The document summarizes the origin and functional components of the 12 cranial nerves. It discusses that cranial nerve fibers with motor functions arise from nuclei in the brainstem, while sensory fibers originate from ganglia outside the brainstem. The cranial nerves have different functional components including somatic efferent, visceral efferent, and somatic/visceral afferent fibers. Specific cranial nerves are described in more detail, including their nuclei of origin, peripheral innervation, and clinical correlations of damage.
gross Anatomy of Mid Brain.location an relation of midbrain. external an internal features of mid brain. cross section at the level of superior and inferior colliculus. Anterior and posterior view of midbrain.
clinical correlation of midbrain.
BRAINSTEM
The Brainstem lies at the base of the brain and the top of the spinal cord.
The brainstem is located in the posterior cranial fossa.
The brainstem is the structure that connects the cerebrum of the brain to the spinal cord and cerebellum.
Provides a pathway for tracts running between higher and lower neural centers.
Divided into 3 major divisions:
midbrain,
pons, and
medulla oblongata.
It is responsible for many vital functions of life, such as breathing, consciousness, blood pressure, heart rate, and sleep.
It contains many critical collections of white and grey matter.
The grey matter within the brainstem consists of nerve cell bodies and form many important brainstem nuclei. Ten of the twelve cranial nerves arise from their cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem.
The white matter tracts of the brainstem include axons of nerves traversing their course to different structures. These tracts travel both to the brain (afferent) and from the brain (efferent) such as the somatosensory pathways and the corticospinal tracts, respectively.
Mid Brain
The midbrain is continuous with the cerebral hemisphere.
The upper posterior (i.e. rear) portion of the midbrain is called the tectum, which means "roof."
The surface of the tectum is covered with four bumps representing two paired structures: the superior and inferior colliculi.
The superior colliculi are involved in eye movements and visual processing, while the inferior colliculi are involved in auditory processing.
Another important nucleus, the substantia nigra, is located here.
The substantia nigra is rich in dopamine neurons and is considered part of the basal ganglia.
Pons
An important pathway for tracts that run from the cerebrum down to the medulla and spinal cord, as well as for tracts that travel up into the brain.
It also forms important connections with the cerebellum via fibre bundles known as the cerebellar peduncles.
Posteriorly, the pons and medulla are separated from the cerebellum by the fourth ventricle.
Home to several nuclei for cranial nerves.
Medulla
The point where the brainstem connects to the spinal cord.
Contains a nucleus called the nucleus of the solitary tract that is crucial for our survival (receives information about blood flow, along with information about levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood, from the heart and major blood vessels).
When this information suggests a discordance with bodily needs (e.g. blood pressure is too low), there are reflexive actions initiated in the nucleus of the solitary tract to bring things back to within the desired range.
Blood Supply
The brain stem receives its blood supply exclusively from the posterior circulation, including the vertebrae and basilar artery.
The medulla receives its blood supply from the vertebral via medial and lateral perforating arteries.
The pons and midbrain receive their blood from the basilar via the medial and lateral perforating arteries.
the ddep structure of brain, diencephalon, third ventricle, thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, meta thalamus, boudaries of diencephalon, extent of diencephalon, boundaries of thalamus, boundaries of hypothalamus, functions of meta thalamus, functions of sub thalamus.components of epithalamus, functions of epithalamus, fornix, third ventricle, optic chiasma,
a very short and concise head and neck anatomy presentation; an overview of head and neck anatomy prepared for a mixed audience from different backgrounds
Medical Physiology of the GIT:
Mucosa, principles of GIT function, afferent sensory innervation, GI reflexes, motility throughout the GI system, control of stomach emptying, coordination of motility, GI secretions, Gastric events following ingestion of a meal......
gross Anatomy of Mid Brain.location an relation of midbrain. external an internal features of mid brain. cross section at the level of superior and inferior colliculus. Anterior and posterior view of midbrain.
clinical correlation of midbrain.
BRAINSTEM
The Brainstem lies at the base of the brain and the top of the spinal cord.
The brainstem is located in the posterior cranial fossa.
The brainstem is the structure that connects the cerebrum of the brain to the spinal cord and cerebellum.
Provides a pathway for tracts running between higher and lower neural centers.
Divided into 3 major divisions:
midbrain,
pons, and
medulla oblongata.
It is responsible for many vital functions of life, such as breathing, consciousness, blood pressure, heart rate, and sleep.
It contains many critical collections of white and grey matter.
The grey matter within the brainstem consists of nerve cell bodies and form many important brainstem nuclei. Ten of the twelve cranial nerves arise from their cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem.
