Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) has been shown to cause skin disorders, including sunburn and symptoms such as erythema, ageing and formation of wrinkles, pigmentation or dyspigmentation, DNA damage and ultimately photocarcinogenesis on prolonged exposure. It has been reported that sunscreens have beneficial effects in reducing the incidence of skin disorders and protect the skin against exogenous and endogenous harmful agents by absorption, scattering and by blocking phenomena. Ultraviolet (UV) rays are classified into three wavelengths UV-A, UV-B and UV-C. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can react with DNA, proteins, and fatty acids in the skin causes oxidative damage and impairment of antioxidant system in the human body is triggered by skin exposure to sunlight and other climatic circumstances. Such injuries disrupt the skin’s regulation pathways, causing photoaging and the development of skin cancer. Active ingredient of sunscreen agents are synthetic substances which are divided into organic and inorganic filters used in the market. Synthetic agents have shown some serious side effects. Therefore, to overcome this deleterious effects natural sunscreens were found by the researchers from nature. Natural products are efficacious as sunscreens and produce healing, softening, rejuvenating, and sunscreen effects. However, the use of sunscreen has faced many challenges, including inducing photoallergic dermatitis, environment pollution, and deficiency of vitamin D production. Therefore, consumers should efficiently apply suitable herbal formulations to improve sun protection as well as to avoid the side effects of synthetic sunscreens.
cosmetic and cosmeceutical
Classification of cosmetic and cosmeceutical products
Definition of cosmetics as per Indian and EU regulations, Evolution of cosmeceuticals from cosmetics, cosmetics as quasi and OTC drugs
Cosmetic excipients: Surfactants, rheology modifiers, humectants, emollients, preservatives. Classification and application
Skin: Basic structure and function of skin.
Hair: Basic structure of hair. Hair growth cycle.
Oral Cavity: Common problem associated with teeth and gums
Classification of Sunscreens and SPF and Role of herbs in cosmetics:Priya Patil
Sun protection,
Classification of Sunscreens and SPF.
Role of herbs in cosmetics:
Skin Care: Aloe and turmeric
Hair care: Henna and amla.
Oral care: Neem and clove
Deodorants and antiperspirants Cosmetic SciencePranjal Saxena
This presentation contains about description of Deodorants and antiperspirants with their Action, Evaluation, Difference between Deodorants and antiperspirants.
cosmetic and cosmeceutical
Classification of cosmetic and cosmeceutical products
Definition of cosmetics as per Indian and EU regulations, Evolution of cosmeceuticals from cosmetics, cosmetics as quasi and OTC drugs
Cosmetic excipients: Surfactants, rheology modifiers, humectants, emollients, preservatives. Classification and application
Skin: Basic structure and function of skin.
Hair: Basic structure of hair. Hair growth cycle.
Oral Cavity: Common problem associated with teeth and gums
Classification of Sunscreens and SPF and Role of herbs in cosmetics:Priya Patil
Sun protection,
Classification of Sunscreens and SPF.
Role of herbs in cosmetics:
Skin Care: Aloe and turmeric
Hair care: Henna and amla.
Oral care: Neem and clove
Deodorants and antiperspirants Cosmetic SciencePranjal Saxena
This presentation contains about description of Deodorants and antiperspirants with their Action, Evaluation, Difference between Deodorants and antiperspirants.
Shampoo
Human Hair Structure
Introduction
Shampoo is a hair care product that is used for the removal of oils, dirt, skin particles, dandruff, environmental pollutants and other contaminant particles that gradually build up in hair.
Introduction
Ideal Properties
Functions of Shampoo
Classification
Classification
Based on Appearance:
Powder Shampoos
Liquid Shampoos or Lotion
Gel Shampoos or Solid Cream
Classification
Classification
II. Based on Use or Function:
Conditioning Shampoos
Antidandruff and Therapeutic
Baby
Balancing
Clarifying
Classification
III. Based on Origin:
Compositions
Shampoos are typically composed of 10 to 30 ingredients.
Several types of ingredients are particularly important, including “Surfactants" that aid in cleansing and lathering.
“Conditioners" and “Active ingredients" that affect the hair and scalp.
“Additives" that stabilize the product.
Compositions
Compositions
Compositions
Compositions
Manufacturing Process
Some pearlising agents are waxy solids at ambient temperature and require melting in a drum oven or similar before use.
Demineralised water is most commonly used in order to minimise contamination of the product.
