Anti-aging potential of a cream containing herbal oils and honey: Formulation and in vivo evaluation of effectiveness using noninvasive biophysical techniques
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A presentation about anti-aging creams giving a brief of aging, anti-aging cosmetics, some general and some modern anti-aging agents and their mechanism of action, some detailed info of marketed formulations
condroitin and glucosamine | chondroitin glucosamine side effectsResearch Impact
Glucosamine Market research report analyzes the market by Type and Application at global level and for each of the geographic regions - North America, Europe, China, Asia-Pacific, and Rest of World. The Glucosamine market is segmented by Type into D-Glucosamine and N-Acetyl-Glucosamine; and by Application into Nutraceutical/Pharmaceutical, Feed Additives, and Food Ingredients. Global market by Volume in Metric Tons and Value in US$ is also included. Business profiles of 47 major companies are discussed in the report. The report serves as a guide to Glucosamine industry covering more than 450 companies that are engaged in Glucosamine R&D, processing, production, and distribution. Information related to recent product releases, product developments, partnerships, collaborations, mergers and acquisitions, ethical issues, regulatory affairs, and other areas of concern is also covered in the report. Compilation of Worldwide Patents and Research related to Glucosamine is also provided. Estimations and predictions are graphically illustrated by 162 exclusive exhibits for all geographic regions.
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE POLY HERBAL ANTI-AGEING CREAMAvinash More
To prepare and evaluate the polyherbal cosmetic cream comprising extracts of natural products such as aloe, orange peel extract, punica extract and green tea. Extract of aloe (Aloe vera) and Citrus aurintum(orange peel) Green tea (Camelia sinensis) and pomegranate (Punica granatum)are well known for its medicinal value in Indian traditional system of medicine and in ayurvedic preparation. Present work, was based on extraction of these herbs and formulate poly herbal cosmetic cream.
A presentation about anti-aging creams giving a brief of aging, anti-aging cosmetics, some general and some modern anti-aging agents and their mechanism of action, some detailed info of marketed formulations
condroitin and glucosamine | chondroitin glucosamine side effectsResearch Impact
Glucosamine Market research report analyzes the market by Type and Application at global level and for each of the geographic regions - North America, Europe, China, Asia-Pacific, and Rest of World. The Glucosamine market is segmented by Type into D-Glucosamine and N-Acetyl-Glucosamine; and by Application into Nutraceutical/Pharmaceutical, Feed Additives, and Food Ingredients. Global market by Volume in Metric Tons and Value in US$ is also included. Business profiles of 47 major companies are discussed in the report. The report serves as a guide to Glucosamine industry covering more than 450 companies that are engaged in Glucosamine R&D, processing, production, and distribution. Information related to recent product releases, product developments, partnerships, collaborations, mergers and acquisitions, ethical issues, regulatory affairs, and other areas of concern is also covered in the report. Compilation of Worldwide Patents and Research related to Glucosamine is also provided. Estimations and predictions are graphically illustrated by 162 exclusive exhibits for all geographic regions.
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE POLY HERBAL ANTI-AGEING CREAMAvinash More
To prepare and evaluate the polyherbal cosmetic cream comprising extracts of natural products such as aloe, orange peel extract, punica extract and green tea. Extract of aloe (Aloe vera) and Citrus aurintum(orange peel) Green tea (Camelia sinensis) and pomegranate (Punica granatum)are well known for its medicinal value in Indian traditional system of medicine and in ayurvedic preparation. Present work, was based on extraction of these herbs and formulate poly herbal cosmetic cream.
“Fairness Cream” is a light non-greasy cream, with a unique blend of melanin suppressors, helps to lighten the skin tone, eliminate pigmentation problems naturally.
With multiple UV benefits
KEY BENEFITS
Visibly lightens complexion
Helps lighten / remove blemish, freckles and acne marks
Helps visibly lighten the hyper pigmentation in the skin
Nourishes skin to make it bright and radiant
Protects skin against harmful UV radiation
Significantly improves skin elasticity
Age defying results inspired by skin science (R&D Sami Labs) and delivered by SamiDirect. Look younger…… for longer
Call 09370322999 for more details.
Cosmeceuticals have become the fastest-growing segment of the personal care industry. About 25 years ago Dr. Albert Kligman of the University of Pennsylvania originally coined the term ‘cosmeceutical’, describing a hybrid category of products found on the spectrum between drugs and cosmetics that exert a pharmaceutical therapeutic benefit but not necessarily a biological therapeutic benefit.
ATUL CHAUDHARY (STUDENT)
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICS
ISF COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, GHALKALAN MOGA, PUNJAB
THIS PRESENTATION IS THE BEST PRESENTATION FOR PREPARING THE TOPOC COSMECEUTICALS SPECIALLY FOR MASTER STUDENTS AS WELL AS GRADUATION STUDENTS PURPOSE,
THANKU
cosmetic and cosmeceutical
Classification of cosmetic and cosmeceutical products
Definition of cosmetics as per Indian and EU regulations, Evolution of cosmeceuticals from cosmetics, cosmetics as quasi and OTC drugs
Cosmetic excipients: Surfactants, rheology modifiers, humectants, emollients, preservatives. Classification and application
Skin: Basic structure and function of skin.
Hair: Basic structure of hair. Hair growth cycle.
Oral Cavity: Common problem associated with teeth and gums
The presentation contains brief explanation about the Emollients, its types with detailed examples. Brief classification of Rheological additives is also presented along with the applications in cosmeceuticals.
AE Naturals Beauty & Health products reviewsPriyanka D
We are engaged in dealing products such as Skin Whitening Soap, Skin Whitening Cream, Skin Whitening Lotion, Weight Management Medicine and many more.Belo Intensive Whitening Herbal Soap with Kojic Acid.Red Excel Herbal Cream for Skin Whitening.
“Fairness Cream” is a light non-greasy cream, with a unique blend of melanin suppressors, helps to lighten the skin tone, eliminate pigmentation problems naturally.
With multiple UV benefits
KEY BENEFITS
Visibly lightens complexion
Helps lighten / remove blemish, freckles and acne marks
Helps visibly lighten the hyper pigmentation in the skin
Nourishes skin to make it bright and radiant
Protects skin against harmful UV radiation
Significantly improves skin elasticity
Age defying results inspired by skin science (R&D Sami Labs) and delivered by SamiDirect. Look younger…… for longer
Call 09370322999 for more details.
Cosmeceuticals have become the fastest-growing segment of the personal care industry. About 25 years ago Dr. Albert Kligman of the University of Pennsylvania originally coined the term ‘cosmeceutical’, describing a hybrid category of products found on the spectrum between drugs and cosmetics that exert a pharmaceutical therapeutic benefit but not necessarily a biological therapeutic benefit.
