Transformational generative grammar is a grammar that was proposed by American Linguist Noam Chomsky in his book entitled, Syntactic Structures in 1957. He talked about some major concepts that is Competence and Performance
Secondly most of our knowledge are innate and learners only have to learn idosyncratic features and thirdly he said that language is universal and deep structures in all languages are same they only differs at the level of transformational level.
Chomsky proposed two level of sentences; deep structures (shows the semantic content of a sentence) and surface structure (determines its phonetic form).
Phrase Structure rule provide us with the underlying syntactic structure of sentence. They are used to break down natural language sentence into its constituent parts. It is a tree diagram which has branches and nodes and each node followed the other.
Transformational Structure Rules contain two parts; Structural analysis specifying the class of strings of two which the rule applies. The second part specifies the structural change.
Morphophonemic rules deals with the alteration of phonetic of morphemes across morpheme boundary. It has a form of phonological rules but it is restricted to a particular morphological environment.
Transformational generative grammar is a grammar that was proposed by American Linguist Noam Chomsky in his book entitled, Syntactic Structures in 1957. He talked about some major concepts that is Competence and Performance
Secondly most of our knowledge are innate and learners only have to learn idosyncratic features and thirdly he said that language is universal and deep structures in all languages are same they only differs at the level of transformational level.
Chomsky proposed two level of sentences; deep structures (shows the semantic content of a sentence) and surface structure (determines its phonetic form).
Phrase Structure rule provide us with the underlying syntactic structure of sentence. They are used to break down natural language sentence into its constituent parts. It is a tree diagram which has branches and nodes and each node followed the other.
Transformational Structure Rules contain two parts; Structural analysis specifying the class of strings of two which the rule applies. The second part specifies the structural change.
Morphophonemic rules deals with the alteration of phonetic of morphemes across morpheme boundary. It has a form of phonological rules but it is restricted to a particular morphological environment.
How to Structure the “Approach” Section of a Grant Application (Basic Science...UCLA CTSI
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This is a material given with the purpose of supplying information about Generative Grammar as a focus that is actually taught everywher. This content was recommended by the Department of Modern Languages at the University of Carabobo, the subject´s name is Pedagogical Grammar and there were lots of presentations about the most favourite focusses commonly studied in Adult Education. The presenters´ names: Reina., Anyerlin & Becerrit., Eduardo. We all hope you read it carefully and make most of it.
Natural Language Processing is a subfield of Artificial Intelligence and linguistics, devoted to make computers understand the statements or words written by humans.
In this seminar we discuss its issues, and its working etc...
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. This Paper covers the following
topics:
• Theory of Language
• What is Grammar?
• What is Generative-Transformational Grammar?
• Deep and surface structure
• The Syntactic component of Grammar
• Competence and Performance
• The Power of Generative-Transformational Grammar
• Critisizm to Generative-Transformational Grammar
• The implication of Generative-Transformational Grammar in ELT
3. THEORY OF LANGUAGE
Theory of Language
Structure
Theory of Language
Acquisition
Theory of Language Use
to formulate detailed descriptions
of particular language that is the
study of PARTICULAR GRAMMAR.
4. TRADITIONAL VIEW
Grammar is an account
of COMPETENCE
Ability of a speaker to
understand an arbitrary
sentence of his language
Ability to produce an
appropriate sentence
on a given occasion
5. GRAMMAR
PEDAGOGIC GRAMMAR
To provide the students
with the ability of how
to understand and to
produce sentences
LINGUISTIC/SCIENTIFIC
GRAMMAR
To discover and exhibit
the mechanism that
makes the achievement
possible
6. It is emphasized that traditional grammars
make an essential appeal to the intelligence of the
reader. They do not formulate the rules
of the grammar, but rather give examples and
hints that enable the intelligent reader to determine
the grammar.
7. Generative grammar has adopted this
traditional framework of interest and concerns. It
attempts to go beyond traditional grammar in
fundamental way.