No further processing is required after blending, and the product may be packed off directly from the mixing vessel.
Manufacturing Process
For preparing liquid shampoo,
Triethanalamine lauvyl sulfate,
stearic acid are heated to about 650C.
Water & preservatives are also heated to 650C.
Both the solutions are mixed together and then cooled.
Perfumes are added after that. The shampoo thus prepared is bottled by automatic bottle filling machine.
Quality Control Tests
a)Foam Stability
Cylinder shake method was used for determining foaming ability.
50ml of the 1% shampoo solution was put into a 250ml graduated cylinder and cover the cylinder with hand and shaken for 10 times. The total volumes of the foam contents after 1 minute shaking were recorded. The foam volume was calculated. Foam should retain for atleast 5mins.
Foam Stability = V2-V1
Quality Control Tests
b)Skin – irritation Test:
Draize test in Rabbits where a patch test technique is used on the intact skin of Albino Rabbits.
A set of 6Rabbits used for testing each material.
Shampoos should be tested only for a short duration thatis,not more than(NMT)4hours as these products come in contact with skin only for a short duration.
These preparations are diluted between concentrations of 8 to 10%.
Quality Control Tests
c)Wetting Action:
Canvas disk is used, is one inch in diameter is floated on the surface of a solution and the time required for it to sink is measured accurately.
Quality Control Tests
d)Viscosity:
Is determined using Brookefield Viscometer.
100ml of shampoo is taken in a beaker and spindle is dipped in it for about 5min and then reading is taken.
Quality Control
Analytical cosmetics:BIS specification and analytical methods for shampoo, sk...Steffi Thomas
Analytical cosmetics:BIS specification and analytical methods for shampoo, skin-cream and toothpaste, Indian standards, Schedule S and Schedule Q, Drugs and cosmetic act, standards for heavy metals in cosmetics, standards for coloring agents in cosmetics, annexures, list of approved colours and dyes as per schedule Q Part 1, list of colours permitted to be used in soaps, types of toothpaste, general requirements for ECO mark and BIS mark, BIS certification marking
Cold cream , vanishing cream , IDEAL PROPERTIES OF VANISHING CREAMS , MAJOR INGREDIENTS USED FOR THE PRODUCTION OF VANISHING CREAMS , FORMULATION OF VANISHING CREAM , IDEAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COLD CREAM , INGREDIENTS USED FOR PREPARATION OF COLD CREAM , FORMULATION OF COLD CREAM
COSMETIC PROBLEM ASSOCIATED WITH HAIR AND SCALP DANDRUFF AND HAIR FALL.pptxMADHAVIGABHANE
The common scalp problem associated with hair and scalp are dandruff and Hairfall.Dandruff couse by malassezia furfur and oily scalp and it can be prevent or treat by Anti fungal medications like ketoconazole and hair fall couse by the inheritance harmonal changes and it treat by medication and hair transplantation.
Antiperspirant & Deodorant:A deodorant is a substance applied to the body to prevent body odor caused by the bacterial breakdown of perspiration in armpits, feet, and other areas of the body. A subgroup of deodorants, antiperspirants, affect odor as well as prevent sweating by affecting sweat glands.
Antiperspirants are typically applied to the underarms, while deodorants may also be used on feet and other areas in the form of body sprays. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration classifies and regulates most deodorants as cosmetics, but classifies antiperspirants as over-the-counter drugs.
Mechanism perspiration control
Sweating allows the body to regulate its temperature. Sweating is controlled from a center in the periotic and anterior regions of the brain's hypothalamus, where thermo sensitive neurons are located. The heat-regulatory function of the hypothalamus is also affected by inputs from temperature receptors in the skin.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF HERBAL SHAMPOO BY SAILI RAJPUT SailiRajput
This PPT contain the info about Formulation and evaluation of HERBAL SHAMPOO and related terms .
Here This conatins the information Related the History of Shampoo and its origin in india . various Shampoo manufacturing industries in india . Information rated the Drug And Cosmetic act 1940. Advantages and Disadvantage of shampoo , Ideal and Desired properties of shampoo , .This conatins information related some herbs like Amla, Hibiscus, Reetha, Shikakai .
This Also Contain the process of Formulation of herbal shampoo and Procedure to perform Various Evaluation test for formulated shampoo.
Evaluation Test Like Foaming Index Test, Dirt disperensy Test, Solid Content Test are discussed in detail.
