This document provides an overview of cosmetics and their history. It discusses how cosmetics are defined as substances intended to enhance the appearance of the human body. The use of cosmetics has ancient origins and various cultures used ingredients like mercury, lead and plant extracts. More recently, cosmetics have become a large global industry. The document also distinguishes cosmetics from drugs and pharmaceuticals, introduces the category of cosmeceuticals, and discusses various types and classifications of cosmetic products.

4. INTRODUCTION OF COSMETICS
WHAT ARE COSMETICS?
THE FEDERAL FOOD, DRUG, AND COSMETIC ACT (FD&C ACT) DEFINES COSMETICS BY THEIR
INTENDED USE, AS "ARTICLES INTENDED TO BE RUBBED, POURED, SPRINKLED, OR SPRAYED
ON, INTRODUCED INTO, OR OTHERWISE APPLIED TO THE HUMAN BODY...FOR CLEANSING,
BEAUTIFYING, PROMOTING ATTRACTIVENESS, OR ALTERING THE APPEARANCE”
 COSMETICS ARE THE SUBSTANCES USED TO ENHANCE OR PROTECT THE APPEARANCE OR
ODOUR OF HUMAN BODY. COSMETICS SERVING AS BRIDGE BETWEEN PERSONAL CARE
PRODUCTS & PHARMACEUTICALS
 THE WORD COSMETICS DERIVES FROM THE GREEK WORD ("KOSMĒTIKOS"), " WHICH
MEANS TO ADORN ( MORE ATTRACTIVE).
 COSMETICS ARE CONSTITUTED FROM A MIXTURE OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS DERIVED
FROM EITHER NATURAL SOURCES OR SYNTHETICALLY CREATED ONES.

6. HISTORY OF COSMETICS
 THE FIRST ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF COSMETICS IS FOUND IN ANCIENT EGYPT IN THE YEAR 4000
B.C. ANCIENT GREEKS, ROMANS AND EGYPTIANS USED COSMETICS OUT OF MERCURY ,WHITE LEAD,
FRANKINCENSE, AND MYRRH
 4000 BC WOMEN APPLIED A BRIGHT GREEN PASTE OF COPPER MINERALS TO THEIR FACES TO PROVIDE
COLOR THEY USED PERFUMED OILS &PAINTED EYEBROWS ON THEMSELVES WITH CREAM MADE FROM
SHEEP’S FAT, LEAD &SOOT.
 GUM ARABIC, GELATIN, BEESWAX, AND EGG WAS USED BY THE CHINESE AROUND 3000 B.C.E. TO STAIN
THEIR FINGERNAILS.
 IN JAPAN, GEISHAS USED CRUSHED SAFFLOWER PETALS TO PAINT EYEBROWS AND EDGES OF THE EYES.
FOR THE LIPS, STICKS OF BINTSUKE WAX WAS USED.
 DURING THE 8TH AND 7TH CENTURIES BC, EAST GREEK TRADERS DOMINATED MARKETS IN PERFUME
FLASKS AND COSMETIC CONTAINERS. BY THE 7TH CENTURY BC, ATHENS HAD DEVELOPED INTO A
MERCANTILE CENTER IN WHICH HUNDREDS OF PERFUMERS SET UP SHOP. TRADE WAS HEAVY IN
FRAGRANT HERBS SUCH AS MARJORAM, LILY, THYME, SAGE, ANISE, ROSE AND IRIS, INFUSED INTO
OLIVE, ALMOND, CASTOR AND LINSEED OILS.

7.  14TH CENTURY : WOMEN WORE EGG WHITES OVER THEIR FACES AND SLEPT WITH SLICES
OF RAW BEEF ON THEIR FACES TO GET RID OF WRINKLES
 15TH – 16TH CENTURY, ITALY AND FRANCE BECAME THE CHIEF CENTERS OF COSMETIC
MANUFACTURING AND FRANCE BEGIN TO CREATE NEW FRAGRANCES AND COSMETICS BY
BLENDING INGREDIENTS.
 ZINC OXIDE WIDELY USED AS FACIAL POWDER- REPLACED MIXTURES OF LEAD AND
COPPER 1950S -BEGIN THE MODERN ERA COSMETICS BUSINESS 1980 -ENORMOUS
INDUSTRY HAS BEEN STARTED - WITH $ 20 MILLION IN SALES ANNUALLY.
 DURING THE 20TH CENTURY, MAKE- UP BECAME FASHIONABLE IN AMERICA AND EUROPE
THROUGH THE INFLUENCE OF MOVIE INDUSTRY IN HOLLYWOOD. THE FLAPPER STYLE
INFLUENCED COSMETICS OF THE1920S WITH DARK EYES, RED LIPS, RED NAILS, AND A
SUNTAN , INVENTED BY COCO CHANEL.