8. In the decade from 1955 to 1965 the foundation
of Generative Grammar were laid and a complex
technical formalism was developed (Horrocks,
1987:27).
9. Traditionally....
• Grammars have not been characterised with sufficient
precision
• The rules they embody have not been frame in a
sufficiently explicit way for observational adequacy to
be achieved.
11. In 1957, Chomsky postulated the Generative –
Transformational Grammar.....
The objective is to construct models that would represent
the psychological process of language.
Noam Chomsky believed that grammar has recursive
rules allowing one to generate grammatically
correct sentences over and over.
Our brain has a mechanism which can create language by
following the language principles and grammar.
13. DEEP STRUCTURE – SURFACE
STRUCTURE
Deep Structures represents the meaning of the
sentence.
Surface Structures represents sentences that
express those meanings (superficial
appearance).
14. Consider the following sentences....
• Charlie broke the window.
• The window was broken by Charlie.
These two sentences have the same deep
structure but are expressed in different surface
structure.
15. Some Implication of DS and SS
Meaning is contained in deep structure.
Language has a deep structure which is often different in form
from the surface structure
A small number of phrase structure rules can desribe the deep
structure.
Surface structures usually consist of rearrangements and
reoccurrences of the elements of the deep strucure.
For a grammar to be adequate, it must take all of these things
into account and provide a description whose rules will enable
us to generate an infinite number of surface structure
17. Phrase Structure Rules
• A Phrase Structure is, in fact, a very natural device for
assigning a system of grammatical relations and
functions to a generate string.
• S ----> NP + VP
or
S
NP
VP
19. Examples
•
•
•
•
N ----> (boy, girl, horse)
PN----> (George, Myrna)
Det ---> (a, the)
Adj ---> (small, crazy)
V ---> (saw, followed, helped)
Prep --> (with, near)
Adv --> (yesterday, recently)
The girl followed the boy.
Myrna helped George recently.
George saw a horse yesterday.
A small horse followed Myrna.
The small boy saw George with a crazy horse recently.
* Boy the Myrna saw.
* Small horse with a girl.
Grammatical
Ungrammatical
20. Transformational Rules
Phrase Structure rules are not adequate to handle certain
characteristic constructions in natural languages.
In order to provide a principled account of the syntax of these
construction, we need to posit an additional level of structure
known as deep structure.
Two level of structures (deep and surface structures) are
inter-related by a set of movement rules known technically
as Transformations.
22. Obligatory Transformations:
Particle Separation Transformation (Pronoun)
Number Transformation (NP singular, NP plural)
Auxiliary Transformation
Word Boundaries Transformation
Do Transformation
KERNEL SENTENCE
(simple, declarative, active sentence)
23. Optional Transformation:
example: JOHN EATS AN APPLE.
Transformation of Affirmation -- > John can eat an apple.
Negative Transformation ---- > John does not eat an apple.
Interrogative Transformation --> Does John eat an apple ?
Wh Question Transformation -- > What does John eat?
Passive Transformation
---- > An apple is eaten by John.
24. Besides, there are some other
transformations that are known as
generalized Transformations:
Nominalizing Transformation
Conjunction Transformation
So-Transformation
25. Competence and Performance
(Chomsky, 1965: 4)
COMPETENCE
the knowledge of the language
PERFORMANCE
the actual use of language in concrete
situations
27. The POWER of Generative-Transformational
Grammar
This grammar will generate well-formed syntactic structures (e.g.
sentences) of the language.
This grammar will have a finite (i.e. limited) number of rules but
will be capable of generating an infinite number of well-formed
structures.
The rules of this grammar give ‘recursiveness’, that is the capacity
to be applied more than once in generating a structure.
This grammar is also capable of revealing the basis two other
phenomena:
How some superficially distinct sentences are closely related.
How some superficially similar sentences are in fact distinct.