This PPT provides the contents related to the Smart Grid Introduction. It is created for catering the Unit I contents of the AU course EE8019 - Smart Grid

1. Dr. K. Karthikeyan,
Associate Professor,
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
Ramco Institute of Technology.

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https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108/107/108107113/

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Source: https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/electric-power-system.png
Monitoring and controlling power at each part of the power systems

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… depends on the way we loot at it
Picture source: https://i0.wp.com/cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/134568/file-1208368053-jpg/6-blind-men-hans.jpg

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Short answer:
Smart Grid = Electric Grid + ICT
ICT – Information & Communication Technologies / Tools
ICT – Integrated Communication Technologies
A smart grid (SG), is also called smart electrical/power grid,
intelligent grid, intelligrid, future grid, intergrid, or intragrid

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Source: Dr. Hamed Mohsenian-Rad, Dept. of ECE, Texas Tech Univ. presentation on Smart Gird

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Source: Dr. Hamed Mohsenian-Rad, Dept. of ECE, Texas Tech Univ. presentation on Smart Gird

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Source: Dr. Hamed Mohsenian-Rad, Dept. of ECE, Texas Tech Univ. presentation on Smart Gird
Objective: Smart/optimal utilization of
all the available resources

9. Real-time Simulation
Wide-Area Reliability
Network Optimization
Customer Participation
Participation in Energy Markets
Source: EPRI IntelliGrid
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National Institute of Standards and Technology
(NIST), USA
A modernized grid that enables bidirectional flows of
energy and uses two-way communication and control
capabilities that will lead to an array of new
functionalities and applications.

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IEEE
Smart grid is a large ‘System of Systems’, where each
functional domain consists of three layers:
(i) the power and energy layer,
(ii) the communication layer, and
(iii) the IT/computer layer.
Layers (ii) and (iii) above are the enabling
infrastructure that makes the existing power and
energy infrastructure ‘smarter’

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U. S Department of Energy
A smart grid uses digital technology to improve reliability,
security, and efficiency (both economic and energy) of the
electrical systems from large generation, through the delivery
systems to electricity consumers and a growing a number of
distributed generation and storage resources.

13.  Observability: It enables the status of electricity grid to be
observed accurately and timely by using advanced sensing and
measuring technologies;
 Controllability: It enables the effective control of the power
system by observing the status of the electricity grid;
 Timely analysis and decision-making: It enables the
improvement of intelligent decision-making process;
 Self-adapting and self-healing: It prevents power disturbance
and breakdown via self-diagnosis and fault location.
 Renewable energy integration: It enables to integrate the
renewable energy such as solar and wind, as well as the
electricity from micro-grid and supports efficient and safe energy
delivery services for electric vehicle, smart home and others.
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14. From:
 Manual Inspection & Reads
 Periodic Maintenance
 Upstream Control,
Stimulus/Response Protection,
Manual Switching, & Trouble
Response
 General Knowledge of Related
Environment Conditions
 Physical Security
 To:
 Self Monitoring, Diagnosis &
Reporting
 Prioritized Condition Based
Predictive Maintenance
 Localized Distributed Decisions
and Automatic Response,
Predictive Avoidance
 Time-Correlated Environment,
Operational & Non-Operational
Information
 Intelligent Remote Monitoring &
Detection
Movement from Static Infrastructure and Operation “As-
Designed” to a Dynamic “Living” Infrastructure and
“Proactive” Delivery Management
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Right Now With Smart Grid
Utility doesn’t know when power is
used
Utilities will offer you lower rates for using
power in “off-peak” times
Utility often relies on you to tell
them when your lights go out
Your lights will go out less often and
outages won’t last as long
Large blackouts like the northeast
in 2008
The grid will automatically create
“firebreaks” fast enough to stop them
Utilities do green power and
electric cars as “one-offs”
Consumers with green power and
electric cars can be everyday items
Utilities are 10-30 years behind in
cyber-security
Your electric power will not be as
vulnerable to attackers
Energy prices will increase as
aging infrastructure is replaced
Prices won’t rise as fast because the
system will be more efficient
Source: EnerNex

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 1870’s & 1880’s – DC Power Systems
 Charles Brush & Thomas Edition – Distributed DC for
lighting of arc lamps and incandescent lamps
respectively.
 December 1880 – Brush Electric company – central
station to supply of 3.2 km length of Broadway with arc
lighting.
 September 1882 – Edition Electric Illuminating
Company – Pearl Street station - lower Manhattan –
one square mile.
 Six jumbo dynamos – 85 customers – 400 light lamps.
 Each dynamo – 100 kW – 1200 lamps – 110V
underground duct transmission line.

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 Recognition of AC Distribution System
 May 16, 1888 – Nikola Tesla – AIEE meeting
 A New System of Alternating Current Motors and
Transformers
 George Westinghouse – Patents of Nikola Tesla
 AC could be generated at low voltage, transformed to
high voltage for transmission through thin, economically
sized wires over long distances, then again transformed
to a suitably low voltage near the point of use.

