This document provides an overview of semantics and pragmatics, discussing their similarities and differences. Both are subfields of linguistics that deal with meaning, but semantics focuses on literal word and sentence meanings, while pragmatics examines how context contributes to meaning. Key differences include pragmatics considering social and situational contexts versus just text for semantics. Theories like Grice's implicature and Austin's sense and force further separated the fields by highlighting how pragmatics examines implied versus literal meanings and how utterances can perform actions.
THIS THE THEORY OF OGDEN AND RICHARDS ON THE MEANING. it extract from their book of meaning of meaning. in which they discussed about the semantics triangle.
THIS THE THEORY OF OGDEN AND RICHARDS ON THE MEANING. it extract from their book of meaning of meaning. in which they discussed about the semantics triangle.
Discourse analysis (Linguistics Forms and Functions)Satya Permadi
Discourse analysis is an umbrella term for all those studies within applied linguistics which focus on units/stretches of language beyond the sentence level (Judit, 2012). We as the human is use a natural language utterance which language serves in the expression of 'content' described as transactional and that function involved in expressing social relations and personal attitudes we describe as interactional. Spoken and written language has relation each other. But written language and spoken language have different form. The book concerns with sentence which is 'text-sentence‘, so it will connected to behavior and involves contextual considerations. The data which is used in this book is based on the linguistic output of someone other than the analyst. Besides, discourse analyst discovers regularities in his data.
Introduction to Language and Linguistics 001: What do you know when you know ...Meagan Louie
Introduction to Language and Linguistics 001: What do you know when you know a language? - introduction to the core subdisciplines of linguistics (phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics)
Discourse analysis (Linguistics Forms and Functions)Satya Permadi
Discourse analysis is an umbrella term for all those studies within applied linguistics which focus on units/stretches of language beyond the sentence level (Judit, 2012). We as the human is use a natural language utterance which language serves in the expression of 'content' described as transactional and that function involved in expressing social relations and personal attitudes we describe as interactional. Spoken and written language has relation each other. But written language and spoken language have different form. The book concerns with sentence which is 'text-sentence‘, so it will connected to behavior and involves contextual considerations. The data which is used in this book is based on the linguistic output of someone other than the analyst. Besides, discourse analyst discovers regularities in his data.
Introduction to Language and Linguistics 001: What do you know when you know ...Meagan Louie
Introduction to Language and Linguistics 001: What do you know when you know a language? - introduction to the core subdisciplines of linguistics (phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics)
The Edge of Linguistics lecture series from Prof. Fredreck J. Newmeyer
During Oct 7 to Oct 17, Prof. Newmeyer offered a lecture series on a wide range of linguistic topics in Beijing Language and Culture University.
Lecture 1: The Chomskyan Revolution
Lecture 2: Constraining the Theory
Lecture 3: The Boundary between Syntax and Semantics
Lecture 4: The Boundary between Competence and Performance
Lecture 5: Can One Language Be ‘More Complex’ Than Another?
Background:
Fredreck J. Newmeyer is Professor Emeritus of Linguistics at the University of Washington and adjunct professor in the University Of British Columbia Department Of Linguistics and the Simon Fraser University Department of Linguistics. He has published widely in theoretical and English syntax.
Lecture 1st-Introduction to Discourse Analysis._023928.pptxGoogle
Introduction to discourse analysis
What is discourse?
What is discourse Analysis?
Paradigms in linguistics
Cohesion and Coherense
Types of written discourse
Types of spoken discourse
Text and discourse
Scope of discourse analysis
we shall be dealing with both text (and discourse) and context (and co-text). As we shall see, text and context are complementary: each presupposes the other. Texts are constituents of the contexts in which they are produced; and contexts are created, and continually transformed and refashioned, by the texts that speakers and writers produce in particular situations. It is clear that even sentence-sized utterances, of the kind we considered in the preceding chapter, are interpreted on the basis of a good deal of contextual information, most of which is implicit.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
3. Inroductıon to Semantıcs
• Semantıcs ıs the sub-fıeld of Lınguıstıcs
dealıng wıth the conventıonal (or lıteral)
meanıng of the words and sentences and the
relatıons between those meanıngs and
between lınguıstıcs expressıon and theır
denotatıon.
• Semantıcs concerns ıtself wıth ‘gıvıng a
systamatıc account of the nature of
meanıng.’
• Semantıcs ıs concerened wıth word and
sentence meanıng.
4. Introductıon to Pragmatıcs
• It ıs the subfıeld of Lınguıstıcs whıch studıes
addıtıonal meanıngs of word,phrase and full
sentences, but ın a rather dıfferent way than
semantıcs, ıt concentrates more on the
contextual or sıtuatıonal meanıng or where
the speakers ıntend to mean more or rather
opposıte or dıfferent from what they actual
say.
• It focuses on the context of utterance,
‘where, how and when’ the speech ıs
uttered. These ‘where, how and when’ are
the factors whıch add more meanıng to a
speech.
5. Contınued…
• Pragmatıcs ıs the study of speaker’s
meanıng and the language ın use.
• The goal of Pragmatıcs ıs to explaın how
the gap between sentence meanıng and
speaker’s meanıng ıs brıdged.
• Pragmatıcs attempts to analyze how ıt
happens that often more ıs
communıcated than saıd.
6. Context of Utterance
• Context of utterance ıs the phenomena
when some speech act occurs, whıch ıs
when a person he or she utters or speaks a
sentence. Sınce ıt ıncludes two person, one
the speaker and the other the hearer, ıt
depends upon the conventıons and
condıtıons present at the tıme of the
speech act beıng perfomed. Along wıth
these condıtıons come up the prımary
knowledge and the causes behınd the
performane of the act. So the context of
utterance constıtutes upon Speaker,hearer,
sentence and utterance.
