This document discusses the human sensory systems. It describes four types of sensations - superficial, deep, visceral, and special. It then provides details on the receptors, pathways, and neural connections involved in touch, pain, temperature, proprioception, and other senses. Specifically, it outlines the locations and functions of mechanoreceptors like Meissner's corpuscles and Merkel endings, as well as nociceptors that detect pain. It also compares the dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway and spinothalamic tract, noting their roles in transmitting different sensory signals to the cortex.
The sensory system is the part of the nervous system that detects ,transfers and processes stimuli from the environment
http://www.asktheneurologist.com/Sensory-System.html
Receptor by Pandian M, Tutor, Dept of Physiology, DYPMCKOP, MH. This PPT for ...Pandian M
Introduction
SENSORY RECEPTORS
Structurally 3 types of receptors
Transducers
CLASSIFICATION OF RECEPTORS
A. Depending on the source of stimulus(Sherrington’s classification)
B. Depending upon type of stimulus
C. Clinical or anatomical classification of receptors
Production of receptor potential
Properties of receptors
Properties of receptor potential
Muscle spindles are proprioceptors that consist of intrafusal muscle fibers enclosed in a sheath (spindle). They run parallel to the extrafusal muscle fibers and act as receptors that provide information on muscle length and the rate of change in muscle length. The spindles are stretched when the muscle lengthens. This stretch causes the sensory neuron in the spindle to transmit an impulse to the spinal cord, where it synapses with alpha motor neurons. This causes activation of motor neurons that innervate the muscle. The muscle spindles determine the amount of contraction necessary to overcome a given resistance. When the resistance increases, the muscle is stretched further, and this causes spindle fibers to activate a greater muscle contraction.
The sensory system is the part of the nervous system that detects ,transfers and processes stimuli from the environment
http://www.asktheneurologist.com/Sensory-System.html
Receptor by Pandian M, Tutor, Dept of Physiology, DYPMCKOP, MH. This PPT for ...Pandian M
Introduction
SENSORY RECEPTORS
Structurally 3 types of receptors
Transducers
CLASSIFICATION OF RECEPTORS
A. Depending on the source of stimulus(Sherrington’s classification)
B. Depending upon type of stimulus
C. Clinical or anatomical classification of receptors
Production of receptor potential
Properties of receptors
Properties of receptor potential
Muscle spindles are proprioceptors that consist of intrafusal muscle fibers enclosed in a sheath (spindle). They run parallel to the extrafusal muscle fibers and act as receptors that provide information on muscle length and the rate of change in muscle length. The spindles are stretched when the muscle lengthens. This stretch causes the sensory neuron in the spindle to transmit an impulse to the spinal cord, where it synapses with alpha motor neurons. This causes activation of motor neurons that innervate the muscle. The muscle spindles determine the amount of contraction necessary to overcome a given resistance. When the resistance increases, the muscle is stretched further, and this causes spindle fibers to activate a greater muscle contraction.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
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Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
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comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
8. Receptors
Specialized cells for detecting particular changes in
the environment
Exteroceptors
Proprioceptors
Receptors are not absolutely specific for a given
sensation; strong stimuli can cause various
sensations, even pain, even though the inciting
stimuli are not necessarily painful
9. Adaptation
denotes the diminution in rate of discharge of some
receptors on repeated or continuous stimulation of
constant intensity
the sensation of sitting in a chair or walking on even
ground is suppressed.
10. Exteroceptors
Affected mainly by the external environment:
Meissner's corpuscles, Merkel's corpuscles, and
hair cells for touch
Krause's end-bulbs for cold
Ruffini's corpuscles for warmth
Free nerve endings for pain
11. Ending Type Receptor Responds to
Location
Type
Encapsulated Meissner Changing
endings corpuscles Glabrous skin touch
Skin, joints, Vibration
deep
Pacinian
connective
corpuscles
tissue
Muscle Skeletal Muscle stretch
spindles muscle
Golgi tendon Muscle- Muscle
organs tendon tension
junction
12. Ending Type Receptor Location Responds to
Type
Endings with Merkel Glabrous and Touch
accessory endings hairy skin
structures
Endings Hairy skin Touch
around hairs
Free nerve Ubiquitous Pain,
endings temperature,
light touch
13. The receptors that provide the information we use for
the discriminative aspects of touch-assessing the
shape and texture of objects, and the direction of
movement across the skin-all have large-diameter
axons and encapsulated endings or endings with
accessory structures
14. Examples -Meissner corpuscles, pacinian
corpuscles, and Merkel endings
The packing density of receptors like this, especially
the Meissner corpuscles and Merkel endings,
determines the tactile acuity of a given area of skin.
