Intro. to Linguistics_11 Syntax
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This document provides an introduction to syntax, the study of sentence patterns. It begins with a preview of parts of speech, then defines the main syntactic categories like noun, verb, adjective. It explains phrases like noun phrases and verb phrases. It discusses syntactic rules and ambiguity. Finally, it covers the main structures of sentences like simple, compound, and complex sentences. The key topics covered are parts of speech, phrases, syntactic categories, phrase structure rules, ambiguity, and sentence structures.
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Intro. to Linguistics_11 Syntax
- 1. Introduction to Linguistics Session 11: Syntax (The Study of Sentence Pattern) Edi Brata, S.Pd. http://edibrata.wordpress.com Mathla’ul Anwar University
- 2. Preview to the Previous Session (Part of Speech)
- 3. Part of Speech (Word Class )
- 4. 1. Noun 2. Pronoun 3. Adjective 4. Verb Part of Speech 5. Adverb 6. Preposition 7. Conjunction 8. Interjection
- 5. SOME GRAMMAR SOURCES CATEGORIZE ENGLISH INTO 9 OR 10 PARTS OF SPEECH • Verbs may be treated as two different parts of speech: o Lexical Verbs (work, like, run) o Auxiliary Verbs (be, have, must) • Determiners may be treated as a separate part of speech, instead of being categorized under Adjectives.
- 6. NOUN (NOUN PHRASE) Description: A word (or group of word) that is the name of person, a place, thing or activity, or a quality of idea. Example: Andi, Pandeglang, book, sense, walking stick (ph.), town hall (ph.), etc. 1. Andi is a students. 2. I live in Pandeglang. 3. I recommend this book. 4. John need walking stick. 5. Meet me at town hall.
- 7. PRONOUN Description: A word that is used in place of a noun or noun phrase. Example: her, she, him, they. 1. Mary’s husband love her. 2. She met him two years ago. 3. Look at him! 4. They are friends.
- 8. ADJECTIVES Description: A word that gives more information about noun or pronoun (noun/ pronoun modifiers.) Example: Kind, better, best, big. 1. He is a kind man. 2. We all want better life! 3. That’s the best thing about her. 4. That is the big house.
- 9. VERBS Description: A word (or group of words) which is used in describing an action, experience or state. Example: Write, ride, run, be. 1. He wrote a poem. 2. I like riding a horse. 3. He run quickly. 4. We are not terrorists.
- 10. ADVERBS (ADVERBIAL PHRASE) Description: A word (or group of words) that describes or adds to the meaning of verbs, adjective, another adverbs, or a whole sentence. Example: Sensibly, carefully, at home, in half an hour. 1. Please talk sensibly! 2. He walk across the bridge carefully. 3. I like listening to the music at home. 4. See you in a half an hour.
- 11. PREPOSITION (PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE) Description: A word (or group of words) which is used to show the way in which other words are connected. Example: For, of, in, on top of. 1. A plan for life. 2. Bring me two bottles of tea! 3. Put it in the box! 4. You will find it on top of the cupboard.
- 12. CONJUNCTION Description: A word that connect sentences, phrases, or clauses. Example: And, so, but. 1. Girl and boy. 2. My car broke down, so I went by bus. 3. I like it, but I can't afford it.
- 13. INTERJECTION Description: A word that short exclamation, sometimes inserted into a sentence. Example: oh!, ouch!, hi!, well. 1. Ouch! That hurts! 2. Hi! How are you? 3. Well, I don't know.
- 14. Grammatical or Ungrammatical: 1. The boy found the ball 2. The boy found quickly 3. The boy found in the house 4. The boy found the ball in the house 5. Arwani slept the baby 6. Arwani slept soundly
- 15. Grammatical or Ungrammatical: 1. The boy found the ball 2. ∗ The boy found quickly 3. ∗ The boy found in the house 4. The boy found the ball in the house 5. ∗ Arwani slept the baby 6. Arwani slept soundly Find: Transitive verb (with object) Sleep: Intransitive verb (no object)
- 16. Grammatical or Ungrammatical: 1. the lucky boys 2. boys the lucky
- 17. Grammatical or Ungrammatical: 1. the lucky boys grammatical 2. ∗boys the lucky ungrammatical An asterisk ∗ is used to indicate that a form is unacceptable or ungrammatical.
