracts.
Vestibulospinal tracts
Reticulospinal tracts
Rubrospinal tracts
Tectospinal tracts
29. Reticulospinal tract
The two recticulospinal
tracts have differing
functions:
The medial reticulospinal
tract arises from the pons.
It facilitates voluntary
movements, and increases
muscle tone.
The lateral reticulospinal
tract arises from
the medulla. It inhibits
voluntary movements,
and reduces muscle tone
30. Tectospinal tract
This pathway begins at
the superior colliculus of the
midbrain. The superior
colliculus is a structure that
receives input from the optic
nerves. The neurones then
quickly decussate, and enter
the spinal cord. They
terminate at the cervical levels
of the spinal cord.
The tectospinal tract
coordinates movements of the
head in relation to vision
stimuli.
31. Rubrospinal tract
The rubrospinal tract
originates from the red
nucleus, a midbrain
structure. As the fibres
emerge, they decussate
(cross over to the other side
of the CNS), and descend
into the spinal cord. Thus,
they have
a contralateral innervation.
Its exact function is unclear,
but it is thought to play a
role in the fine control of
hand movements
32. Vestibulospinal Tracts
There are two vestibulospinal
pathways; medial and lateral.
They arise from the vestibular
nuclei, which receive input
from the organs of balance. The
tracts convey this balance
information to the spinal cord,
where it remains ipsilateral.
Fibres in this pathway
control balance and posture by
innervating the ‘anti-gravity’
muscles (flexors of the arm,
and extensors of the leg), via
lower motor neurones.