ATUL CHAUDHARY (STUDENT)
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICS
ISF COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, GHALKALAN MOGA, PUNJAB
THIS PRESENTATION IS THE BEST PRESENTATION FOR PREPARING THE TOPOC COSMECEUTICALS SPECIALLY FOR MASTER STUDENTS AS WELL AS GRADUATION STUDENTS PURPOSE,
THANKU
cosmetic and cosmeceutical
Classification of cosmetic and cosmeceutical products
Definition of cosmetics as per Indian and EU regulations, Evolution of cosmeceuticals from cosmetics, cosmetics as quasi and OTC drugs
Cosmetic excipients: Surfactants, rheology modifiers, humectants, emollients, preservatives. Classification and application
Skin: Basic structure and function of skin.
Hair: Basic structure of hair. Hair growth cycle.
Oral Cavity: Common problem associated with teeth and gums
The presentation contains brief explanation about the Emollients, its types with detailed examples. Brief classification of Rheological additives is also presented along with the applications in cosmeceuticals.
Similar to Anti-aging potential of a cream containing herbal oils and honey: Formulation and in vivo evaluation of effectiveness using noninvasive biophysical techniques
AE Naturals Beauty & Health products reviewsPriyanka D
We are engaged in dealing products such as Skin Whitening Soap, Skin Whitening Cream, Skin Whitening Lotion, Weight Management Medicine and many more.Belo Intensive Whitening Herbal Soap with Kojic Acid.Red Excel Herbal Cream for Skin Whitening.
The project name "Herbal Anti-Aging Cream" suggests that the project is focused on developing a skincare product that uses natural, plant-based ingredients to target the visible signs of aging, such as fine lines, wrinkles, and age spots. The project may involve research into the properties and benefits of various herbs and botanicals, as well as the formulation and testing of a cream that can be used to moisturize, nourish, and rejuvenate the skin. The goal of the project may be to create a high-quality, effective anti-aging cream that is safe, gentle, and sustainable, and that can be marketed to consumers who are looking for natural alternatives to conventional skincare products.
As is widely known, aging is an un avoidable part of life that nearly all adults have to
face at some point. Despite this, it is important to remember that the aging process is natural
and should be accepted and embraced. All of us have the capacity to live our lives to the
fullest, regardless of how old we are. As we age, it is common to experience physical and
mental changes that can sometimes lead to a lack of self-esteem and a decrease in perceived
physical attractiveness. Nevertheless, with proper care and attention, it is possible to maintain
a healthy and confident outlook despite the passing of time.
That’s why we have studied several research papers and have gained valuable insights.
We recently conducted a study on skin aging and its associated factors, including the use of
anti-aging creams and behaviors. The findings of our research have provided us with valuable
insights into the topic.
In order to better understand the aging process of the skin, we have conducted a
thorough analysis of the various chemical and herbal products available on the market, as well
as the ingredients they contain. Through our research, we compiled a comprehensive list of
the trending products and their associated benefits. We hope that our findings will provide a
useful reference for those seeking to maintain healthy, youthful skin.
We have prepared an excel sheet containing an analysis of the ingredients of the 50
cream products. We are pleased to inform you that we have completed an extensive analysis
of the composition of 50 cream products. Through our research, we have identified that a
variety of chemicals, vitamins, lipids, and extracts are used in the creams. Specifically, we
have identified retinol, moringa oliefera, apricot oil, aloe leaf extract, and other common
ingredients.
We have gathered detailed information regarding certain herbs which are highly
beneficial for treating aging skin. With this information, we are looking to conduct further
research in order to create an effective herbal product cream that is free of any adverse side
effects. We are confident that this product will be able to provide quick and effective relief
from aging skin problems.
- By Aditya Vijay Naik (B.pharm Student) Sppu
The concept of beauty and cosmetics is as ancient as mankind and civilization. Women are obsessed with looking beautiful. So, they use various beauty products that have herbs to look charming and young. Indian herbs and its significance are popular worldwide. An herbal cosmetic have growing demand in the world market and is an invaluable gift of nature. Herbal formulations always have attracted considerable attention because of their good activity and comparatively lesser or nil side effects with synthetic drugs. Herbs and spices have been used in maintaining and enhancing human beauty.
Sensory Evaluation of Appearance and Texture of Carrot Lip Balms Containing V...Mohd Shukri Mat Nor
Abstract: Virgin coconut oil, VCO is rich with lauric acid, which acts as antimicrobial and antioxidant properties towards the skin. Meanwhile, a carrot is rich with vitamin A, C and E that help in nourishing and healing the skin. Studies on the combination of these two ingredients in lip balm formulation are minimal even though the beneficial effects of the VCO and carrot are well known. Thus, the main objective of this study is to use the sensory analysis as a tool to evaluate the attributes in term of appearance and texture of the developed lip balm product. The lip balm was formulated using natural ingredients such as beeswax, VCO, natural preservative and essential oils. One hundred volunteers evaluated the samples for smoothness,
colour, odour, spreadability and overall acceptance. The stick formulation showed organoleptic properties with light orange colour, rose odour and uniform appearance. This sensory evaluation test used a hedonic scale from rank 1 to 5 (1-extremely dislike, 2-moderately dislike, 3-neither like or dislike, 4-moderately like, 5-extremely like). In this study, panellists tended to vote more on formulation with a high concentration of carrot. The formulated lip balm has acceptable characteristics in term of texture, especially in smoothness, colour, odour and spreadability. Overall, the panellists were satisfied with the product and agreed that the product has the potential to be marketed.
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF NEEM LEAVES AND LEMON G...IAEME Publication
In this study, the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical constituents of neem
leaves and lemon grass oil extracts were evaluated. Oil extracts of neem leaves and
lemon grass were obtained by solvent extraction method using hexane and ethanol.
Antimicrobial activity screening of plants’ oil extracts were conducted using agar well
diffusion method and the oil extracts were tested against three gram negative bacteria
(Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella specie, Escherichia coli), one gram positive
bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and two fungi (Candida albicans, Rhizopus specie).
Phytochemical components of the ethanolic oil extracts were anthocyanin and
betacyanin; quinones; terpenoids and acid for lemon grass. In addition to other
phytochemicals present in lemon grass ethanolic oil extract, neem ethanolic oil extracts
tested positive to flavonoids. Lemon grass oil extract shows high activity against
Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans which are
representative of the three categories of microorganisms considered. Neem leaves oil
extracts have relatively low activity against most of the selected microorganisms.