COSMETICS CLASSIFICATION By Tannu SainiTannuSaini4
Classification of Cosmetics -
Can be classified based on widely used body parts as:
Skin cosmetics
Hair cosmetics
Face cosmetics
Eye make ups
Lip decorators & carers
Nail cosmetics
Shampoo
Human Hair Structure
Introduction
Shampoo is a hair care product that is used for the removal of oils, dirt, skin particles, dandruff, environmental pollutants and other contaminant particles that gradually build up in hair.
Introduction
Ideal Properties
Functions of Shampoo
Classification
Classification
Based on Appearance:
Powder Shampoos
Liquid Shampoos or Lotion
Gel Shampoos or Solid Cream
Classification
Classification
II. Based on Use or Function:
Conditioning Shampoos
Antidandruff and Therapeutic
Baby
Balancing
Clarifying
Classification
III. Based on Origin:
Compositions
Shampoos are typically composed of 10 to 30 ingredients.
Several types of ingredients are particularly important, including “Surfactants" that aid in cleansing and lathering.
“Conditioners" and “Active ingredients" that affect the hair and scalp.
“Additives" that stabilize the product.
Compositions
Compositions
Compositions
Compositions
Manufacturing Process
Some pearlising agents are waxy solids at ambient temperature and require melting in a drum oven or similar before use.
Demineralised water is most commonly used in order to minimise contamination of the product.
No further processing is required after blending, and the product may be packed off directly from the mixing vessel.
Manufacturing Process
For preparing liquid shampoo,
Triethanalamine lauvyl sulfate,
stearic acid are heated to about 650C.
Water & preservatives are also heated to 650C.
Both the solutions are mixed together and then cooled.
Perfumes are added after that. The shampoo thus prepared is bottled by automatic bottle filling machine.
Quality Control Tests
a)Foam Stability
Cylinder shake method was used for determining foaming ability.
50ml of the 1% shampoo solution was put into a 250ml graduated cylinder and cover the cylinder with hand and shaken for 10 times. The total volumes of the foam contents after 1 minute shaking were recorded. The foam volume was calculated. Foam should retain for atleast 5mins.
Foam Stability = V2-V1
Quality Control Tests
b)Skin – irritation Test:
Draize test in Rabbits where a patch test technique is used on the intact skin of Albino Rabbits.
A set of 6Rabbits used for testing each material.
Shampoos should be tested only for a short duration thatis,not more than(NMT)4hours as these products come in contact with skin only for a short duration.
These preparations are diluted between concentrations of 8 to 10%.
Quality Control Tests
c)Wetting Action:
Canvas disk is used, is one inch in diameter is floated on the surface of a solution and the time required for it to sink is measured accurately.
Quality Control Tests
d)Viscosity:
Is determined using Brookefield Viscometer.
100ml of shampoo is taken in a beaker and spindle is dipped in it for about 5min and then reading is taken.
Quality Control
Analytical cosmetics:BIS specification and analytical methods for shampoo, sk...Steffi Thomas
Analytical cosmetics:BIS specification and analytical methods for shampoo, skin-cream and toothpaste, Indian standards, Schedule S and Schedule Q, Drugs and cosmetic act, standards for heavy metals in cosmetics, standards for coloring agents in cosmetics, annexures, list of approved colours and dyes as per schedule Q Part 1, list of colours permitted to be used in soaps, types of toothpaste, general requirements for ECO mark and BIS mark, BIS certification marking
Cold cream , vanishing cream , IDEAL PROPERTIES OF VANISHING CREAMS , MAJOR INGREDIENTS USED FOR THE PRODUCTION OF VANISHING CREAMS , FORMULATION OF VANISHING CREAM , IDEAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COLD CREAM , INGREDIENTS USED FOR PREPARATION OF COLD CREAM , FORMULATION OF COLD CREAM
COSMETIC PROBLEM ASSOCIATED WITH HAIR AND SCALP DANDRUFF AND HAIR FALL.pptxMADHAVIGABHANE
The common scalp problem associated with hair and scalp are dandruff and Hairfall.Dandruff couse by malassezia furfur and oily scalp and it can be prevent or treat by Anti fungal medications like ketoconazole and hair fall couse by the inheritance harmonal changes and it treat by medication and hair transplantation.
Antiperspirant & Deodorant:A deodorant is a substance applied to the body to prevent body odor caused by the bacterial breakdown of perspiration in armpits, feet, and other areas of the body. A subgroup of deodorants, antiperspirants, affect odor as well as prevent sweating by affecting sweat glands.