8. IN INDIA:
 HENNA WAS USED IN INDIA AROUND 4TH AND 5TH CENTURIES AND WAS USED AS EITHER
HAIR DYE OR PAINT ON PEOPLE’S HANDS AND FEET FOR HINDU’S WEDDING
 WOMEN IN INDIA USE A TURMERIC GERMICIDAL CREAM AND THE TREATMENT COMPOSED OF
GRAM FLOUR OR WHEAT HUSK MIXED WITH MILK. THE WHEAT HUSK WOULD REMOVE DEAD
CELL TISSUE.
 THE USE OF KOHL OR KAJAL HAS A LONG HISTORY IN THE HINDU CULTURE
 THE USE OF TRADITIONAL PREPARATIONS OF KOHL ON CHILDREN AND ADULTS WAS
CONSIDERED TO HAVE HEALTH BENEFITS
 ON FESTIVE OCCASIONS, SPECIAL BATHING COSMETICS ARE WIDELY USED IN INDIA, EVEN
TODAY.

9.  ALL COSMETIC PREPARATION HAS THEIR APPLICATION FOR LONG OR SHORT PERIODS TO BEAUTIFY
THE BODY AS WELL AS TO KEEP THE BODY HEALTHY UP TO SOME EXTENT AND HAS PSYCHOLOGICAL
IMPACT TO OTHER.
 THE COSMETIC PRODUCT PREVENTS ITS OUTMOST LAYER FROM DRYING OUT, PENETRATE BELOW THE
EXTERNAL LAYER AND INTRODUCE ACTIVE SUBSTANCES IN TO DEEP LYING STRATA OR ADHERE ONLY
SUPERFICIALLY TO CHANGE COLOR OR LUSTER OF AREAS. THE COSMETIC WHICH ARE USED FOR
DECORATIVE PURPOSES LIKE…
(I)EMOLLIENTS : COLD CREAMS, VANISHING CREAMS, FOUNDATION CREAMS, LOTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
ETC.
(II) CLEANSING PREPARATION : CREAMS, SHAMPOO AND RINSES ETC.
(III) DECORATIVE PREPARATIONS : LIPSTICKS, ROUGES, EYELINER, LACQUERS AND DRESSING
PREPARATIONS.
(IV) DEODORANT / ANTIPERSPIRANT : SPRAY, STICKS AND MOUTHWASHES.
(V) PROTECTIVES: CREAMS AND POWDERS.
(VI) PREPARATION FOR ENJOYMENT : SALTS, POWDERS, OILS AND MILKS

10. COSMECEUTICALS
 THE TERM “COSMECEUTICAL” WAS INTRODUCED BY DERMATOLOGIST DR ALBERT KLIGMAN IN 1984
AND IS DERIVED FROM A COMBINATION OF THE WORDS COSMETIC AND PHARMACEUTICAL.
 COSMECEUTICALS ARE PRODUCTS THAT HAVE BOTH COSMETIC AND THERAPEUTIC (MEDICAL OR
DRUG- LIKE) EFFECTS, AND ARE INTENDED TO HAVE A BENEFICIAL EFFECT ON SKIN HEALTH AND
BEAUTY.
 LIKE COSMETICS, THEY ARE APPLIED TOPICALLY AS CREAMS OR LOTIONS BUT CONTAIN ACTIVE
INGREDIENTS THAT HAVE AN EFFECT ON SKIN CELL FUNCTION.
 IN SOME CASES, THEIR ACTION IS LIMITED TO THE SKIN SURFACE (SUCH AS EXFOLIANTS), WHILE
OTHERS CAN PENETRATE TO DEEPER LEVELS, EITHER ENHANCING OR LIMITING NORMAL SKIN
FUNCTIONS.
 COSMECEUTICALS ARE AVAILABLE “OVER-THE-COUNTER” (WITHOUT PRESCRIPTION) AND ARE
GENERALLY USED AS PART OF A REGULAR SKIN CARE REGIME TO HELP IMPROVE SKIN TONE AND
TEXTURE, PIGMENTATION AND FINE LINES.