Development of Antioxidant Rich Functional Dairy Product and Study their Tota...Premier Publishers
Present investigation has featured the capability of functional dairy product fortified with essential oil has bearing antiradical properties that decolorize the stable DPPH radical. The antioxidant activity of Syzygium aromaticum (clove buds) and Cinnamomum verum (cinnamon) has found to possess inhibitory effect against reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to their high oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC) value. The target of the investigation is to set up the useful dairy item "coagulated cream", with the fortress of basic oils from S. aromaticum and C. Verum and blend of both the oils. In addition, determination of the total antioxidant activity of the product by DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assay in three different types of clotted cream sample prepared along with varying concentrations of S. aromaticum and C. Verum and combination of both the oils. Additionally, to compare the proximate quality and overall acceptability of the final product were analysed antioxidant analysis of the product reveals that the maximum DPPH antioxidant activity percentage was observed in combination of both essential oils from the S. aromaticum and C. Verum before treatment at 0.25% focus for example 70.9% while the IC50 esteem is 0.029ml at 0.75% focus shows a powerful antioxidant product in correlation with every single other samples.
Study of 3 types of Japanese Honey and their healing effects on thick wounds. In conclusion, researchers found that Japanese honey behaved differently from the wound healing properties of honey from other countries.
This research work aims at synthesizing two different types of moisturizers: a body butter and a lotion. Based on the methodology, three samples of the body butter and lotion was produced, by varying the percentage of zinc oxide and Shea butter, the samples were analyzed with a UV- spectrophotometer to determine the transmittance and absorbance strength which was in turn used to determine the SPF. Vaseline which is a standard organic lotion was also analyzed to determine the transmittance, absorbance strength and SPF. The results were compared. Of all the moisturizers synthesized in this research, the lotion which had 10% zinc oxide had the highest absorbance strength, and hence the highest SPF. Therefore, it was concluded that a minimum of 10% zinc oxide should be used in the production of sunscreen moisturizers to provide moderate sun protection.
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) has been shown to cause skin disorders, including sunburn and symptoms such as erythema, ageing and formation of wrinkles, pigmentation or dyspigmentation, DNA damage and ultimately photocarcinogenesis on prolonged exposure. It has been reported that sunscreens have beneficial effects in reducing the incidence of skin disorders and protect the skin against exogenous and endogenous harmful agents by absorption, scattering and by blocking phenomena. Ultraviolet (UV) rays are classified into three wavelengths UV-A, UV-B and UV-C. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can react with DNA, proteins, and fatty acids in the skin causes oxidative damage and impairment of antioxidant system in the human body is triggered by skin exposure to sunlight and other climatic circumstances. Such injuries disrupt the skin’s regulation pathways, causing photoaging and the development of skin cancer. Active ingredient of sunscreen agents are synthetic substances which are divided into organic and inorganic filters used in the market. Synthetic agents have shown some serious side effects. Therefore, to overcome this deleterious effects natural sunscreens were found by the researchers from nature. Natural products are efficacious as sunscreens and produce healing, softening, rejuvenating, and sunscreen effects. However, the use of sunscreen has faced many challenges, including inducing photoallergic dermatitis, environment pollution, and deficiency of vitamin D production. Therefore, consumers should efficiently apply suitable herbal formulations to improve sun protection as well as to avoid the side effects of synthetic sunscreens.
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An Examination of Effectuation Dimension as Financing Practice of Small and M...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Does Goods and Services Tax (GST) Leads to Indian Economic Development?iosrjce
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Childhood Factors that influence success in later lifeiosrjce
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Emotional Intelligence and Work Performance Relationship: A Study on Sales Pe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
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A Study of Employee Satisfaction relating to Job Security & Working Hours amo...iosrjce
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Consumer Perspectives on Brand Preference: A Choice Based Model Approachiosrjce
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Student`S Approach towards Social Network Sitesiosrjce
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A Study on Retailer’s Perception on Soya Products with Special Reference to T...iosrjce
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A Study Factors Influence on Organisation Citizenship Behaviour in Corporate ...iosrjce
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Consumers’ Behaviour on Sony Xperia: A Case Study on Bangladeshiosrjce
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Design of a Balanced Scorecard on Nonprofit Organizations (Study on Yayasan P...iosrjce
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Public Sector Reforms and Outsourcing Services in Nigeria: An Empirical Evalu...iosrjce
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Implementation of Quality Management principles at Zimbabwe Open University (...iosrjce
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Organizational Conflicts Management In Selected Organizaions In Lagos State, ...iosrjce
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THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Anti-aging potential of a cream containing herbal oils and honey: Formulation and in vivo evaluation of effectiveness using noninvasive biophysical techniques
1. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS)
e-ISSN: 2278-3008, p-ISSN:2319-7676. Volume 10, Issue 6 Ver. I (Nov - Dec. 2015), PP 51-60
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/3008-10615160 www.iosrjournals.org 51 | Page
Anti-aging potential of a cream containing herbal oils and honey:
Formulation and in vivo evaluation of effectiveness using non-
invasive biophysical techniques
Ebru Altuntaş and Gülgün Yener
(Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Turkey)
Abstract: A topical oil in water type (o/w) emulsion containing pomegranate seed oil, grape seed oil, sesame
oil and flower honey was developed in this study. In order to determine stability, the selected formulations were
kept at room temperature (25±2°C) and accelerated conditions (40±2°C ve %75 relative humidity).
Physicochemical and microbiological stability of the formulations were evaluated. In order to determine anti-
aging efficacy and safety of the selected formulation, various skin parameters such as moisture level, pH value,
sebum content, roughness, mean size of skin pores and elasticity of the application area of 12 healthy female
volunteers, 25-65 years old were assessed by non-invasive biophysical techniques. In addition to this, the
panelists answered a preformed questionnaire to assess the performance of the product. A cosmetically
acceptable and stable cream was developed regarding to the results of the stability studies. It was determined
that the cream has not created any allergic reaction on volunteers based on the 48-hour patch test results.
Results of the non-invasive biophysical tests have shown that the product increased skin moisture, elasticity and
smoothness significantly (p<0,05), it protected skin pH and sebum content (p>0,05). In addition, the product
decreased skin roughness and mean size of skin pores significantly (p<0,05).
Keywords: Cosmetic cream, Herbal oils, Honey, Skin aging, Skin moisturization.
I. Introduction
Skin aging is a complex biological process which can be classified in two categories as intrinsic and
extrinsic skin aging. Intrinsic skin aging (also known as the natural aging ) is a chronologically emerging and
inevitable process accompanied by genetic changes.1
It is characterized by fine wrinkles, roughness, dryness,
sagging and epidermal thinning with seborrheic keratoses (benign neoplasms).2
Extrinsic aging (often referred
to as photoaging) is seen due to exposure to environmental factors which cause oxidative damage in skin.
