The document discusses the history and current state of electrical grids and the opportunities for information technology (IT) to create smarter grids, known as "smart grids". Key points include: - Current grids lack sensors, IT, and ability to self-heal from failures or adapt in real-time. Upgrades are needed for reliability, efficiency, and integration of renewable energy. - A smart grid would incorporate two-way communication between utilities and consumers using IT to remotely monitor, control, and optimize the grid. This allows for demand response, time-of-use pricing, and automated recovery from failures. - Research is needed in areas like advanced metering, communications networks, security, fault detection and prevention,

1. IT and the Smart Grid Peter Will USC Information Sciences Institute [email_address] http://www.isi.edu/will/ Sources: Wikipedia, US DoE, EPRI, SCE, PG&E etc

2. Electrical Energy The Grid Switchgear Transformers Power lines Command and Control Every country has one, Many countries are interconnectd generators consumers

3. The US Ideal Grid

4. The Actual 3 US Grids plus Canada and Mexico connections

6. Power and Grid Control Area Control Operators Major power plants “ For an ac power grid to remain stable, the frequency and phase of all power generation units must remain synchronous within narrow limits. A generator that drops 2 Hz below 60 Hz will rapidly build up enough heat in its bearings to destroy itself. So circuit breakers trip a generator out of the system when the frequency varies too much. But much smaller frequency changes can indicate instability in the grid. In the Eastern Interconnect, a 30-milli-Hz drop in frequency reduces power delivered by 1 GW. If certain parts of the grid are carrying electricity at near capacity, a small shift of power flows can trip circuit breakers, which sends larger flows onto neighboring lines to start a chain-reaction failure . ” from http://www.aip.org/tip/INPHFA/vol-9/iss-5/p8.html

12. IT and the Smart Grid: two views Smart Energy Delivery Smart use of electricity Few players Huge capital investment All “Silicon Valley” playing Smart Grid = old grid + Internet Smart Grid = AI embedded into the Grid Supply Demand

27. The Redundant Web from CIA website

28. The US Grid

31. IT: Scaled, Layered Architecture Get sensor data from Grid and from Residences Put commands for control Store User data, usage history, fiduciary, Serbanes-Oxley Billing through Google Smart two-way Meters Generators, substations, line state, switchgear, connections to businesses, homes Application Layer Middleware Layer Physical Layer The Electrical Grid The Internet The Grid Grid and Cloud Computing Apps Faster response Slower response

32. Smart Energy Web Vision Energy infrastructure 1 Communications infrastructure 2 Computing / information technology 3 Business applications – “ Smart Energy Web” 4 Security Energy information network Cap banks Reclosers Switches Sensors Transformers Meters Storage Substation Wires Customers Servers Data storage Web presentment Transactions Modeling Smart agents Intelligence Generation / supply Solar monitoring & dispatch Backup generation Grid 2 Vehicle / Vehicle to Grid Distributed generation Distributed storage T&D SCADA T&D Automation Load limiting Fault prediction Outage management Micro-grid Usage / demand Interval billing Load control Prepay In home displays Energy mgmt systems Power quality management Grid appliances Fiber/MPL RF Mesh Home Area Network (HAN) Broadband WWAN 3G Cellular