The document discusses the structure of phrases in English. It explains that a sentence is composed of a subject, predicate/verb, and complement. Phrases include noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases, and others. Words are categorized as nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and affixes. The structure of a noun phrase is analyzed, including pre-head and post-head dependents. Different types of pronouns are defined such as subject, object, reflexive, indefinite, demonstrative, and relative pronouns. Examples of analyzing noun phrases in sentences are provided.

1. PHRASE STRUCTURE
STRUKTUR FRASA
Subject Filler : NOUN PHRASE, PRONOUN, PROPERN NOUN

2. The Structure
• Sentence (Kalimat) – Subject (S) , Predicate (P) orVerb (V) , Complement (C)
• Clause (Klausa)
• Dependent Clause
• Independent Clause
• Phrase (Frasa); a group of words – Noun Phrase,Verb Phrase, Adj-Phrase and
so on.
• Words (Kata) – Noun,Verb, Adjective, Adverb
• Affix (Imbuhan) - -ly, -s, -es, -ed, re-, Ex-,
• Sound (Bunyi)

3. A Simplified Formula
• English Structure can be said that: Sentence = Noun Phrase (Group) +Verb Phrase (Group)
• An EnglishClause structure : Subject +Verb
• She runs
• She cooks
• But it can only be a single verb
• Run!
• Cook!
• It can also be a S +V + Complement
• She runs slowly (adverb)
• Apparently, She left (adverb)
• She likes cake (noun)
• She loves listening to music (gerund)

4. Typically…
• An English Structure is consist of : Subject (S) + Predicator (P) + Complement (C)
+ Adjunct (Ad)
• Subject typically realized by NP (Noun Phrase), Proper Noun and/or Pronoun
• Predicator typically realized byVP (Verb Phrase)
• Complement or better known as Object typically realized by NP, Adverbial
Phrase, Adjective Phrase or prepositional Phrase
• Adjunct is an optional element which can be added or omitted without producing
ungrammatical clause (though in meaning it may be a bit strange).Typically
realized by adverbs, adverbial group, and prepositional phrase

5. Pronoun
• Pronoun refers to specific person or thing and changes its form accordingly to
indicate person, number, gender
• Pronoun can act as Subject or Object in a sentence
• Subject Pronoun are I,You,We,They, She, He, It
• Object Pronoun are Me,You, Us,Them, Her, Him, It

6. Subjective Pronoun
• The pronoun act as subject in a sentence
• I,You,We,They, She, He, It
• Example
• I was glad to fund the bus pass in the bottom of the green knapsack
• You are surely the strangest child I have ever met

7. Objective Pronoun
• The pronoun act as Object in the sentence
• Me,You, Us,Them, Her, Him, It
• Example:
• My sister gave me her old phone
• You should take a picture of him

8. Reflexive Pronoun
• A reflexive pronoun is used to refer back to the subject of the clause or sentence.
• The reflexive pronouns are "myself," "yourself," "herself," "himself," "itself,"
"ourselves," "yourselves," and "themselves." Note each of these can also act as an
intensive pronoun.
Example:
• After the party, I asked myself why I had faxed invitations to everyone in my office
building.
• Every morning, I drive myself to school
• Even after everything was done, they can’t believe themselves of what they have
achieved

9. Indefinite Pronoun
• An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun referring to an identifiable but not specified
person or thing. An indefinite pronoun conveys the idea of all, any, none, or some.
• The most common indefinite pronouns are "all," "another," "any," "anybody,"
"anyone," "anything," "each," "everybody," "everyone," "everything," "few,"
"many," "nobody," "none," "one," "several," "some," "somebody,“
• After an indefinite with every-, any- and somebody pronoun we use singular verbs
• Everybody loves Sally
• Everything was ready
• But when refer back to the pronoun, normally a plural verb is used.
• Everybody enjoys the feats. They were starving
Another example:
Many were invited to the lunch but only twelve showed up.

10. Demonstrative Pronoun
• Demonstrative Pronoun is used to point to something specific within a sentence.
• Singular Demonstrative :This andThat
• Plural Demonstrative :These andThose
• Example
• This is a good book
• These pens are expensive
• That tv show is garbage
• Those children are not given allowances

11. Relative Pronoun
• a relative pronoun is used to link one phrase or clause to another phrase or clause.
The relative pronouns are "who," "whom," "that," and "which." The compounds
"whoever," "whomever," and "whichever" are also relative pronouns.
• Many people dislike the new chairman whom we have elected.
[In the clause “whom we have elected,” the pronoun whom is the object of the
compound verb have elected. One would say, “We have elected him.”]
• I am scared of the old woman who lives on Main Street.
[In the clause “who lives on Main Street,” the pronoun who is the subject. One
would say, “She lives on Main Street.”]

12. What kind of pronoun is it?
1. I feel like taking a short trip to Maldives.
2. Murat is good boy. He always listens.
3. The mangoes are very sour.You bought them at Jamie’s, aren’t you?
4. My aunt and uncle live in Jakarta. They often visit me.
5. While playing basketball, I hurt myself.
6. There are many windows here. But all of them are jammed.
7. Everybody is set on leaving. They are already packing.
8. Nobody was at home so I am alone at home
9. The dog almost choked itself.
10. We don’t know anyone in the party.

13. Cont.…
11. The children locked themselves in the basement.
12. This book belongs to me.
13. Each of us received a present.
14. Those chess pieces are everywhere.
15. These bottles are not clean.