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 AC Distribution System - Several milestones
 1890 – Willamette Falls to Portland, Oregon – 14 miles
 1891 – Lauffen Falls to Frankfurt, Germany – 105 miles
 First transmission of 3-phase AC using high voltage
 1892 – Hochfelden to Oerlikon, Switzerland – 14 miles
 1892 – River Gorzente to Genoa, Italy – 18 miles
 1892 - San Miguel River to Telluride, Colorado -8 miles
 1892 – Tivoli to Rome, Italy – 18 miles
 1892 – Tariffville to Hartford, Connecticut – 11 miles
 1914 – 55 transmission systems -> 70 kV – max. 150
kV
 1930 – Utilities became well-established

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Generation:
 1, 362 MW (1947) 350 GW (2018)
Per-capita energy consumption:
 1075 kWh (2015) 2,911- 2,924 kWh (2040)
Largest power system in the world
 4 lakh circuit kilo-meter (ckm)
 HVDC: ± 800 kV, ± 500 kV
 EHV AC: 132 kV, 220 kV, 400 kV & 765 kV

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1974-79: Fifth Planning Commission
 Bigger Generation & Bulk transmission
1975
 National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC)
 National Hydro-electric Power Corporation (NHPC)
1976
 North-Eastern Electric Power Corporation (NEEPCO)
1989
 National Power Transmission Corporation
1992
 Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd

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 Grid:
Local Grid - At the time of independence
State Grids – Emerged in 1960s
Regional Grids – In 1970s (Northern, Western, Southern,
Eastern & North Eastern)
National Grid – In 2013
(One grid one frequency)

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Source: https://www.cevgroup.org/electrical-power-sytem-the-indian-frame/
86,450 MW

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Self-Healing
 Real-time self assessments to detect, analyze,
respond, restore grid components.
 Minimize interruption time
 Identification of problematic devices
 Communication with local/remote devices to analyze
faults, low voltage, poor power quality, overloads,
and other negative conditions.
Customer Demand Motivation
 Provide real-time information to consumers
(cost/value)
 Demand Response (DR) to shift peak demand
 Real-time pricing

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Resists Attack
 Minimizes consequences of attack
 Security protocols will include; deterrence,
prevention, detection, response, and mitigation.
 Technologies include; authentication, encryption,
intrusion detection, and filtering of alarms &
communication.
Optimization of Assets Usage
 Network will work only as much as needed.
 Quality and capacity will be monitored in real-time.
 Equipment failure rates and maintenance cost
reduced.

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27. Technical Challenges
 Management of Vast Amount of Data
 Inadequate grid resources
 Integrated Communication
 Transition from Legacy Systems
 Cyber Security
 Lack of Standard and Interoperability
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28. Non-Technical Challenges
 Power Theft
 Low meter efficiency
 Affordable Energy
 Transmission and Distribution Losses
 Lack of Awareness
 Changes in Regulatory Policies
 Smart Consumer
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30. The worldwide concern for the environment,
global warming are the most important drivers
for an improved electrical energy system.
Smart Grid Drivers
 Government policies
 Customer Behaviour and requirements
 Industry and Technology changes
 Most of the drivers are interrelated and cross the
category boundaries, and sometimes also conflict.
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31. Government policies
 Environmental change objectives
 Renewable Energy Targets (RET).
 Feed-in-tariffs.
 Emissions Trading Scheme.
 Green Economy Objectives
 Policies to encourage R&D, skill development and
measuring and monitoring carbon impact.
 Customer Protections Objectives
 Reliable and affordable energy supply
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32. Customer behaviour and requirements
 Increasing demand
 Increasing functionality requirements
Industry and Technology changes
 More Affordable technologies
 Availability of new technologies
 Intermittent nature of renewable energy generation
 Electric vehicle
 Ageing Infrastructure
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Drivers
Technology
Customer
Expectations
Environmental
Constraints
Workforce
skills shortage
Infrastructure
Replacement

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Consumer & service
providers
Economic Electricity
Opportunity to
consumers with much
choices
Increased Reliability &
Resilience
Automatic Fault location
Long term saving
Two way
communication

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Environmental
benefits
Energy
Conservation
Reduction
in Usage
Reduced
Transmission
losses
Improved
Voltage
Regulation
CO2
Reduction
Improved
integration
of RE
Plug in
HEV
V2G

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Source: https://www.ntt-review.jp/archive/ntttechnical.php?contents=ntr201109gls.html

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Source: https://www.ntt-review.jp/archive/ntttechnical.php?contents=ntr201109gls.html

39. Domains of the Smart Grid
 Grid domain
 Smart metering domain
 Customer domain
 Communication Network domain
 Service provider domain
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