- 18. Syntactic Categories Lexical categories: Examples: • Noun (N) • moisture, policy • Verb (V) • melt, remain • Adjective (A) • good, intelligent • Preposition (P) • to, near • Adverb (Adv) • slowly, now
- 19. Syntactic Categories Non-lexical categories Examples • Determiner (Det) • the, this • Degree word (Deg) • very, more • Qualifier (Qual) • always, perhaps • Auxiliary (Aux) • will, can • Conjunction (Con) • and, or
- 20. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences! a. The glass suddenly broke. Det / N / Adv / V b. A jogger ran towards the end of the lane. Det / N / V / P / Det / N / P / Det / N c. The peaches never appear quite ripe. Det / N / Qual / V / Deg / A d. Alivia will play the trumpet and the drums in the orchestra. N / Aux / V / Det / N / Conj / Det / N / P / Det / N
- 21. Phrases o NP : Noun Phrase The car, a clever student o VP : Verb Phrase study hard, play the guitar o PP : Prepositional Phrase in the class, above the earth o AP : Adjective Phrase very tall, quite certain
- 22. Phrase Structure Rules • NP (Det) N (PP) • PP P NP The bus in the yard The bus (NP) NP Det N Det N PP The bus P NP Det N The bus in the yard
- 23. Phrase Structure Rules • VP V (NP) (PP) • S NP (Aux) VP took the money took the money from the bank (VP) (VP) V NP V NP PP Det N Det N P NP took the money Det N took the money from the bank
- 24. Draw the tree diagram! 1. repaired the telephone 2. the success of the program 3. a film about pollution 4. move towards the window 5. cast a spell on the broomstick
- 25. Clauses o Noun Clause: Clause that is functioned like a noun He said that he was tired. o Adjective Clause: Clause that is functioned like an adjective The girl who is standing under the tree is my sister. o Adverbial Clause: Clause that is functioned like an adverb When he arrived we were all sleeping
- 26. Word, Phrases and Clauses I always remember Jhon. word I always remember his kindness. phrase I always remember what Jhon has done. clause
- 27. The Main Structure Rules 1. S NP (Aux) VP 2. NP (Det) (AP) N (PP) 3. VP V (NP) (PP) (Adv) 4. PP P NP 5. AP A (PP)
- 28. Example (1) The old tree swayed in the wind S NP Aux VP Det Adj N V PP P NP Det N The old tree past swayed in the wind
- 29. Example (2) The children put the toy in the box S NP VP Det N V NP PP Det N P NP Det N The children put the toy in the box
- 30. Ambiguity: More than One Meaning Yuhaesih whack a man with an umbrella. S NP VP N V NP PP Det N P NP Det N Yuhaesih whack a man with an umbrella
- 31. Structural Ambiguity (1) The boy saw the man with the telescope The boy saw the man with the telescope S NP Aux VP Det N V NP PP Det N P NP Det N The boy past saw the man with the telescope
- 32. Structural Ambiguity (2) The boy saw the man with the telescope The boy saw the man with the telescope S NP Aux VP Det N V NP Det N PP P NP Det N The boy past saw the man with the telescope
- 33. Declarative – Interrogative Move the auxiliary to the left of the subject. The boy will leave. Will the boy leave? S S NP Aux VP Aux NP VP Det N V Det N V The boy will leave Will the boy leave The deep structure The surface structure
- 34. The Wh Movement • Surface structure: Which car should the man repair? • Deep structure: S NP Aux VP Det N V NP Det N The man should repair which car
- 35. Draw the deep structure of the following sentences! 1. Will the boss hire Hillary? 2. Is that player leaving the team? 3. Who should the director call? 4. What is Joanne eating?
- 36. Sentence
- 37. One subject I love you. One verb Independent clause: only one subject and one verb
- 38. Independent clause I love you, and you love me. Independent clause Two independent clauses joined together
- 39. Dependent clause Because you love me, I love you. Independent clause A dependent clause joined to an independent clause. (The dependent clause needs the rest of the sentence for support.)
- 40. Simple Sentence A simple sentence contains a subject and verb. It expresses a single complete thought. A simple sentence is a single independent clause. I live in Cikaliung. Subject Verb
- 41. Compound Sentence A compound sentence contains two independent clauses that are joined together. She works in the city, but she lives in the suburbs. Independent Independent Clause Clause
- 42. ComplexSentence A complex sentence contains one independent and one dependent clause. Because she was sick, she stayed home. Dependent Independent Clause Clause
- 43. Sentence Declarative: I will arrive at three. Imperative: Come here. Interrogative: Did you see your brother yesterday? Exclamatory: Just a minute!