The white matter tracts of the brainstem include axons of nerves traversing their course to different structures. These tracts travel both to the brain (afferent) and from the brain (efferent) such as the somatosensory pathways and the corticospinal tracts, respectively.
Mid Brain
The midbrain is continuous with the cerebral hemisphere.
The upper posterior (i.e. rear) portion of the midbrain is called the tectum, which means "roof."
The surface of the tectum is covered with four bumps representing two paired structures: the superior and inferior colliculi.
The superior colliculi are involved in eye movements and visual processing, while the inferior colliculi are involved in auditory processing.
Another important nucleus, the substantia nigra, is located here.
The substantia nigra is rich in dopamine neurons and is considered part of the basal ganglia.
Pons
An important pathway for tracts that run from the cerebrum down to the medulla and spinal cord, as well as for tracts that travel up into the brain.
It also forms important connections with the cerebellum via fibre bundles known as the cerebellar peduncles.
Posteriorly, the pons and medulla are separated from the cerebellum by the fourth ventricle.
Home to several nuclei for cranial nerves.
Medulla
The point where the brainstem connects to the spinal cord.
Contains a nucleus called the nucleus of the solitary tract that is crucial for our survival (receives information about blood flow, along with information about levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood, from the heart and major blood vessels).
When this information suggests a discordance with bodily needs (e.g. blood pressure is too low), there are reflexive actions initiated in the nucleus of the solitary tract to bring things back to within the desired range.
Blood Supply
The brain stem receives its blood supply exclusively from the posterior circulation, including the vertebrae and basilar artery.
The medulla receives its blood supply from the vertebral via medial and lateral perforating arteries.
The pons and midbrain receive their blood from the basilar via the medial and lateral perforating arteries.
the ddep structure of brain, diencephalon, third ventricle, thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, meta thalamus, boudaries of diencephalon, extent of diencephalon, boundaries of thalamus, boundaries of hypothalamus, functions of meta thalamus, functions of sub thalamus.components of epithalamus, functions of epithalamus, fornix, third ventricle, optic chiasma,
a very short and concise head and neck anatomy presentation; an overview of head and neck anatomy prepared for a mixed audience from different backgrounds
Medical Physiology of the GIT:
Mucosa, principles of GIT function, afferent sensory innervation, GI reflexes, motility throughout the GI system, control of stomach emptying, coordination of motility, GI secretions, Gastric events following ingestion of a meal......
The Gut-Brain Connection: An Inside Look at DepressionAugustin Bralley
During a recent Metametrix sponsored breakfast at the IFM Symposium in Hollywood, Florida, Dr. Todd LePine gave a compelling presentation entitled The Gut-Brain Connection: An Inside Look at Depression.
The classical GI hormones are secreted by epithelial cells lining the lumen of the stomach and small intestine. These hormone-secreting cells - endocrinocytes - are interspersed among a much larger number of epithelial cells that secrete their products (acid, mucus, etc.) into the lumen or take up nutrients from the lumen. GI hormones are secreted into blood, and hence circulate systemically, where they affect function of other parts of the digestive tube, liver, pancreas, brain and a variety of other targets.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
VAGUS (X)
Accessory nerve (XI)
HYPOGLOSSAL (XII)
agus nerve (X):
Has a wide range of functions, including control of the heart, lungs, and digestive tract. It also has sensory and motor components. The vagus nerve emerges from the medulla. Located lateral to olive and below the glossopharyngeal nerve.
Accessory nerve (XI):
Controls the muscles of the neck and shoulders. It emerges from the medulla.
Hypoglossal nerve (XII):
Controls the muscles of the tongue. It emerges from the medulla behind pyramid.
This presentation was developed by me and another classmate to present some of the major features and characteristics of the nervous system as relating to orofacial structures. We also focused on learning how to make adjustments and adaptations for individuals with nervous system disorders.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
3. ORIGIN OF CRANIAL NERVE FIBERS
Cranial nerve fibers with motor (efferent)
functions arise from collections of cells
(motor nuclei) that lie deep within the brain
stem
they are homologous to the anterior horn
cells of the spinal cord.