11. • THE MOST IMPORTANT BOTANICALS PERTAINING TO DERMATOLOGIC USE SUCH AS
COSMECEUTICALS INCLUDE TEAS, SOY, POMEGRANATE, DATE, GRAPE SEED, CURCUMIN, ALOE
ETC.,
• CHEMOPREVENTION BY ORAL, TOPICAL USE OF DIETARY OR PHARMACOLOGIC AGENTS TO
INHIBIT OR REVERSE THE CANCER IS POSSIBILITY. EXAMPLES INCLUDE VITAMIN- E, BETA-
CAROTENE, GREEN TEA, GRAPE SEED EXTRACT.
DRUG :
THE FD&C ACT DEFINES DRUGS, IN PART, BY THEIR INTENDED USE, AS "ARTICLES INTENDED FOR
USE IN THE DIAGNOSIS, CURE, MITIGATION, TREATMENT, OR PREVENTION OF DISEASE" AND
"ARTICLES (OTHER THAN FOOD) INTENDED TO AFFECT THE STRUCTURE OR ANY FUNCTION OF
THE BODY OF MAN OR OTHER ANIMALS"
DRUGS: TO PREVENT DISEASES BY ALTERING THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE BODY.
COSMETICS: TO BEAUTIFY AND IMPROVE THE SKIN.
COSMECEUTICALS: AN INTERMEDIATE CLASSIFICATION FOR COSMETIC PRODUCTS THAT MAY

12. HOW CAN A PRODUCT BE BOTH A COSMETIC AND A DRUG?
 SOME PRODUCTS MEET THE DEFINITIONS OF BOTH COSMETICS AND DRUGS. THIS MAY
HAPPEN WHEN A PRODUCT HAS TWO INTENDED USES.
 FOR EXAMPLE, A SHAMPOO IS A COSMETIC BECAUSE ITS INTENDED USE IS TO CLEANSE THE
HAIR. AN ANTIDANDRUFF TREATMENT IS A DRUG BECAUSE ITS INTENDED USE IS TO TREAT
DANDRUFF. CONSEQUENTLY, AN ANTIDANDRUFF SHAMPOO IS BOTH A COSMETIC AND A DRUG.
 AMONG OTHER COSMETIC/DRUG COMBINATIONS ARE TOOTHPASTES THAT CONTAIN FLUORIDE,
DEODORANTS THAT ARE ALSO ANTIPERSPIRANTS, AND MOISTURIZERS AND MAKEUP MARKETED
WITH SUN- PROTECTION CLAIMS. SUCH PRODUCTS MUST COMPLY WITH THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR BOTH COSMETICS AND DRUGS.
 SOME IMPORTANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE LAWS AND REGULATIONS FOR COSMETICS AND
DRUGS ARE IN THE AREAS OF APPROVAL, GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE, REGISTRATION,
AND LABELING.

13. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN “COSMETICS” & “COSMECEUTICALS”
 COSMECEUTICALS TYPICALLY CONTAIN LEVELS OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS INCLUDING
PHYTOCHEMICALS, VITAMINS ETC… LIKE COSMETICS, COSMECEUTICALS ARE TOPICALLY
APPLIED, BUT CONTAIN INGREDIENTS THAT INFLUENCE THE BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION OF THE
SKIN.
 COSMECEUTICAL PRODUCTS ARE INTENDED TO IMPROVE APPEARANCE FROM A FUNCTIONAL
STANDPOINT WHEREAS COSMETICS ARE USED JUST TO COLOUR AND ADORN THE BODY IN A
STYLISH FASHION, LEAVING THE REAL PROBLEM UNADDRESSED
 COSMETICS REFERS TO THE SUBSTANCES THAT CLEANSE OR ENHANCE THE APPEARANCE OF
THE SKIN WITHOUT THERAPEUTIC BENEFITS, WHEREAS COSMECEUTICALS REFERS TO THE
HYBRID BETWEEN PHARMACEUTICALS AND COSMETIC PRODUCTS THAT ARE INTENDED TO
ENHANCE BOTH THE HEALTH AND BEAUTY OF THE SKIN BY EXTERNAL APPLICATION AND
FOLLOWING A PARTICULAR MECHANISM OF ACTION.

18. CLASSIFICATION OF COSMETICS:
(A) ACCORDING TO REGION, WHERE IT IS USE
(I)SKIN : POWDER, LIPSTICK, ROUGE, CREAMS, LOTIONS AND SOLUTIONS ETC.
(II) HAIRS : SHAMPOO, CONDITIONERS, CREAMS, BLEACH, COLORING PREPARATION ETC.
(III) NAILS : NAIL LACQUERS, LACQUERS REMOVERS ETC.
(IV) TEETH : POWDER, PASTE, GEL AND DENTIFRICES ETC.
(V) EYE : EYELINER, MASCARA, EYE SHADOW AND EYEBROW PENCIL ETC.
(VI)COSMETICS USED AS MISCELLANEOUS PURPOSE: ALCOHOLIC FRAGRANCE SOLUTIONS,
COSMETICS FOR BABIES, TOILET SOAPS , ESSENCES & PERFUMES.