- 44. Thank You http://edibrata.wordpress.com (Some materials are directly adopted from some sources)
Editor's Notes
- Custom animation effects: line sweeps in picture and text(Basic)To reproduce the shape effects on this slide, do the following:On the Home tab, in theSlides group, click Layout, and then click Blank.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Lines click Line (first option from the left).On the slide, press and hold SHIFT, and then drag to draw a straight, vertical line.Select the line. Under DrawingTools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, in the Shape Width box, enter 7.5”.Under DrawingTools, on the Format tab, in the ShapeStyles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click LineColor in the left pane. In the LineColor pane, select Solidline, click the button next to Color, and then under ThemeColors click Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left).Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click LineStyle in the left pane. In the LineStyle pane, in the Weight box, enter 2 pt.Under DrawingTools, on the Format tab, in the ShapeStyles group, click ShapeEffects, point to Glow, and then under GlowVariations click Accent color 1, 5 pt glow (first row, first option from the left). Under DrawingTools, on the Format tab, in the ShapeStyles group, click ShapeEffects, point to Glow, point to MoreGlowColors, and then under ThemeColors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left).On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:Click Align to Slide.Click AlignCenter.Click AlignMiddle.On the slide, select the line. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow under Paste, and then click Duplicate.Drag the duplicate line slightly off the right edge of the slide.With the duplicate line still selected, on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Middle.On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click Picture. In the InsertPicture dialog box, select a picture, and then click Insert.On the slide, select the picture. Under Picture Tools, on the Format tab, in the bottom right corner of the Size group, click the Size and Position dialog box launcher. In the Size and Position dialog box, on the Size tab, resize or crop the picture as needed so that under Size and rotate, the Height box is set to 7.5” and the Width box is set to 5”. Resize the picture under Size and rotate by entering values into the Height and Width boxes. Crop the picture under Crop from by entering values into the Left, Right, Top, and Bottom boxes. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:Click Align to Slide.ClickAlignRight.ClickAlignMiddle.To reproduce the text effects on this slide, do the following:On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click TextBox. On the slide, drag to draw a text box.Enter text in the text box, and then select the text. On the Home tab, in the Font group, do the following:In the Font list, select Arial.In the FontSize list, select 28.Click Bold.Click the button next to FontColor, and then under ThemeColors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left).On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click AlignTextRight to align the text right in the text box. Drag the text box onto the left half of the slide.To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following:Right-click the slide background area, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following:In the Type list, select Linear.Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Down (first row, second option from the left).Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list.Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows:Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following:In the Stop position box, enter 40%.Click the button next to Color, and then click Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left).Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%.Click the button next to Color, and then click Black, Text 1, Lighter 50% (second row, second option from the left).To reproduce the animation effects on this slide, do the following:On the Animations tab, in the Animations group, click CustomAnimation. Select the line off the right edge of the slide. In the CustomAnimation task pane, do the following:Click AddEffect, point to Entrance, and then click MoreEffects. In the AddEntranceEffect dialog box, under Basic, click FlyIn.Select the animation effect (fly-in effect for the second line). Under Modify: Fly In,do the following:In the Start list, select After Previous.In the Direction list, select FromLeft.In the Speed list, select Fast.On the Home tab, in the Editing group, click Select, and then click Selection Pane.In the Selection and Visibility pane, select the first line you created (in the middle of the slide). In the CustomAnimation task pane, do the following:Click AddEffect, point to Entrance, and then click MoreEffects. In the AddEntranceEffect dialog box, under Basic, click FlyIn.Select the second animation effect (fly-in effect for the first line). Under Modify: Fly In,do the following:In the Start list, select AfterPrevious.In the Direction list, select FromRight.In the Speed list, select Fast.On the slide, select the picture. In the CustomAnimation task pane, do the following:Click AddEffect, point to Entrance, and then click MoreEffects. In the AddEntranceEffect dialog box, under Basic, click Wipe.Select the third animation effect (wipe effect for the picture). Under Modify: Wipe,do the following:In the Start list, select WithPrevious.In the Direction list, select FromRight.In the Speed list, select Fast.On the slide, select the text box. In the CustomAnimation task pane, do the following:Click AddEffect, point to Entrance, and then click MoreEffects. In the AddEntranceEffect dialog box, under Basic, clickFlyIn.Select the fourth animation effect (fly-in effect for the text box). Under Modify: Fly In,do the following:In the Start list, select WithPrevious.In the Direction list, select FromRight.In the Speed list, select Fast.