Antiperspirants are typically applied to the underarms, while deodorants may also be used on feet and other areas in the form of body sprays. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration classifies and regulates most deodorants as cosmetics, but classifies antiperspirants as over-the-counter drugs.
Mechanism perspiration control
Sweating allows the body to regulate its temperature. Sweating is controlled from a center in the periotic and anterior regions of the brain's hypothalamus, where thermo sensitive neurons are located. The heat-regulatory function of the hypothalamus is also affected by inputs from temperature receptors in the skin.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF HERBAL SHAMPOO BY SAILI RAJPUT SailiRajput
This PPT contain the info about Formulation and evaluation of HERBAL SHAMPOO and related terms .
Here This conatins the information Related the History of Shampoo and its origin in india . various Shampoo manufacturing industries in india . Information rated the Drug And Cosmetic act 1940. Advantages and Disadvantage of shampoo , Ideal and Desired properties of shampoo , .This conatins information related some herbs like Amla, Hibiscus, Reetha, Shikakai .
This Also Contain the process of Formulation of herbal shampoo and Procedure to perform Various Evaluation test for formulated shampoo.
Evaluation Test Like Foaming Index Test, Dirt disperensy Test, Solid Content Test are discussed in detail.
COSMETICS CLASSIFICATION By Tannu SainiTannuSaini4
Classification of Cosmetics -
Can be classified based on widely used body parts as:
Skin cosmetics
Hair cosmetics
Face cosmetics
Eye make ups
Lip decorators & carers
Nail cosmetics
Anti-aging potential of a cream containing herbal oils and honey: Formulation...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A presentation about anti-aging creams giving a brief of aging, anti-aging cosmetics, some general and some modern anti-aging agents and their mechanism of action, some detailed info of marketed formulations
Rodan + Fields is well positioned to take a significant part of the $2.9 billion dollar market, which is expected to double in the next 3 to 5 years. Remember how the Doctors captured the acne market with Proactiv? Look out for our MOMENTUM as Rodan + Fields and our independent business partners take over the anti-aging market. Contact me to get on my list to be one of the first to try this amazing system. Incentives for hosts of launch parties. I'm also looking for new business partners across the U.S. and Canada to launch their business and penetrate their respective markets. This truly is the opportunity of a lifetime and it only happens once. Be one of the FIRST! Get in touch today! Visit http://www.victoriaskincare.net and follow the links.
DESCRIBE AND DISCUSS ANTISEPTICS AND DISINFECTANTS.pptxPushpaPushpa59
DESCRIBE AND DISCUSS ANTISEPTICS AND DISINFECTANTS.pptx
DESCRIBE AND DISCUSS ANTISEPTICS AND DISINFECTANTS.pptx
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Role of pharmacist in Community pharmacy and public health practice in India:...Yamini Shah
The knowledge, skills and expertise of a pharmacist enable them to support the public health care by promoting healthy lifestyles, preventing long-term illness and by guiding patients to better manage their medicines. A community pharmacist strengthens the public health system in a broad perspective. To improve health, patient care and medication-related outcomes through education, clinical practice and research. To ensure the safety and efficacy of medications which are prescribed by medical practitioner.
CO–PROCESSED EXCIPIENTS FOR TABLETS.pdfYamini Shah
Purpose of the present review is to provide an in depth knowledge on recent developments in excipients preparation, technology and approaches involved in their formation and development. Excipients play an important role in dosage form development. In conventional formulation of dosage forms, each excipient is used to provide its required function/performance. Presently, excipient manufacturers have focused their attention on producing a multifunctional excipients with improvement in their performance and quality of dosage form. Manipulation in the functionality of excipient is provided by the co-processing of two or more existing excipients.