Hyperpigmentation is characterized by dry and rough skin as well as deep wrinkles. Environmental factors such
as cigarette smoke, air pollution and ozone may contribute to premature skin aging. However, the main cause of
extrinsic aging is exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UV).3,4
Exposure of skin to UV radiation induces photo-oxidative reaction which weakens the antioxidant
defense system and increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) at cellular level. This occurrence suppresses the
defense capacity of the skin thereby reducing the ability thereof for protecting itself from the harmful effects of
UV. Consequently, damage occurs in the cutaneous tissues. As such, additional efforts are required to protect
the skin from the destructive effects of UV radiation. One of the approaches employed with an eye to prevent
skin damage, is supporting the endogenous photoprotection mechanism by topical or oral application of herbal
antioxidants with photoprotective effect. In addition, herbal antioxidants stimulate collagen and elastin
formation, and reduce the degradation of structural components thereby playing a role also in the repair of
cutaneous photodamage.5
Studies conducted have revealed the fact that, components found in plants can reduce the damages
induced by UV light. Herbal components fight against the harmful effects of UV radiation through following
mechanisms:
1. By reducing sunburn and inflammation induced through UV,
2. By eliminating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals which are harmful for skin,
3. By adjusting the changed signal paths due to UV radiation.5
Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) seeds contain various polyphenols in the ratio of 5-8%. Many varieties contain
polyphenolic proanthocyanidins. Antioxidant effect of procyanidins within the content thereof is 20 times more
than vitamin E and 50 times more than vitamin C. Grape seeds inhibit lipid peroxidation thereby accelerating
wound healing. Grape seeds also protect collagen and elastin without degradation. Grape seed extracts are
included in anti-aging and skin lightening cosmetics inasmuch as they do tyrosinase inhibition.6
Pomegranate (Punica granatum) is an ancient fruit with extremely rich ethnomedical applications.
Pomegranate seeds are rich in type 2 polyphenolic compounds. These are anthocyanidins (delphinidin, cyanidin
and pelargonidin) and hydrolysable tannins. Pomegranate seeds have powerful antioxidant and anti-
2. Anti-aging potential of a cream containing herbal oils and honey: Formulation and in vivo…
DOI: 10.9790/3008-10615160 www.iosrjournals.org 52 | Page
inflammatory effects.7,8
Pomegranate inhibits UVB-induced NF-κB activation and protein kinase pathways
activated by mitogen and protects the skin against the side effects of UVB radiation. It also provides protection
against the harmful effects of UV light.8
It has been proven that pomegranate seed oil stimulates keratinocytes
proliferation in monolayer culture. A slight thickening has been observed in the skin culture and the epidermis
in parallel with this.7
It is known in ancient folklore that application of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) oil by massaging the
skin, prevents aging and eliminates wrinkles. This is partly due to a variety of antioxidants sesame oil.9
Sesame
oil has high antioxidant effect due to its content of components with lignin structure such as sesamin, sesamolin,
sesaminol and sesamol as well as γ-tocopherol. The studies currently conducted have revealed that, sesame oil is
a natural sun protector and can block 30% of UV rays.10
In one study, it has been determined that sesamol which
has antioxidant effect, has beneficial effects in the prevention of photodamage in skin of mice.9, 11
Honey is a viscous and supersaturated solution of sugars derived from the nectar collected and
modified by Apis mellifera (honey bee).12
Bee products such as honey, royal jelly and pollen are included the
functional foods due to their naturally high antioxidant potential. Honey, in addition to sugar, includes amino
acids and proteins, carotenoids, flavonoids and phenolic compounds, many components with antioxidant effect
such as ascorbic acid and organic acids.13
An emulsion is a two phase colloidal systems when there is the mixture of two liquids that are normally
immiscible with each other.14
An emulsion is capable of penetrating the skin at high rates. Both water-in-oil
(W/O) emulsions and oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions are widely used in cosmetics inasmuch as they have
moisturizing and dry skin regenerating properties. O/W type emulsions are the most appropriate formulations
for usage in general cosmetic purposes and as washable drug bases.15
The objective of this study is to develop a stable O/W type cream formulation including a variety of
vegetable oils and flower honey which can be considered as a cosmetic and evaluate the anti-aging efficacy and
safety thereof clinically with a non-invasive variety of biophysical techniques and subjective assessment.
II. Materials And Methods
2.1. Materials
Flower honey were obtained from Balparmak (Turkey), pomegranate seed oil, grape seed oil and
sesame oil were kindly donated from Zade Naturel (Turkey). Tween 20 Merck (Germany); Tocopherol acetate,
ethyl alcohol, methyl paraben, propyl paraben, triethanolamine, butyl hydroxy anisole and butylated hydroxy
toluene were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (ABD). Carbopol 940, Lubrizol (France); Hidroksipropil
metilselüloz (Methocel K15 M), Colorcon (England).
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Preparation of Formulations
HLB, hydrophilic-lipophilic balance, is the ratio of oil-soluble portion to the water-soluble portion of
the molecule and firstly developed by Griffin. Griffin has directed his activities to select optimal non-ionic
emulsifiers ensuring the stability of the emulsion. HLB value of the emulsifier combinations are selected in a
way that it is almost equivalent to the substances to be emulsified. If more than one substance will be emulsified
at the same time, average weighted HLB value will be calculated based on the HLB value they according to%
compositions used in the mixtures of these substances and that the emulsifier is determined according to this
HLB value.16
Various formulations were prepared according to this information to include 4% and 6% non-ionic
emulsifier in total. Water-soluble Tween 20 (HLB:16.7) and oil-soluble glyceryl monostearate (HLB: 3.8)
combination was used as emulsifier. Emulsifiers were selected in three different ratios as a result of the
calculations. (Table 1).
Table 1: The Percentages of the Emulsifier Mixtures Used in the Formulations and HLB Values.
Emulsifier mixtures % (w/w)
(Tween 20: Glyceryl monostearate)
65:35 45:55 55:45
HLB values 12.2 9.6 10.9
Thickening polymers (Carbopol 940 and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose) were swelled with water for
one day in 1/3 part of the distilled water. Gels were kept in ultrasonic water bath (Wiseclean, Germany) for 30
minutes.
The temperature of the oil and water phase was made 80°C by using the water bath (WiseBath,
Germany). Firstly, the gel phase at the same temperature was combined with the water phase and then the oil
phase was slowly added to the water phase. Trials were made with different stirring speeds (8000 rpm with
ultraturrax, 500 rpm and 1000 rpm with a mechanical stirrer) and with different mixer types (Ultraturrax, X620
CAT M-ZippererGmbH, Germany, and mechanical stirrer, Wise Stir® HS-100D DAHIAN Scientific, Korea)
3. Anti-aging potential of a cream containing herbal oils and honey: Formulation and in vivo…
DOI: 10.9790/3008-10615160 www.iosrjournals.org 53 | Page
for 5 minutes to determine the most suitable preparation process for emulsion formation. When the formulations
reached the room temperature, pH adjustment was made with 10% (w/w) of triethanolamine solution or a 10%
(w/w) citric acid solution. Formulations and codes are shown below (Table 2).
