The document discusses syntax and phrase structure grammars. It defines constituents, ambiguity, and provides a sample phrase structure grammar. It explains that syntax and semantics are distinct, and that phrase structure grammars generate sentences but do not determine their meaning. The document also discusses arguments of verbs, subcategorization frames, optional and obligatory arguments, embedded clauses, questions, passives, and particle shift transformations.

1. Syntax and Stylistics Verbs and T-rules

2. Review Where have we been, and where are we now?

6. Sample phrase-structure grammar S  NP VP NP  (DET) N NP  NP PP VP  V VP  VP PP VP  V NP P  P NP DET  the, a N  dogs, boys N  rabbit N  Dori N  dinner N  porch V  barked V  chased V  devoured V  put P  in, on, to

10. Parts of speech are defined by: 2. Morphology cutting cuts cut cut cut meeting meets met met meet going goes went gone go proving proves proved proven prove mowing mows mowed mown mow Gerund Present Past Participle Base

13. Syntax  Semantics S  NP VP NP  (DET) N NP  NP PP VP  V VP  VP PP VP  V NP P  P NP DET  the, a N  dogs, boys N  rabbit N  Dori N  dinner N  porch V  barked V  chased V  devoured V  put P  in, on, to

21. Connecting PS and V frames S NP VP V put [ ___ NP PP] the That boys PP P NP on the porch NP dinner The frame puts selectional restrictions on where a particular verb can appear.

23. Embedded Clauses We think that they have left. COMP NP VP S V S NP VP S Embedded Clause Main Clause think , V s , [ ___ S ]

28. Transformational Grammar and Movement Rules S NP VP The kids V NP ate the chocolate Deep Structure S NP VP The chocolate V PP was eaten by the kids Surface Structure Meaning preserving tree-to-tree mapping

34. Sam climbed up the ladder. Sam picked up the ladder. N V P Det N N V P Det N NP NP NP VP S V S Tree 1 Tree 2 NP VP PP