ANTI-VIRAL HERBAL PHYTOCONSTITUENTS OF TULSI (OCIMUM SANCTUM) AGAINST COVID-1...Yamini Shah
A novel corona virus originated from Wuhan, China in 2019. Millions of people were affected due to this virus outbreak and quarantined for almost 2 years resulting in great loss in millions of lives in the world. This also resulted in a great impact in economy and health sector globally. After the outbreak the development of cure against SARS-CoV-2 is in full motion, less efforts have been spent on the prevention of rapidly spreading respiratory infectious agents. At present there is no effective treatment that could mitigate SARS-CoV-2. Available clinical intervention for covid-19 is only limited to support. Due to dreadful situation caused by COVID-19, there is an immediate need to discover potent therapeutic agents and targeted deliveries which can inhibit COVID-19 entry, progression and spread in human beings. Comprehensive understanding on the life cycle of SARS-CoV-2viruses and their interaction with hosts is important in the fight against these viruses. Thus, there is an urgent need for effective treatment. Intensive research on synthetic, semi synthetic, herbal, ayurvedic, siddha and unani drugs is necessary for this cause. In this review we focus on literature investigated on herbal drugs which might help in inhibition of COVID-19 via inhibition of angiotensinogen converting enzyme (ACE) and RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) through computational studies using AutoDockVina followed by their formulation development.
Sterilization (or sterilisation) referring to any process that eliminates (removes) or kills (deactivates) all forms of life and other biological agents (such as prions, as well as viruses which some do not consider to be alive but are biological pathogens nonetheless), including transmissible agents (such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, prions, spore forms, unicellular eukaryotic organisms such as Plasmodium, etc.) present in a specified region, such as a surface, a volume of fluid, medication, or in a compound such as biological culture media
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
1. Herbal Sunscreen Formulations
Prepared by Rajvee Mewada
B.Pharm
Guided by Dr. Yamini D. Shah
(Head of Department, Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology)
1
2. Contents
• AIM and Objective
• Rationale
• Introduction
• Skin
• Types of UV radiations and their effects on skin layers
• Sunscreen
• Classification of Sunscreen agents
• Experimental section/Plan of work
• Formulation development of sunscreen agents
• Literature review
• Evaluation parameters
2
3. Aim & Objective
AIM:
• The aim of present work is to formulate, develop and evaluate different herbal sunscreen
formulations.
Objectives:
• To develop sunscreen formulation using herbal ingredients
• To develop various formulations
• To perform physicochemical characterization
• To achieve maximum stability of formulations
• To achieve maximum UV protecting effects
3
4. Rationale
For selection of herbal formulation:
• Not only protect the skin from harmful UV rays but also from the harmful chemicals
• Chemical based sunscreen gets absorbed in the skin containing harmful ingredients that
cause discomfort and itchiness to the skin
For selection of herbal sunscreen agents:
• Polyphenolic substances and organic UV filters have structural similarities
• Having broad spectrum of UV absorbance
• Also provide anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects
• Less likely to cause any skin irritation
4
5. Introduction
• Sunlight is an electromagnetic radiation
• UV region of solar spectrum: directly responsible for tanning and sunburn
• Ultraviolet (UV) radiations: cause damaging effects like sunburn, photoaging reactions,
erythema and inflammation
• Climatic effects changes from place to place: can cause impact on Ultraviolet index
• Special attention should be paid to protecting skin from direct exposure to UV radiations
• Application of photoprotective agents 5
Reference (1,2,3)
6. Skin
Types of skin: based on how they respond to UV rays
(Fitzpatrick scale: six types of skin)
1. Skin type I (Always burns easily; never tans;
white skin and freckles)
2. Skin type II (Burns easily; tans minimally;
white skin)
3. Skin type III (Burns moderately; tans
gradually; fair or beige skin)
4. Skin type IV (Burns minimally; tans easily;
brown skin)
5. Skin type V (Rarely burns; tans profusely;
darker brown skin)
6. Skin type VI (Never burns; deeply pigmented;
black skin)
6
Reference (4)
7. Types of UV radiations & their effects on skin layers
7
Reference (5,6,7)
8. Sunscreen
• Designed to be used topically
• To prevent UV radiation from entering the skin directly by absorbing or reflecting from the skin
• Used to treat skin damaging effects
• Protect skin from sunburn
• Reducing the incidence of skin disorders
• Protect the skin against exogenous and endogenous harmful agents
8
Reference (8,9)
9. Ideal properties of sunscreen
• Must absorb a broad range of UV rays causing sunburn
• Must be stable in the presence of sunlight
• Should be able to provide complete protection for skin
• Should not be easily washed away with water
• Should be safe, effective, chemically inert at low concentration
• Should not cause irritation, sensitization and toxicity
• Capable of retaining Sunscreening property for several hours
9
Reference (1,2,10,11)
10. Classification of sunscreen agents
Sunscreens provide UV protection in two ways
By preventing
free radical
formation
(through UV
filters)
By scavenging
free radicals
(via
antioxidants)
10
Reference (12)
12. Demerits of Synthetic UV filters
• Over time, sunscreen loses its effectiveness, which causes breakdown of the absorbing molecule.