19. (B) ACCORDING TO FUNCTION OF COSMETIC
PREPARATION :
(I)EMOLLIENTS : COLD CREAMS, VANISHING CREAMS, FOUNDATION CREAMS, LOTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS ETC.
(II) CLEANSING PREPARATION : CREAMS, SHAMPOO AND RINSES ETC.
(III) DECORATIVE PREPARATIONS : LIPSTICKS, ROUGES, EYELINER, LACQUERS AND
DRESSING PREPARATIONS.
(IV) DEODORANT / ANTIPERSPIRANT : SPRAY, STICKS AND MOUTHWASHES.
(V) PROTECTIVES: CREAMS AND POWDERS.
(VI) PREPARATION FOR ENJOYMENT : SALTS, POWDERS, OILS AND MILKS

20. (C) ACCORDING TO THEIR PHYSICAL NATURE:
(i) POWDER
(ii) LOTIONS
(iii) EMULSIONS
(iv) SOLUTIONS
(v) SUSPENSIONS
(vi) CREAMS
(vii) PASTE
(viii) GELS
(ix) AEROSOL
(x) STICKS
(xi) PENCILS

39. GROWTH FACTORS
• Epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulates epidermal growth and is used in the treatment of burns
and excision wounds, where it accelerates re-epithelization. Transforming growth factor (TGF)
stimulates normal skin growth and cellular growth and repair. TGF exerts positive regulatory
effects on the accumulation of the body’s extracellular matrix proteins.
• Tgf is also a mediator of fibrosis (repair tissue formation) and angiogenesis (development of new
blood cells) and it promotes the healing of wounds.

40. • Peptides
• Peptides, also called polypeptides, naturally occur in the skin, but they’re also included in many skin
care products — and for good reason.
• Peptides are amino acids that make up certain proteins needed by the skin. More specifically, collagen
is made of three polypeptide chains, so adding peptides can stimulate your skin to make collagen.
More collagen can lead to firmer, younger-looking skin.
• Benefits of peptides
• The collagen molecule is actually too large to absorb through skin, which is why so many people
choose to eat collagen-rich bone broth or take collagen supplements.
• But peptides can absorb into the skin where they can be used by the body. Incorporating peptides into
your skin care routine has many benefits for the skin.
• Improved skin barrier
• The skin barriertrusted source is the body’s line of defense against bacteria, ultraviolet rays, pollution,
and other toxins. The skin barrier can be damaged from over-exfoliation, exposure to cigarette smoke
and other pollution, or even poor sleep. Peptides help build up a stronger barrier.

41. • Reduced wrinkles
• Collagen can plump skin and lips. When skin is firmer and plumper, wrinkles and fine lines will be
less visible.
• More elastic skin
• In addition to collagen, peptides also make up elastin fibers, also a type of protein. These fibers make
skin look firmer and tauter.
• Eases inflammation
• Peptides can help ease inflammation, repair damaged skin, and even out skin tone.
• Can help clear breakouts
• Some peptides are antimicrobial trusted source, meaning they can kill bacteria that cause acne.
• Examples of peptides include the hormone oxytocin, glutathione (stimulates tissue
growth), melittin (honey bee venom), the pancreatic hormone insulin, and glucagon (a
hyperglycemic factor).

42. Moisturizers
• Moisturizers are the most useful product for the management of various skin conditions (e.G.,
Atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, pruritus, and aging skin).
• These products include emollients, occlusives, and humectants. The majority of moisturizers
enhance skin barrier function.
• Moisturizers claim to make the skin smoother, softer, more radiant, less wrinkled, and
firmer. They improve the tactile properties of dry and aging skin, restore the normal barrier
function of the skin, and reduce the release of inflammatory cytokines.
• Moisturizers based on materials such as petrolatum, silicon, mineral oil, and glycerin enhance
skin barrier functions. Moisturizers restore water content to the epidermis and provide a soothing
protective film.

43. Sunscreens
• Sunscreens are divided into two major Groups, specifically, the chemical absorbers and the
physical blockers .
• The high Intensity of UV radiation could be absorbed by chemical absorbers, while physical
Blockers contain ingredients which reflect or scatter them .
• Chemical absorber Contains chemical compounds such as avobenzone, para-aminobenzoic
acid, Benzophenones, cinnamates, salicylates, dibenzoylmethanes, anthranilates, octyl triazone 2-
phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid.
• Physical blocker contains titanium dioxide and zinc oxide in bulk form or in their nanoparticles
forms .
• Sunscreen products are used on to the topical surface of the skin and their ingredients are capable
of absorbing, reflecting and/or diffracting sunlight radiation, and thus decreasing the overall doses
of radiations absorbed in the skin