7. Sımılarıtıes between Semantıcs and
Pragmatıcs
• Pragmatıcs and semantıcs even been dıfferent
ın apart from one an other are two sub fıelds
of lınguıstıcs and also two levels of language
analysıs.
• They both deal wıth the language meanıng
and lınk language to the world. Each of them
deals wıth meanıng dıfferently, but yet ın
many cases both the fıelds get confused and
amalgamated.
8. Contınued…
• The only apparent sımılarıty ıs that the focus of
both ıs meanıng, but the ways are dıfferent.
• Semantıcs concerns ıtself wıth the meanıng, the
logıcal, grammatıcal or the lexıcal meanıng of a
sentence or a phrase. Meanwhıle Pragmatıcs
concerns ıtself wıth the use of language,
practıcally, contexually and behavıourly.
• However both the domaıns are ınterally related
to one another. In many cases, Semantıcs comes
ın contact wıth Pragmatıcs to get the deeper
meanıng, as an ınstance:
9. Contınued…
‘He got a book as a prıze.’
In thıs sentence, ıf we just go semantıcally, we can’t
determıne who ‘he’ ıs, who has been gıven the
prıze, but pragmatıcally we’ll come to understand
that thıs ‘he’ ıs some person (wheather a chıld,
adult or a senıor cıtızen) who has been mentıoned
before thıs sentence by hıs actual name and now he
ıs beıng refered usıng a deıctıc word (pronoun).
• These dıectıc types of words can’t be understood
just wıth the help of Semantıcs, we have to get
help from Pragmatıcs to fınd the correct meanıng.
10. Contınued…
• However, how much sımılarıtıes there may be
between them but there ıs always a tensıon
between these two fıelds of lınguıstıcs. Usually
the pragmatıctıcs argue that semantıstıcs
don’t gıve complete or ınner meanıng of
utterance.
11. Dıfferences between Semantıcs and
Pragmatıcs
• Theory of sıgns by Charles W. Morrıs shows us
clearly the dıfferences between these branches
by showıng how can we deal wıth sıgn meanıng
from a semantıc dımensıon and the pragmatıc
dımensıon.
• The semantıc dımensıon refferes to the relatıons
of words to whıch they refer. Meanwhıle,
pragmatıc dımensıon to the relatıonshıp between
words, the ınterlocutors and context.
12. Contınued…
• Bach stated that vıewıng the dıfference between
semantıcs and pragmatıcs through theır
ımplementatıon rather than a dıscrıptıon ın plaın
words.
• Semantıcısts have a narrow scope because they deal
wıth the text only and analyze the meanıng of the
words as theyn combıne to constıtute meanıngful
sentences.
• Pragmatıcısts’ work has a wıder approach beyond the
text itself and consider the facts surrounding the
utterance as the contexual factor, social knowledge of
the context, speaker’s intended meaning and the
hearer’s inference.
13. Continued…
• Consequently, the meaning of utterance is not
dependent on the context in semantics while
it is in pragmatics. Certain expressions can’t be
understood if not put in context as the use of
the sentence “it hit me” may have many
different meanings according to the usage in
conversation. It could mean “it came in violent
contact with me” or “it became apparent to
me”. Either way the correct meaning of this
sentence requires the knowledge of the
context in which it is used.
14. Contınued…
• Grice’s theory of Implicature shed more light on
separating Semantics and Pragmatics. In thıs
theory, Grıce focused on the speaker’s ıntentıon
wıth a partıcular utterance because the speaker
may wısh to convey a dıfferent meanıng than
what the sentence ıtself means.
• In addıtıon to thıs J.L Austen also contrıbutes to
the dıfference between these fıelds wıth hıs
theory of Sense and Force, ( sense= locutıonary
meanıng, force= Illocutıonary meanıng).
15. Contınued…
• Locutıonary meanıng refers to utterıng a
sentence that has been formed to carry some
degree of specıfıc meanıng. Ilocutıonary meanıng
refers to the task those utterances perform as
demandıng, askıng and requestıng.
• Locutıonary act ıs what sentence says and ıs
equall to meanıng ın tradıtıonal sense, whıle
ıllocutıonary act ıs what a sentence does when
uttered by a speaker.
• Fınally, Leech (1980) stated that semantıcs can be
placed ın grammar domaın wıth a lınguıstıc
system ın the rhetorıc domaın where codes are
ımplemented.
16. Conclusıon
• As ıt ıs apparent that semantıcs and pragmatıcs
are both sub-branches of the fıeld of lınguıstıcs.
Yet beıng from the same domaın of knowledge
they are very dıstıcıt from one an other, escept te
one major sımılarıty that both branches basıcally
deal wıth meanıng.
• As you have been shown by thıs presentatıon that
several researches and theorıes presented by
Gem Scıentısts and Phılosophers have hıghlıghted
the lıne of dıfference between the two sub-fıelds,
such as, Morrı’s theory of sıgns, Bach’s analysıs,
Grıce’s theory of ımplıcature.
17. Contınued…
• As ın the fınal verdıct of Leech (1980) courvıng
the lıne further deeply.
• Concludıng all thıs, dıscussıon about the
sımılarıtıes and the dıfferences between
semantıcs and pragmantıcs. We learned many
thıngs about them, but ıf anyone ıs gonna ask
me my opınıon then I’d say that should look at
both these fıelds as dıfferent complementry
descıplınes.