• Due to their small size, Molecules may permeate the skin and induce systemic effects
• Benzophenone-3 (BZ-3) or Oxybenzone: cause endocrine hormone disruption
• Menthyl anthranilate (meradimate): produce harmful reactive oxygen species
• Avobenzone and Dibenzoylmethanes: promoting phototoxic, photosensitizing, and photoallergic
contact dermatitis
• Para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA): allergic dermatitis and photosensitivity
• Padimate O (Octyl dimethyl PABA): cause DNA damage, estrogenic activity, and allergic reactions
• Octinoxate (octyl methoxycinnamate) and Oxybenzone: negative effect on the coral reefs
• Salicylic acid: inhibits cholesterol sulfotransferase
• 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (enzacamene): endocrine disruptor with estrogenic activity
12
Reference (15,16,17)
13. Conclusion
Why herbal sunscreen formulation?
• Synthetic products present in formulation are effective, but they have side effects
(endometriosis, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity)
• To overcome this problem, natural agents are used
Natural agents:
Polyphenolic substances and organic UV filters have structural similarities, so they are as
efficacious as synthetic products
Less side effects on the skin than synthetic products
Provide UV absorbing properties, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects
Protect the skin from harmful effects (e.g., photoaging, wrinkles, and pigment)
13
Reference (2,9,18)
17. General evaluation parameters for raw materials
Preparation of herbal extract
Collection, identification and pre-treatment of sample
Extraction of plant material
Determine total solid content (%yield)
UV spectrophotometric analysis
Pharmacognostical parameters
Preliminary phytochemical evaluation: to detect the presence of chemical
constituents
Determination of total polyphenolic content (Gallic acid equivalence method): by
using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent
Determination of total flavonoid content (Aluminium chloride colorimetric
method) 17
18. Evaluation parameters for specific formulation
Lotion
• Color and odor
• pH
• Viscosity
• Spreadability
• Sedimentation
volume
• Redispersibility
• Freeze thaw
method
• Creaming
Cream
• Color and odor
• pH
• Viscosity
• Spreadability
• Extrudability
• Rancidity
Gel
• Color and odor
• Homogeneity
• Consistency
• Separation
• pH
• Freeze-Thaw cycle
• Centrifugation test
• Spreadability
• Viscosity
• Extrudability
Powder
• Shade Test
• Color Dispersion
Test
• Pay-off Test
• Breakage Test
• Flow property Test
• Particle size
Determination
• Abrasive Character
• Moisture Content
18
19. General evaluation parameters for final sunscreen
formulations
Determination of sun protection factors (SPF)
SPF spectrophotometric = CF×SPF spectrophotometric
=σ290
320
𝐸𝐸 𝜆 𝐴𝑏𝑠 𝜆 × CF
where,
CF = Correction factor (10)
EE = Erythrogenic effect of radiation with wavelength (λ)
Abs(λ) = Spectrophotometric absorbance values at wavelength
The value of EE × I is constant
Skin irritation test
19
20. References
1) Ashley LW. Sunburn and sunscreen preparations. 1993.
2) DEVANJALI BHATTACHARJEE , PREETHI S, AMIT B PATIL VJ. A comparison of Natural and Synthetic
Sunscreen Agents: A Review. Int J Pharm Res. 2021;13(01).
3) Klaus Wolff, Richard Allen Johnson DS. Noncancerous, Precancerous and Cancerous Tumors
[Internet]. MedicineNet (Fitzpatrick’s Color Atlas & Synopsis of Clinical Dermatology). Available
from: https://www.medicinenet.com/image-collection/acute_sunburn_picture/picture.htm
4) Fitzpatrick TB. The Validity and Practicality of Sun-Reactive Skin Types I through VI. Arch
Dermatol. 2013;
5) Orazio JD, Jarrett S, Amaro-ortiz A, Scott T. UV Radiation and the Skin. Int J Mol Sci.
2013;14:12222–48.
6) Brenner M, Hearing VJ. Review The Protective Role of Melanin Against UV Damage in Human
Skin. Photochem Photobiol. 2008;84:539–49.
20
21. References
7) Panich U, Sittithumcharee G, Rathviboon N, Jirawatnotai S. Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced Skin Aging : The Role
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