Table 2: The Contents of Formulations (% w/w).
Oilphase
Ingredients
(% w/w)
FORMULATIONS
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 F11 F12 FS1 FS2 FS3
Grape seed oil (GSO) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Pomegranate seed oil
(PSO) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Sesame oil ( SO) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Glyceryl monostearate
(GMS) 2.2 1.8 1.4 3.9 3.3 2.7 3.9 3.3 2.7 3.9 3.3 2.7 3.9 3.3 2.7
Cetyl alcohol (SA) 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Propyl paraben 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3
Butyl hydroxyanisole
(BHA) - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.05 0.05 0.05
Butyl hydroxy toluene
(BHT) - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.05 0.05 0.05
Tocopherol acetate
(TA) - - - - - - - - - 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
Waterphase
Honey 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Tween 20 (T20) 1.8 2.2 2.6 2.1 2.7 3.3 2.1 2.7 3.3 2.1 2.7 3.3 2.1 2.7 3.3
Methyl paraben 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3
Glycerin 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Hydroxypropyl methyl
cellulose (HPMC) - - - - - - - - - 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
Carbopol 940 (CP 940) - - - - - - 0.4 0.4 0.4 - - - - - -
Triethanolamine q.s. q.s. q.s. q.s. q.s q.s. q.s. q.s. q.s. q.s. q.s. q.s. q.s. q.s. q.s.
Distilled water (d.w.) 69.8 69.8 69.8 67.8 67.8 67.8 67.4 67.4 67.4 66.9 66.9 66.9 66.4 66.4 66.4
F: Formulation
FS: Selected formulation
q.s.: quantum satis
2.2.2. Emulsion Characterization and Stability Tests
2.2.2.1. Determination of the Emulsion Type
The emulsion type was determined through utilization of dilution test based on the solubility of the
emulsion’s external phase in water or oil.17
Briefly, a few drops of the prepared emulsion was added to the test
tubes containing a small amount of water. If the outer phase of the emulsion was distributed homogeneously in
water it was determined as O/W type and if it became separate as a layer it was determined as W/O type.
2.2.2.2. Thermodynamic Stability Tests
The preliminary stability of the emulsions was evaluated by centrifugation and thermal stress tests
within 24 hours. Stability was determined by macroscopic observation of the emulsions. The centrifuge test
carried out for the purpose of accelerate possible stability issues, centrifugation at room temperature (25 ± 1°C)
and at 3500 rpm speed was applied to 10 g emulsion for 30 minutes with a laboratory type centrifuge device
(ThermoScientific, USA).18
10 g emulsion was exposed to different temperatures in thermostatic water bath test
from 40°C to 80°C, with 5°C temperature increases in the thermal stress test. The formulations were kept for 30
minutes at each temperature point. Formulations in which any phase separation or creaming was not observed as
a result of the two tests were continued to work with. At the later phase, characterizations of formulations which
were found to be successful in the thermodynamic stability tests were performed. 19
2.2.2.3. Characterization
Emulsions selected as a result of the two preliminary stability tests were stored for 3 months at room
temperature (25 ± 2°C) and climate chamber (Nüve TC120, Turkey) and at 40 ± 2°C and 75% relative humidity
(RH). Organoleptic and physical controls and pH and viscosity measurements were made in the determined
time intervals (1st day, 1st, 2nd and 3rd months) for physicochemical analyzes.
Organoleptic and physical controls
Organoleptic and physical controls (color, odor, appearance, liquefaction, creaming, phase separation)
of the formulations were carried out under the determined conditions and time intervals.
4. Anti-aging potential of a cream containing herbal oils and honey: Formulation and in vivo…
DOI: 10.9790/3008-10615160 www.iosrjournals.org 54 | Page
pH Measurements
pH measurements were made at room temperature (25 ± 2°C) and climate chamber (at 40 ± 2°C and
75% relative humidity) under the determined conditions and time intervals. (n:3). Samples were diluted 1:10
with distilled water prior to the test.
Viscosity Measurements
Viscosity measurements of the formulations were determined using rotational-type viscometer
(Brookfield DVII, Germany TA spindle, 25±1°C). Measurements were taken in 3 replications in 100 rpm (n:3).
Viscosity values were recorded in centipoise (cP).
Microbiological Stability Test
Microbiological limit test of formulations (FS1, FS2, FS3) selected after studies of stability and
characterization was carried out according to the procedures reported in the USP XXIX during 1 month with the
aim of evaluating the microbiological stability thereof.
2.2.3. Clinical Studies
2.2.3.1. Study design
The single-blind in vivo studies, compliance with the Helsinki Declaration, has been approved by
Ethics Committee of Medicine Clinical Research Department of Yeditepe University Faculty (Document
number: 060-26.10.2010). The study was initiated on 12 healthy female volunteers between the ages of 25-65,
after they signed a written informed consent form. Exclusion criteria for volunteers are as follows:
1) Pregnancy and lactation cases for women,
2) Use of any systemic or topical medication for skin diseases within the same period,
3) Knowing that the person had hypersensitivity previously to formulation content,
4) Persons with significant systemic story,
5) Persons who have started hormonal therapy before 12 weeks or less prior to the study,
6) Persons who cannot adapt to the study,
7) Persons with extreme sensitivity in the selected region.
2.2.3.2. Dermatological Testing (Patch Test)
0.2 grams of test product was placed in the patch test material (IQ chamber) before starting to use the
product in order to determine if any adverse effect occurred on the skin of volunteers, by affixing in a way to
contact the 1cm2
forearm region. The volunteer was informed to avoid from contact with water and direct
sunlight during the 48-hour observation period. The patch test material was removed at the end of the 48-hour
period and it was checked if a reaction such as erythema and edema occurred in the skin of the volunteers.
2.2.3.3. Preparation of Test Environment
If the tests are carried out in an environment receiving direct light, the skin warms up, sweating
increases and the secretion of sebum decreases as a result. And as a result of this hydrolipidic film layer of the
skin can vary greatly. Therefore it is avoided to make the measurement under exposure to direct light. Other
environmental factors that can affect the measurement are humidity and temperature of the environment.
Therefore, the instrumental measurements were taken after the volunteers rested in the air-conditioned
room at 20°C±2 temperature and at 40-60% relative humidity for 30 minutes.