4. Cranial nerve fibers with sensory (afferent)
functions have their cells of origin (first-order
nuclei) outside the brain stem, usually in
ganglia that are homologous to the dorsal
root ganglia of the spinal nerves
Second-order sensory nuclei lie within the
brain stem
5. Functional groups
CN I,II and VIII are devoted to sensory input
CN III,IV, VI control eye movements and
pupillary constriction
CN XI, XII are purely motor
CN V,VII, IX ,X are mixed
CN III, VII, IX,X carry parasympathetic fibres
6. FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS OF THE
CRANIAL NERVES
Somatic efferent fibers, also called general
somatic efferent fibers, innervate striated
muscles that are derived from somites and
are involved in eye (nerves III, IV, and VI) and
tongue (nerve XII) movements.
7. Special visceral efferent
fibers
are special somatic efferent components.
They innervate muscles that are derived from
the pharyngeal arches and are involved in
chewing (nerve V), making facial expressions
(nerve VII), swallowing (nerves IX and
X), producing vocal sounds (nerve X), and
turning the head (nerve XI).
8. Visceral efferent fibers
also called general visceral efferent fibers
(preganglionic parasympathetic
components of the cranial division)
they travel within nerves III (smooth muscles
of the inner eye), VII (salivatory and lacrimal
glands), IX (the parotid gland), and X (the
muscles of the heart, lung, and bowel that are
involved in movement and secretion
9. Visceral afferent fibers
also called general visceral afferent fibers,
convey sensation from the alimentary tract,
heart, vessels, and lungs by way of nerves IX
and X.
A specialized visceral afferent component is
involved with the sense of taste; fibers
carrying gustatory impulses are present in
cranial nerves VII, IX, and X.
10. Somatic afferent fibers
often called general somatic afferent fibers,
convey sensation from the skin and the
mucous membranes of the head.
found mainly in the trigeminal nerve (V).
A small number of afferent fibers travel with
the facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), and
vagus (X) nerves; these fibers terminate on
trigeminal nuclei in the brain stem.
11. Special sensory fibers
found in nerves I (involved in smell), II
(vision), and VIII (hearing and equilibrium).
12. Ganglia Related to Cranial Nerves
Two types
first type -contains cell bodies of afferent
(somatic or visceral) axons within the cranial
nerves.
somewhat analogous to the dorsal root
ganglia that contain the cell bodies of sensory
axons within peripheral nerves.
13. The second type contains the synaptic
terminals of visceral efferent axons, together
with postsynaptic (parasympathetic) neurons
that project peripherally
14. Sensory ganglia
semilunar (gasserian) ganglion (nerve V)
geniculate ganglion (nerve VII)
cochlear and vestibular ganglia (nerve VIII),
inferior and superior glossopharyngeal
ganglia (nerve IX)
superior vagal ganglion (nerve X), and
inferior vagal (nodose) ganglion (nerve X).
16. The first four of these ganglia have a close
association with branches of CN V
the trigeminal branches may course through
the autonomic ganglia
17. Cranial Nerve IX: Glossopharyngeal
Nerve
contains several types of fibers
Special visceral efferent fibers from the
nucleus ambiguus pass to the
stylopharyngeal muscle.
18.
19. Visceral efferent (parasympathetic
preganglionic) fibers from the inferior
salivatory nucleus pass through the
tympanic plexus and lesser petrosal nerve to
the otic ganglion, from which the
postganglionic fibers pass to the parotid
gland.
20. The inferior salivatory nucleus receives
cortical impulses via the dorsal longitudinal
fasciculus and reflexes from the nucleus of
the solitary tract.
21. Visceral afferent fibers arise from unipolar
cells in the inferior ganglia.
Centrally, they terminate in the solitary tract
and its nucleus, which in turn projects to the
thalamus (VPM nucleus) and then to the
cortex
22. Peripherally, the visceral afferent axons of
nerve XI supply general sensation to the
pharynx, soft palate, posterior third of the
tongue, fauces, tonsils, auditory tube, and
tympanic cavity.
23. Through the sinus nerve, they supply special
receptors in the carotid body and carotid
sinus that are concerned with reflex control
of respiration, blood pressure, and heart rate.
24. Special visceral afferents supply the taste
buds of the posterior third of the tongue and
carry impulses via the superior ganglia to the
gustatory nucleus of the brain stem.
A few somatic afferent fibers enter by way of
the glossopharyngeal nerve and end in the
trigeminal nuclei.
25.
26.
27.
28. CLINICAL CORRELATIONS
rarely involved alone by disease processes
(eg, by neuralgia)
generally involved with the vagus and
accessory nerves because of its proximity to
them.
29. Pharyngeal (gag) reflex
Depends on nerve IX for its sensory
component, whereas nerve X innervates the
motor component.
Stroking the affected side of the pharynx
does not produce gagging if the nerve is
injured
30. Carotid sinus reflex
Depends on nerve IX for its sensory
component.
