This document discusses distributed generation and the smart grid environment. It provides an introduction to the need for changes in energy generation, delivery, and use to establish sustainability and restore environmental balance. The document then discusses different forms of renewable energy sources and distributed generation. It describes some of the challenges of distributed generation and how a smart grid can help solve these issues. Finally, it discusses components of the smart grid like advanced metering infrastructure and phasor measurement units, and the benefits of integrating distributed generation with the smart grid.

1. Distributed Generation
Environment for the Smart Grid

2. Contents
Introduction
Forms of renewable energy
Distributed generation, its challenges and
solution
Features of Smart Grid
Components of Smart Grid
AMI and PMUs
Need for Smart grids
Rules of interconnection
Benefits of integration with smart grid
Conclusion
References
2

3. Introduction
The 20th century had seen significant advances in energy
generation, delivery and utilization, but has also
produced tremendous impact on the environment and
natural resources.
• Significant changes must be made to how we generate,
deliver and use energy so as to
– establish sustainable utilization, and
– restore environmental balance.
• Education must occur at all levels:
– researchers;
– workforce;
– consumers.
3

4. Needs of the 21st century
• Decrease fossil fuel consumption
– 85% of today’s energy supply comes from fossil
fuels.
– Transportation and electric generation need to
move away from fossil fuels.
– Fossil fuels are the predominant contributors to
environmental pollution.
(COx, SOx, NOx, particulates)
–Will also lead to energy independence.
4

5. • Increase renewable generation
– 7% of today’s energy supply comes from
renewable sources (hydroelectric,
geothermal, wind, solar, biomass).
– Renewable generation must increase
significantly but responsibly.
• Increase nuclear generation suitably
– 8% of today’s energy supply comes from
nuclear power
– Nuclear generation must increase so that
there is adequate supply from steady
sources.
5

6. Sustainable utilization of resources
• Technological enablers
– Energy efficient buildings with thermal storage
– “Smart” homes and “smart” appliances
– Demand response and load management programs
– Energy efficient transportation: hybrid and electric
vehicles
– Storage and direct conversion technologies
• Growing need for conservation
• Demand profiles will change significantly
– Composition of load is changing
– Load factor is likely to change too
6

7. Forms of renewable energy resources
 Wind turbines and wind farms,
 Solar photovoltaic (PV) cells,
 Solar-thermal energy,
 Fuel Cells
 Geothermal
 Wave and tidal energy
 Biomass
 Micro or mini hydro
7

8. 8
SOLAR REFRIGERATION HYDROPOWER
BIOMASS
WAVE ENERGY
Fig 1

9. 9
MICROTURBINE FUEL CELL
SOLAR THERMAL PHOTOVOLTAIC
GEOTHERMAL Fig 2 TIDAL POWER

10. Distributed Generation
Distributed Generation (DG) technology
incorporates wind turbines, micro turbines,
photovoltaic systems, fuel cells, energy storage and
synchronous generator applications to supply active
power to distributed systems connected close to the
consumers load. This concept is becoming a major
player for Green House Gases (GHG) mitigation
and power system reliability.
10

11. Distributed Energy Resources
• Generating Devices
–Windmills
– PV and solar thermal
– Microturbines
– Fuel cells
– Biomass and biofuels
– Geothermal power
– Tidal and ocean thermal
– Reciprocating engines
11

12. • Storage Devices
– Batteries
– Ultracapacitors
– SMES
– Flywheels
• Combined heat and power
• Interruptible loads
12

13. Comparison between Centralized and
Distributed Generation
13
Fig 3

14. Challenges of Distributed Generation
 Intermittent in nature.
 Free but not always usable.
 Deteroriate system stability.
 Less efficiency.
 Voltage regulation problem.
 Less predictable load patterns – rooftop
solar, electric vehicles, and smart grid
 Changing revenue patterns - Decreasing
marginal prices and changes in resource
operational pattern
14

15. Solution to the challenges :
 Upgrade existing traditional grid to smart grid.
 Smart grid can absorb large fluctuations.
 Demand side management and demand response.
 Smart systems allow better use of variable
capacitor banks, STATCOM, automatic
reclosures,etc.
 SCADA approach to volt/VAR control.
15

16. Smart Grid :Overview
16
 Coined in 2007 by A. Carvallo.
 According to United States Department of
Energy’s modern grid initiative: an intelligent or
smart grid integrates advance sensing
technologies, control methods and integrated
communications into the current electricity grid.
Fig 4. A “Smart” Grid

17. According to[EPRI 2006]: “The term ‘Smart Grid’ refers
to a modernization of the electricity delivery system so it
monitors, protects and automatically optimizes the
operation of its interconnected elements from the central
and distributed generator through the high-voltage
network and distribution system, to industrial users and
building automation systems, to energy storage
installations and to end-use consumers…”
17
Energy
Smart
IT Grid
Telecom
Fig 5. Infrastructure of Smart Grid

18. Traditional and Smart Grid
Traditional Grid Smart Grid
Electromechanical, solid state Digital/Microprocessor
One way and local two way
communication
Global/Integrated two way
communication
Centralized generation Distributed generation
Limited monitoring, protection and
control systems
Adaptive protection
‘Blind’ Self monitoring
Manual restoration Automated
Check equipment manually Monitor equipment remotely
Limited control system Pervasive control system
Estimated reliability Predictive reliability
Table 1 18

19. Components of Smart Grid
19
NERVE *AMI(Meters and network)
*Advanced grid sensing and visualization technology
BRAIN *Demand and Response
*Building energy management system
*MDMS(Meter data management system)
*End-use energy efficiency
MUSCLE *Distributed generation from renewable sources
*energy storage technology
BONE *Transmission line(HVDC, Superconducting)
*New transformers and substation equipment
Table 2. Table for components of Smart Grid system

20. 20
Fig 6. Smart grid and the human nervous system

21. Model of Smart Grid
21 Fig 7

22. Advanced Metering Infrastructure(AMI)
or Smart Meters :
22
A smart meter is a digital
meter that record energy
usage inreal time.
Includes hardware, software,
communications, consumer
energy displays and
controllers, customer
associated systems, Meter
Data Management (MDM)
software, and supplier
business systems.
Fig 8. A “Smart” Meter

23. AMI: Two Layers
23
1. Transport Layer: 2 components
A. The physical smart meter-replacing the older
mechanical one.
B. AMI Communications network to transport
the data.
2. Application Layer :
Information converted to actionable intelligence via
meter specific applications.