2.2.3.4. Biophysical Methods
During the eight-week test period, the volunteers were not allowed to use any skin care product on the
right forearm where the product would be used. The formulation coded FS1 which could be accepted as a
cosmetic and stability of which was the most suitable was used by the volunteers twice a day for 8 weeks.
Measurements were taken three times as before starting to use the product (T0), in the 4th week (T4)
and in the 8th week (T8) by non-invasive biophysical methods from the application regions of the volunteers
and various parameters were evaluated. The moisture content, pH value, sebum content, elasticity, roughness
and average pore size of the skin were determined by Corneometer CM 825® (Courage&Khazaka electronic
GmbH, Cologne, Germany) device working according to capacitance method, SKIN-pH-METER 900®
(Courage&Khazaka electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany), Sebumeter® SM 815 (Courage&Khazaka electronic
GmbH, Cologne, Germany) and Aramo TS skin diagnosis system (Aramhuvis Co., Ltd., Korea) respectively by
taking 5 different measurements from the test area for each parameter.
5. Anti-aging potential of a cream containing herbal oils and honey: Formulation and in vivo…
DOI: 10.9790/3008-10615160 www.iosrjournals.org 55 | Page
2.2.3.5. Subjective Evaluation
A panel test was conducted to support the results of biophysical measurements after the 8-week period
of product application of volunteers. Volunteers were asked seven questions with regard to the effect of the
formulation on the skin. They were asked to reply these questions by giving scores between 0 and 5.
2.2.3.6. Statistical Analysis
The results obtained from clinical trials were evaluated through utilization of GraphPadPrism 5
program (GraphPad Software Inc., CA, USA). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was applied to
determine eventual variation between different time intervals. Statistically, a significant difference was
considered at a p value of less than 5% (p <0.05)
III. Results
Because it was determined in the preliminary tests of the formulation that 5 minutes of stirring with
ultraturrax at 8000 rpm gave the best results macroscopically, it was continued to work with this method later.
Several experiments were made in preparation of the formulations, by using the combination of T20
and GSM in ratio of 4% (w/w) and 6% (w/w) in total. Consequently, it has been decided that consistency of
formulations containing the 6% of the emulsifier mixture were higher than those containing 4% and they were
more suitable for the desired creamy consistency.
All formulations prepared according to dilution test used for the determination of the emulsion type
were determined as O/W type. As a result of centrifugal and thermal stress tests conducted, coalescence and
phase separation was observed in formulations containing 4%, emulsifier mixture and less coalescence occurred
in formulations containing 6% emulsifier. Therefore, two different polymers [CP940 (0.4% w/w) and HPMC
(0.6% w/w)] were added to formulations containing a mixture of 6% emulsifier with the aim of both increasing
emulsion viscosity and stability by ensuring the migration polymer to the oil-water interface surface.20,21
Emulsions found suitable in preliminary stability tests (F7-F12, FS1-FS3) were stored at room
temperature (25±2°C) and in climate chamber at 40±2°C and at 75% relative humidity for 3 months and their
physicochemical stability (organoleptic and physical controls, pH and viscosity measurements) was evaluated at
specified time intervals. Findings as to their physicochemical stability parameters are presented below (Table 3-
6).
Table 3: Physical Controls of the Formulations.
Formulation
Code
Physical stability
25o
C±2 40o
C±2 (%75 R.H)
24 hours 1th
month 2th
month 3th
month 24 hours 1th
month 2th
month 3th
month
F7 S S S + S S ++ +++
F8 S S S + S + +++ +++
F9 S S + ++ S + ++ ++
F10 S S S S S + + +
F11 S S S + S + + ++
F12 S S S + S S + ++
FS1 S S S S S S S S
FS2 S S S S S S S S
FS3 S S S S S S S S
S: Stable form; +: Decrease in viscosity; ++: Coalescence; +++: Partial phase separation; +++++: Complete
phase separation
Table 4: Organoleptic controls of the formulations.
Formulation Code
Color
25o
C±2 40o
C±2 (%75 R.H)
24 hours 1th
month 2th
month 3th
month 24 hours 1th
month 2th
month 3th
month
F7 W W W YW W W YW Y
F8 W W W YW W W YW Y
F9 W W W YW W Y Y Y
F10 W W W W W W W W
F11 W W W W W W W W
F12 W W W W W W W YW
FS1 W W W W W W W W
FS2 W W W W W W W W
FS3 W W W W W W W W
W:White; YW: Yellowish white; Y:Yellow
6. Anti-aging potential of a cream containing herbal oils and honey: Formulation and in vivo…
DOI: 10.9790/3008-10615160 www.iosrjournals.org 56 | Page
Table 5: pH of the Prepared Formulations at Different Time Intervals.
Formulation
Code
pH
25o
C±2 40o
C±2 (%75 R.H)
24 hours 1th
month 2th
month 3th
month 24 hours 1th
month 2th
month 3th
month
F7 6.30 6.08 - - 6.30 5.74 - -
F8 6.10 5.89 - - 6.14 5.70 - -
F9 5.94 5.76 - - 5.92 5.64 - -
F10 6.13 6.10 5.80 - 6.18 5.95 5.64 -
F11 6.04 5.91 5.52 - 5.93 5.78 5.40 -
F12 5.82 5.79 5.34 - 5.80 5.61 5.18 -
FS1 6.57 6.51 6.31 6.29 6.57 6.38 6.36 6.36
FS2 6.71 6.69 6.64 6.47 6.57 6.31 6.28 6.23
FS3 6.73 6.61 6.46 6.43 6.73 6.35 6.24 5.86
-: Measurements were not taken due to the stability was not appropriate.
Tablo 6: Viscosity of the Prepared Formulations at Different Time Intervals.
-: Measurements were not taken due to the stability was not appropriate.
Findings as to microbiological stability tests carried out on FS1, FS2 and FS3 formulations which were
found to be cosmetically acceptable and the most durable as a result of the physicochemical stability tests are
provided below (Table 7).
Table 7: Microbiological Test Results of FS1, FS2 ve FS3 Formulations.
FS1 coded cream was selected as the most suitable formulation for clinical trial following the
organoleptic controls and physicochemical and microbiological stability tests. Inasmuch as no redness, itching
or irritation occurred on skin of volunteers as a result of the dermatological tests conducted before starting to use
the product, all subjects were included in the 8-week clinical trial.
Findings as to measurements of sebum, elasticity, pH, the pore size and surface roughness
measurement received from the application parts of the volunteers three times as before starting to use the
product (T0), in the 4th week (T4) and in the 8th week (T8) by non-invasive biophysical methods are shown
below (Table 8 and Fig.1).