15. This varies –
the fingertips and lips;we can distinguish between
two small objects separated by only a few millimeters
the skin of the legs and trunk;objects can be
separated by a few cm and still feel like a single
object.
16. Meissner corpuscles,
found in the dermal papillae of glabrous (hairless)
skin, are encapsulated structures
important for detecting the details of things moving
across the skin.
come into play when we move our fingertips across
something, or when something in our grasp begins
to slip and distorts the skin.
17. Pacinian corpuscles
rapidly adapting receptor that responds briefly at the
beginning and end of a mechanical stimulus.
good at detecting rapidly changing stimuli, such as
vibrations
18. Free nerve endings
unmyelinated (C) fibers
respond best to slow, gentle brushing of the skin.
probably more important for the pleasurable feelings
associated with this kind of touch than for its explicit
detection
19. Merkel endings
basal layer of the epidermis
sensitive, slowly adapting receptors important for
detecting the shape and texture of stationary objects
touching the skin.
20. Nociceptors
detect events that damage or threaten to damage
tissue
two groups
correspond to everyone's experience with pain as a
two-part sensation.. Fast pain is initiated by firing of
Aδ nociceptors, and the delayed onset of slow pain
is directly related to the slower conduction velocity of
the C fibers that mediate it.
21. A physically painful event (e.g., touching a very hot
pot, missing a nail and hitting a finger with the
hammer) elicits first a sensation of sharp, well-
localized fast pain followed by a dull, poorly
localized, aching sensation of slow pain
Fast pain- firing of Aδ nociceptors
Delayed onset -slower conduction velocity of the C
fibers that mediate it
22. Tissue damage is more complicated than something
like skin indentation or muscle stretch.
Multiple things can cause it
Once it occurs a series of chemical changes in the
damaged tissue ensue.
23. Nociceptors transduce multiple aspects of painful
stimuli.
Aδ nociceptors respond specifically to intense
mechanical stimulation (e.g., pinprick), to painful
heat or cold, or to both.
C-fiber nociceptors respond to all of these, as well as
to a variety of substances released in damaged
tissue=polymodal nociceptors
24.
25.
26.
27. CONNECTIONS
A chain of three long neurons and a number of
interneurons conducts stimuli from the receptor or
free ending to the somatosensory cortex
28. First-Order Neuron
The cell body lies in a dorsal root ganglion or a
somatic afferent ganglion (eg, trigeminal ganglion) of
cranial nerves.
29. Second-Order Neuron
The cell body lies within the neuraxis -spinal cord or
brain stem;
Axons of these cells usually decussate and
terminate in the thalamus.
30. Third-Order Neuron
The cell body projects rostrally to the sensory cortex.
The networks of neurons within the cortex, in turn,
process information relayed by this type of neuron;
they interpret its location, quality, and intensity and
make appropriate responses.
42. Variable Dorsal Column- Anterolateral
Medial Lemniscus Pathway
Pathway
Course in spinal cord Dorsal and Anterior and
dorsolateral funiculi anterolateral funiculi
Specificity of signal Each sensation Multimodal (several
conveyed carried separately; sensations carried in
precise localization of one fiber system)
sensation
Diameter of nerve Large-diameter Small-diameter
fiber primary afferents primary afferents
Sensation transmitted Fine touch, joint Pain, temperature,
sensation, vibration crude touch, visceral
pain
Synaptic chain Two or three synapses Multisynaptic
to cortex
Speed of transmission Fast Slow