Pressure over the sinus normally produces
slowing of the heart rate and a fall in blood
pressure.
31. Cranial Nerve X: Vagus Nerve
Special visceral efferent fibers from the
nucleus ambiguus contribute rootlets to the
vagus nerve and the cranial component of the
accessory nerve (XI).
Those of the vagus nerve pass to the muscles
of the soft palate and pharynx.
32.
33.
34. Those of the accessory nerve join the vagus
outside the skull and pass, via the recurrent
laryngeal nerve, to the intrinsic muscles of
the larynx
35. Visceral efferent fibers
From the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus
course to the thoracic and abdominal viscera.
Their postganglionic fibers arise in the
terminal ganglia within or near the viscera.
They inhibit heart rate and adrenal secretion
and stimulate gastrointestinal peristalsis and
gastric, hepatic, and pancreatic glandular
activity
36. Somatic afferent fibers
from unipolar cells in the superior (formerly
called the jugular) ganglion send peripheral
branches
1. via the auricular branch of CN X to the
external auditory meatus and part of the
earlobe
2. via the recurrent meningeal branch to the
dura of the posterior fossa.
37. Central branches pass with CN X to the brain
stem and end in the spinal tract of the
trigeminal nerve and its nucleus.
38. Visceral afferent fibers
From unipolar cells in the inferior (formerly
nodose) ganglion-
peripheral branches to the
pharynx, larynx, trachea, esophagus, and
thoracic and abdominal viscera
few special afferent fibers to taste buds in the
epiglottic region
39. Central branches run to the solitary tract and
terminate in its nucleus.
The visceral afferent fibers of CN X carry the
sensations of abdominal distention and
nausea and the impulses concerned with
regulating the depth of respiration and
controlling blood pressure.
40. A few special visceral afferent fibers for taste
from the epiglottis pass via the inferior
ganglion to the gustatory nucleus of the brain
stem.
41. CLINICAL CORRELATIONS
CN X lesions near the skull base often involve
CN IX and CN XI and sometimes CN XII as
well.
Complete bilateral transection of CN X is
fatal.
Unilateral lesions within the cranial vault or
close to the base of the skull, produce
widespread dysfunction of the
palate, pharynx, and larynx
42. The soft palate is weak and may be flaccid so
the voice has a nasal twang.
Weakness or paralysis of the vocal cord may
result in hoarseness
There can be difficulty in swallowing, and
cardiac arrhythmias may be present.
43. Damage to the recurrent laryngeal
nerve
can occur as a result of invasion or
compression by tumor or as a complication of
thyroid surgery
may be accompanied by hoarseness or
hypophonia but can be asymptomatic.
44.
45. Cranial Nerve XI: Accessory
Nerve
two separate components: cranial and spinal
In the cranial component, special efferent
fibers (from the nucleus ambiguus to the
intrinsic muscles of the larynx) join CN XI
inside the skull but are part of CN X outside
the skull
46. In the spinal component, the special efferent
fibers from the lateral part of the anterior
horns of the first 5 or 6 cervical cord
segments ascend as the spinal root of CN XI
through the foramen magnum and leave the
cranial cavity through the jugular foramen
They supply the sternocleidomastoid muscle
and partly supply the trapezius muscle.
47. Central connections of the
spinal component
These are those of the typical lower motor
neuron:
voluntary impulses via the corticospinal
tracts
postural impulses via the basal ganglia
reflexes via the vestibulospinal and
tectospinal tracts.
48. CLINICAL CORRELATIONS
Interruption of the spinal component leads to
1. paralysis of the sternocleidomastoid
muscle, causing the inability to rotate the
head to the contralateral side
2. paralysis of the upper portion of the
trapezius muscle, which is characterized by a
wing-like scapula and the inability to shrug
the ipsilateral shoulder.
49. Cranial Nerve XII: Hypoglossal
Nerve
Somatic efferent fibers from the hypoglossal
nucleus in the ventromedian portion of the
gray matter of the medulla emerge between
the pyramid and the olive to form CN XII
leaves the skull through the hypoglossal canal
and passes to the muscles of the tongue
50. A few proprioceptive fibers from the tongue
course in the hypoglossal nerve and end in
the trigeminal nuclei of the brain stem
CN XII distributes motor branches to the
geniohyoid and infrahyoid muscles with
fibers derived from communicating branches
of C1 nerve.
51. A sensory recurrent meningeal branch of
CN XII innervates the dura of the posterior
fossa of the skull.