Formulation
Code
Viscosity (cP)
25o
C±2 40o
C±2 (%75 R.H)
24 hours 1th
month 2th
month 3th
month 24 hours 1th
month 2th
month
3th
month
F7 23200 23876 - - 23340 21760 - -
F8 21536 20452 - - 22894 21458 - -
F9 20985 19920 - - 20980 19861 - -
F10 22344 21345 21880 - 21765 19649 18840 -
F11 22080 20860 19635 - 22100 18977 18035 -
F12 19759 19652 18998 - 19978 19632 17143 -
FS1 25600 24896 24754 24579 25600 24759 24748 23957
FS2 20230 19600 19975 19925 20230 19840 19326 18900
FS3 20430 19753 19355 18332 20430 19478 18653 18765
Formulations Test Results
FS1 <10 cfu/g of total aerobic bacteria and fungi were detected in the example. Bacteria from the
Enterobacteriaceae family, Staphyloccocus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were not detected in the
example.
FS2 <10 cfu/g of total aerobic bacteria and fungi were detected in the example. Bacteria from the
Enterobacteriaceae family, Staphyloccocus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were not detected in the
example.
FS3 9,5×102
cfu/g of total aerobic bacteria and <10 cfu/g fungi were detected in the example.
Staphyloccocus aureus was detected in the example. Bacteria from the Enterobacteriaceae family
and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were not detected in the example.
7. Anti-aging potential of a cream containing herbal oils and honey: Formulation and in vivo…
DOI: 10.9790/3008-10615160 www.iosrjournals.org 57 | Page
Table 8: Comparison of Biophysical Parameters of Skin (n:12).
Biophysical
Parameters
T0 T4 T8 Statistical
significance
(p<0.05)Mean Mean
%
Variation Mean
%
Variation
Hidration
(Corneometer unit) 54.40±9.89 73.42±7.64 34.96 79.65±1.53 46.42 Yes
Sebum (mg/cm2
) 1.74±0.74 2.07±1.03 18.97 3.42±1.10 96.55 Yes
Elasticitya
43.13±11.44 58.32±9.26 35.22 62.25±1.74 44.33 Yes
pH 5.32±0.67 5.27±0.24 -0.94 5.30±0.15 0.38 No
Pore sizea
34.66±11.83 19.83±7.60 -42.79 15.33±1.14 -55.77 Yes
Roughnessa
81.58±5.56 73.50±9.97 -9.90 64.17±1.68 -21.34 Yes
a: dimensionless
Figure 1: Biophysical test values averaged over all 12 volunteers before and after application of FS1
formulation.
Findings as to the survey questions asked to the volunteers and the answers given thereby after the
biophysical measurements are given below (Table 9).
Table 9: Questionnaire scores given by the panelists.
Questions Score SD
1. Did the herbal cream that you used decrease your skin moisture loss? 4.25 0.55
2. Did the herbal cream that you used provide an increase your skin brightness and vibrancy? 3.60 0.75
3. Did the herbal cream that you used provide an increase your skin elasticity? 3.55 0.51
4. Was the herbal cream that you used absorbed easily by your skin? 4.15 0.81
5. Did the herbal cream that you used provide a reduction in the appearance of wrinkles? 3.40 0.59
6. Did the herbal cream that you used give softness to your skin? 4.10 0.64
7. Did the herbal cream that you used cause an increase your skin oiliness? 0.35 0.48
Score: 0 not at all; 1 slightly; 2 few; 3 medium; 4 much; 5 too much
IV. Discussion
Cosmetic products used against skin aging have to be products, reliability and efficiency of which are
proven in various ways since they make some structural and functional changes on the skin. Much as the
physical properties and stability of the product are important for the consumer, it is also very important for the
product to show its claimed cosmetic activity. Any product having unpleasant appearance cosmetically and poor
absorption and which is unstable or has irritant or allergic effects on the skin are not preferred by consumers
even if it has efficiency.
Determination of an acceptable shelf life is very important in the development of emulsion
formulations.22
Pharmaceutical and cosmetic manufacturers desire their products to have a shelf life of at least 2
or 3 years.23
A cosmetic cream must be able to remain stable during the shelf life without occurrence of phase
separation and changes in color, odor and appearance. A stability test carried out under normal storage
conditions is an effective way for determining the system's durability. However, accelerated stability tests in
which the product is exposed to various stress conditions are carried out in order to shorten the cited period, to
obtain information faster and more reliable related to stability. Measurement of the physicochemical properties
of the product under accelerated conditions may reflect the long-term storage performance of the product.24,25
8. Anti-aging potential of a cream containing herbal oils and honey: Formulation and in vivo…
DOI: 10.9790/3008-10615160 www.iosrjournals.org 58 | Page
Creaming and flocculation, which are some of the stability problems observed in emulsions, are
processes which occur slowly. Therefore, centrifugation and accelerated thermal stability tests were conducted
in order to speed up the formulation studies at the first phase. It has been observed that usage of 4% and 6%
emulsifier mixture (T20 + GMS), in preparation of emulsions containing a mixture of 15% vegetable oil is not
sufficient in terms of stability as a result of these tests. It has been reported that addition of polymer to the water
phase of the emulsion increases the viscosity and stability of the emulsion, because it increases the density of the
water phase.26
Accordingly, formulations containing 6% emulsifier mixture were prepared again by adding
polymer (0.4% CP940 and 0.6% HPMC) to increase the stability and consistency. Because the resulting
emulsions (F7-F12, FS1-FS3) were found to be appropriate in centrifugation and accelerated thermal stability
tests, it has been observed that addition of polymers to formulations increase the stability as expected. F7-F12,
FS1-FS3 coded formulations which were found to be successful were subjected to physicochemical stability test
for 3 months located, at room temperature (25±2°C) and in a climate chamber (40±2°C and %75 R.H) at a later
stage.
It was found in organoleptic controls that at the end of the 3rd month, the initial white color of the F7-
F9 coded formulation containing CP940 darkened in both storage conditions. Mild yellowing was observed only
in the sample of F12 coded formulation, among those containing HPMC, which was kept in the climate chamber
in the 3rd month while all other formulations kept remaining in white color, homogeneous and in a stable
condition. When the physical stability was evaluated, it was observed at the end of the 3rd month that FS1, FS2
and FS3 coded formulations kept their stable form at both storage conditions and it was detected that physical
deterioration (phase separation and coalescence) began in the 2nd month in F7-F9 coded formulations
containing CP940 months and in F10-12 coded formulations containing HPMC in the 3rd month which were
kept in the air conditioning cabinet. Thus, it was decided that formulations containing CP940 were more
susceptible to heat and humidity compared to the formulations containing HPMC.