24. With large numbers of high
speed sensors called PMUs
and the ability to compare
shapes from alternating
current readings
everywhere on the grid,
research suggests that
automated systems will be
able to revolutionize the
management of power
systems by responding to
system conditions in a
rapid, dynamic fashion.
Fig 9. PMU
24
Phasor Measurement Units :

25. Stakeholders
Technology
Drivers
Smart
grid
Consumers
Utility
Federal and
state
regulators
Environmental
Policymakers
groups
25
Fig 10

26. Driver’s interactions
Policy
Market Technology
26
Fig 11

27. Policy drivers
 1.Energy independence & security
•Decreasing fuel supplies
•On-going dependence on volatile nations
•Raising/volatile fuel costs
 2.Economic considerations
•Rising asset costs
•Job creation/business opportunities
 3.Environmental considerations
•Awareness of environmental issues (global warming)
•Social pressures (particularly in EU)
4.Regulation & Funding
•Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS)
•Energy Independence Act of 2007; ARRA: $4B for Smart
Grid
27

28. Market Drivers
 1.Growing energy (and peak) demand
•Appliances, electronics, data centers, PHEV/BEV introduction
•Demandresponse
 2.Increased efficiency thru grid optimization
•Least cost power algorithms at substation distribution
 3.Infrastructure reliability & security
•Blackout/brownouts cost $150B annually
•21stcentury power quality (PQ)
•Anticipate and automatically respond to system disturbances
•Network/systems tolerant of natural disaster or attacks
 4.Advanced consumer services
•Robust, simple consumer energy management platforms
•Networked devices within the “smart home”
•Active role in efficient power usage & pricing models
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29. Technology Drivers
 1.Alternative energy
•Trends toward distributed resources
•Growing supply of renewablesgeneration and
storage
•Intelligent support for intermittent
renewablesintegration
 2.Smart grid technology advancements
•Convergence of IT, Telecom, and Energy
•Rapid innovation of a range of news products
& Solutions
•Significant amount of VC investment
29

30. Need for establishment of smart grids :
Higher penetration of renewable resources or
distributed generation.
 Extensive and effective communication overlay
from generation to consumers.
 Use of advanced sensors and high speed
control.
 Higher operating efficiency.
 Greater resiliency against attacks and natural
disasters.
Automated metering and rapid power
restoration.
 Provide greater customer participation.
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31. Integration of DG with Smart Grid
Fig 12. The integration of DG with Smart Grid 31

32. Rules of interconnection
ANSI C84.1 defines the acceptable range of voltages on the feeder for
normal and contingency conditions.
• Range –A voltages apply to normal conditions.
– Max service voltage for Range A is 126V, and min service voltage is
114V
• Range B voltages are for contingency or emergency operations, such
as when a feeder is switched to a backup source.
– Max service voltage for Range B is 127V, and min service voltage is
110V
• The nominal substation voltage on the PNM system is 122.0V with a
3V bandwidth for LTP (load tap changing)
• PNM distribution standard calls for no more than a 4% voltage drop
on any secondary circuit serving a customer.
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33. Benefits of integration with Smart Grid :
Transmission Reliability :
 Automated Fault Location
 Composite Core Conductor
 Advanced System Planning Tools
 Dynamic Voltage and VAR Control
 Energy Storage for Transmission Reliability
 Real Time Voltage Stability Program
 Synchrophasors (Transmission)
 Convert Manual Switches to Remote SCADA
 Operation
 Fiber Optic and Wireless Communication System
 Spinning Reserve for emergencies
33

34. Distribution Reliability:
• Advanced Ground Fault Detection
• Advanced Weather Station Integration and Forecasting
Capabilities (T&D)
• Wireless Faulted Circuit Indicators
• Phase Identification
• Smart Isolation and Reclosing
• Arc Detection (T&D)
• Outage Management System/Distribution Management
System (Operational Efficiency)
34

35. Looking beyond :
35 Fig 13

36. Conclusion
A Smart Grid impacts all the components
of a power system and generation is
likely to change with a drive towards
more renewable generation. This will
lead to conservation of the environment
and decrease the adverse effects of
pollution. The pressure on the existing
conventional resources will also
decrease.
36

37. References :
 Introduction to generation, Euginuisz Rosolawski
 Smart Grid, Dr. Gleb V. Tcheslavski
 Impact of Distributed Generation on Smart Grid
Transient Stability,Nur Asyik Hidayatullah, Zahir J.
Paracha, Akhtar Kalam
 Smart Grid improves the value of Distributed
Generation, Prof. Saifur Rahman
 Compensation of impacts of Distributed Generation
using Smart Grid Technology, Manoj Kumar Nigam, A.
Krishna Nag
 Smart Grid, Ali Firouzi ,PhD
 Smart Grid power system control in distributed
generation environment, Pertti Järventausta, Sami Repo,
Antti Rautiainen,Jarmo Partanen
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