14. Typically . . .
SUBJECT PREDICATE COMPLEMENT ADJUNCT
Noun Phrase / Proper
Noun/Pronoun
Verb Phrase Object (Direct or Indirect);
Noun Phrase,
Adverbial Phrase,
Adjective Phrase or
Prepositional Phrase
adverbs,
adverbial phrase,
and
prepositional
phrase

15. Examples
Subject Predicator Complement Adjunct
Man’s three-pound
brain
is the most complex and
orderly arrangement of
matter
in the universe.
NP be-verb NP Prepositional Phrase
Subject Predicator Complement
The theory of heredity as it
existed in the 1940s
was one of genes linearly arranged along chromosomes,
influencing the characteristics of the organisms in
which they found themselves, and being transmitted
via egg and sperm to the next generation.
NP Be-verb
(past)
NP

16. Noun Phrase
Notice the following
Man
A Man
An Old Man
An Old Man FromVietnam
An old Man FromVietnam who told the tale
A noun phrase (NP) is a group of words with a noun as a head, and it may
have dependents preceding the head and/or following the head.

17. The Noun Group Structure
Pre-head Dependents Head Post-head Dependants
Determiner – Adjective
(Modifier)
Head Complement (PP) – Modifier –
Peripheral Dependent
(PD/Clause)
Example:
The Members
The Members Of committee
The new Members Of committee from Downton
The new Members Of committee from downtown,
who live in the dorm

18. Pre-head Dependents
•There are two types of pre-head dependent:
1. Determiners (Det)
2. Modifiers (M)

19. Determiners
Noun Determiners
The Its Each Many Most
A Our Every Much One
An Their No Few Two
My This Both Several Three
Your That Some Either Ten
His These Any Neither Twenty one
Her Those All More Fifty one

20. Modifiers (M)
Pre-head modifiers may be adjectives, nouns, participles, genitive phrase:
 those new house (adjective)
 brick walls (noun)
 the looming crisis, broken promises (participle) (V+ing)
 my second home (ordinal number)
 a gentleman’s club (genitive phrase) (possessive)
There is no limit to the number of pre-head modifiers:
 an atique doll
 an antique old doll
 an antique old Russian doll
 an antique old Russian porcelain doll

21. Post-head Dependents
• There are three types of Post-head dependent
1. Complement (C)
2. Modifiers (M)
3. Peripheral Dependent (PD)

22. Complement
•Complement is the phrase closely tight to the head
noun. It can be prepositional group, or to-infinitive
clause
•Example
•Students of Philosophy
• his decision to surrender

23. Modifiers
• Post-head modifiers is different from the pre-head modifiers and it is different
from complement in that it does not rely on the head noun. Post-head modifiers
can be Prepositional phrase (PP), relative clause, or infinitive clause
Examples
students in taxi prepositional phrase (PP)
the car which Sue used to drive relative clause (Clr)
a dog food to tempt fussy eaters invinitival clause (Cli)
children throwing stones participial clause (Clp)
boys keen on cricket adjective phrase (AdjP)

24. Peripheral Dependents
• Peripheral dependent differs from both complements and
modifiers, it is set off by a comma in writing and by a pause in
speech. Relative clause is the most peripheral to occur in Noun
group. It is always begins with relative pronoun. Sometimes the
two constituents seperated by comma is called to be in
‘apposition’.
• Examples
• The car, which sue used to drive (relative clause),
• The recommendation, that we should increase the joining fee,
• Roberts Pattinson, theVice-President (Appos)

25. The Noun Group Components
TheTerms to identify each part of a Noun Group (Noun Phrase)
Det = Determiner
M = Modifier
- Pre-Modifier : Adjective (Adj), Noun (N), Participle (Par)V+ing,
ordinal number (OrD) genitive phrase (GP)
- Post-Modifier: prepositional phrase (PP), relative clause (Clr),
invinitival clause (Cli), participial clause (Clp), adjective phrase
(AdjP)
HN = Head Noun
C = Complement
- Prepositional Phrase (PP)
- Infinitive Clause (Cli)
PD = Peripheral dependent
- Relative Clause (CLr)
- Appostion (Appos)

26. Example
• Sentence (S) = Sue was the best player in both tournaments
• The NG = the best player in both tournaments
The Best Player In both
tournaments
Det M/Adj HN M/PP

27. Find out the Noun Group (NG) in the following Sentences and if possible
label the pre head and post-head dependents along with the Head Noun.
Remember that some sentences have more than one NG.
1 Many spectators were injured in the collapse.
2 Could you give me some help with my assignment?
3 Some people collect old Australian stamps as a hobby.
4 Every exit has been sealed to prevent their escape.
5 Please don’t tell the family that pathetic joke about the Irish pilot.
6 People shouldn’t treat the rumours aboutTom’s lifestyle with such indifference.
7 Every contestant in the quest will win a prize which will be treausred for years.
8 Our new friendly neighbour from England who always pull our legs has told us the news.

28. 9. All new members of the atheletics club should meet the trainer soon.
10. We will be taught by Mary’s older brother, who excels at chess.
11. Every muscle has its own group of nerves.
12. The amount of oxygen available to the brain is important.
13. Brain cells use up a lot of energy, so they need a constant supply of oxygen.
14. Each hemisphere of the brain receives information about the opposite side of the visual field.
15. Light entering the eye forms an image on 130 million tiny light cells.
16. Each part of the brain controls a separate part of the body.
17 Man’s three-pound brain is the most complex and orderly arrangement of matter in the universe.
18. Man’s three-pound brain is the most complex and orderly arrangement of matter in the universe.
19. The potato was the staple of Ireland, and when the crop failed in 1840, there was mass starvations
20. Many animal species are totally color blind, but the condition is very rare in humans.