Monitoring of pH is important in detecting the stability of the emulsions. pH changes which have
occurred in the product over time reveal that chemical reactions take place while, it gives opinions on the
product quality. Accelerated product performance test and kinetics of the pH profile are significant in terms of
chemical stability.27
pH measurements of FS1, FS2 and FS3 formulations could be followed for 3 months in this
study. As a result, all of the formulations kept in both conditions showed a slight decrease in pH. This case can
be based on the fact that, fatty acid esters are hydrolyzed to free fatty acids in the emulsions produced with
vegetable oils.19
However, it has been detected that all of the formulations are appropriate for the human skin pH
range (4.5 to 6.5) 3 months in the desired way.28
Viscosity is a significant parameter commonly used in assessing the effect of stress conditions on
emulsion stability. Moreover, viscosity is also related to quality characteristics such as filling the product into
the packaging material, ease of use, physical appearance, consistency and skin-spreadability.29,30
In this context,
viscosity measurements of FS1, FS2 and FS3 coded formulations was monitored for 3 months. Viscosity values
of the three formulations were within acceptable limits and no change was observed in homogeneity under all
stability conditions.
Cosmetics products are not required to be sterile. However, they need to be protected sufficiently
against microbial contaminations and degradation that may occur as a result of consumer use and production
processes. The contamination due to production can be prevented reasonably while it is not possible to control
contamination originating from consumer use. For this reason, use of antimicrobial preservatives is required in
order to protect the product against bacteria, yeast and mold growth during its shelf life sufficiently.31,32
In this
study, methyl paraben (0.3% w/w) and propyl paraben (0.3% w/w) combination, which is the most commonly
used preservative, has been selected for the prevention of microbial contaminations. Furthermore, TA (0.3%
w/w), BHT (0.05% w/w) and BHA (0.05% w/w) combination was used at appropriate concentrations against
oxidative degeneration that frequently occurs in the emulsions containing plant oils. As a result of the
microbiological limit test of the selected formulations (FS1, FS2, FS3), all formulations were found to be
eligible in terms of microbiological quality. In addition, pathogens such as bacteria from the Enterobacteriaceae
family Staphyloccocusaureus and Pseudomonasaeruginos which are not allowed to be present in cosmetic
products were not found in none of the formulations.
Non-invasive biophysical measurement techniques are methods which consumers and cosmetics
researchers prefer more which are ethically more acceptable and which have major advantages such as
reproducibility. They ensure detection of invisible changes on the skin or hair without causing pain and
suffering. They are also appropriate for statistical evaluation.33
Hydration or water content of the outermost layer of skin (stratum corneum), is associated with
intrinsic aging and menopause. It is considered that the reduction in the amount of glycosaminoglycans having a
hydrophilic structure make a direct reduction in the water content of the skin. Moisturisers help to normalize the
barrier function of the skin and create a smooth, flexible and healthier looking skin.34
While the hydration value
of the skin was 54.40 before the application of the product (T0), it was found to be 73.42 and 79.65 after 4 and
9. Anti-aging potential of a cream containing herbal oils and honey: Formulation and in vivo…
DOI: 10.9790/3008-10615160 www.iosrjournals.org 59 | Page
8 weeks of application respectively in the measurements taken from the right forearms of the volunteers by
Corneometer CM 825® working with capacitance principle. The results revealed that application of the product
for 4 and 8 weeks significantly increased the moisture content of the skin (p <0.05). This case can be attributed
to use of a combination containing PSO, GSO, SO with occlusive effect which reduce the evaporation of skin
moisture and honey with humectant effect (moisture absorbing) in the composition of the formulation.
Sebum has amphiphilic properties due to its free fatty acids and waxes content. This causes a little
hydration of skin. It is protective against intensive dehydration in the skin. Furthermore, it has a nutrient
function for the useful bacterial species in the organism, while it ensures protection of fungistatic activity and
the functional quality of hair.35
Sebum secretion rate reaches its highest level in the teenage years and decreases gradually thereafter.
Sixty-five and older people, have a very low rate of sebum secretion. This reduction in sebum production
accompanied by a decrease in antimicrobial fatty acids lead to the formation of skin infections in the elderly.35
According to measurements taken from volunteers by Sebumeter® SM 815, while the skin sebum
content (mg/cm2
) was found 1.74 before application of the product, it was found to be 2.07 and 3.42 after 4 and
8 weeks of application respectively. The results revealed that application of the product for 8 weeks significantly
increased the sebum content of the skin (p <0.05). However, the normal sebum value in mg/cm2
should be > 6 in
the forearm where the product was applied. When taking into consideration this case, it is considered that the
product may return sebum secretion to normal which decreas over time and is ideal for use in anti-aging.
The skin is a complex structure with elastic and viscous properties. These viscoelastic properties of the
skin are dependant to collagen and elastin fibers in the dermis.36
Cutometer probe of the Aramo TS skin
analyzer device was used to measure skin elasticity which had a measurement principle based on measuring the
skin deformation as a result of a vertical vacuum that was applied to the skin surface. While the elasticity value
of the skin was 43.13 before the application of the product (T0), the elasticity value of the skin was found to be
58.31 and 62.25 after 4 and 8 weeks of application respectively in the measurements taken from the volunteers.
The results revealed that application of the product for 4 and 8 weeks significantly increased the elasticity of the
skin (p <0.05).
The skin is covered with an acid mantle consisting of secretion of sweat and sebaceous glands. Acidic
pH and natural flora of the skin plays an important role in maintaining healthy skin. Some external factors, such
as soap, detergents and cosmetics can alter the normal pH of the skin. Changes in skin pH may lead to irritation,
or inhibition of keratinization process.37
According to measurements taken from volunteers by SKIN-pH-
METER 900®, while the skin's pH value was 5.32 before the application of the product (T0), it was found to
be 5.27 and 5.30 after 4 and 8 weeks of application respectively. The results revealed that application of the
product for 8 weeks did not have skin irritation effects on the skin (p <0.05).
Clinical signs of dry skin are roughness, redness, flaking and superficial skin loss. 38
Moisturizing and
emollient products are gaining increasing importance in dry skin treatment, maintenance of daily care of normal
skin as well as ancillary therapy of many skin diseases. Moisturizers smooth and hydrate the skin. Effectiveness
of the moisturizers can be increased according to the targeted skin condition by selecting the proper
moisturizing agents.39
To this end, x60 triple lens of the Aramo TS skin analyzer was used to determine the
average pore size and roughness of the application area. While the skin's average pore size and roughness value
was 34.66 and 81.58 respectively before the application of the product (T0), it was found to be 19.83 and 73.50
after 4 weeks respectively and 15.33 and 64.17 respectively after 8 weeks of application. The obtained
measurement results revealed that application of the product for 4 and 8 weeks has significantly decreased the
elasticity of the skin (p <0.05).
Acknowledgements
This study is supported by Istanbul University Scientific Research Projects (Project number: 6393).
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