The presented lectures are related to the Distribution generation and smart grid. Further,suggestions are highly welcomed for the modifications of the lecture.
These slides are all about Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs). An introduction to PMU is presented as a preliminary knowledge for the course 'Distribution Generation and Smart Grid'. Your valuable suggestions are welcome.
Wide area monitoring systems (WAMS) are essentially based on the new data acquisition technology of phasor measurement and allow monitoring transmission system conditions over large areas in view of detecting and further counteracting grid instabilities.
seminar on SMART GRID is the best seminar of my branch
technology based on smart to integration of information technology on traditional power system
It may be best to understood Smart Grid as the overlaying of a unified communications and control system on the existing power delivery infrastructure to provide the right information to the right entity (e.g. end-use devices, transmission and distribution, system controls, customers, etc.) at the right time to take the right action. It is a system that optimizes power supply and delivery, minimizes losses, is self-healing, and enables next-generation energy efficiency and demand response applications.
To have connections between suppliers, distributors and consumers.
In definition, Smart Grid is a form of electricity network utilizing digital technology.
Its delivers electricity from suppliers to consumers using two-way digital communications to control appliances at consumers' homes; which in deed will saving the energy, reduce costs and increase reliability.
A key feature of the smart grid is automation technology that lets the utility adjust and control each individual device or millions of devices from a central location.
A Smart Grid must functions as followings
1. Be able to heal itself
Smart Grid is designed with a control system that self-analyzes its performance using intelligent autonomous reinforcement learning controllers that are able to learn new strategies and successfully implementing such strategies to govern the behavior of the grid in the face of an ever changing environment such as equipment failures.
2. Motivate consumers to actively participate in operations of the grid
If consumers have freedom to control own usage of energy, they will be motivated to participate and be part of the system. They can monitor their usage and manipulate by the assistance of “smart appliances” and “intelligent equipment” in homes or businesses. Advanced communications capabilities equip customers with tools to exploit real-time electricity pricing, incentive-based load reduction signals, or emergency load reduction signals.
3. Resist attack
Most important issues of resist attack is the smart monitoring of power grids, which is the basis of control and management of smart grids to avoid or mitigate the system-wide disruptions like blackouts.
4. Accommodate all energy generation and storage options
Smart Grid integrates two power generation source; traditional power generation likes fossil fuel powered power plant with renewable power generations either generates from residential, commercial, and industrial customers that will improves reliability and power quality, reduces electricity costs, and offers more customer choice.
5. High quality power
Outages and power quality issues is common for any country especially for major industrial-based countries. Smart Grid provides more stable power provided that will reduce downtime and prevent such high losses because of
In microgrid, if fault occurs or any other contingency happens, then the problems would be created which are related to power flow, also there are various protection schemes are used for minimize or eliminate these problems.
Voltage control is used for reactive power balance and P-f control is used for active power control.
Various protection schemes such as, over current protection, differential protection scheme, zoning of network in adaptive protection scheme are used in microgrid system .
OVERVIEW
WHAT IS SMART GRID?
NEED OF SMART GRID IN INDIAN CONTEXT.
SMART GRID ATTRIBUTES.
INDIAN GOVERNMENT INTIATIVE TOWARDS SMART GRID
SMART GRID PROJECTS IN INDIA.
INDIAN GOVT. APPROVED PROJECTS.
PRESENT STATUS OF PROJECTS
BARRIERS TO SMART GRID IMPLEMETATION
LAYOUT OF SMARTGRID
CONCLUSION
REFRERENCES
with the help of web based power quality monitoring system we can control and manage the data flow of electrical quantity and control the improve the quality of the power system in grid
By using smart grid technology energy can be utilized to the maximum and would not be wasted. It refers to the modernized version of the earlier traditional method of energy supply. Allows consumers to interact with the grid.
The concept of FACTS (Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System) refers to a family of power electronics-based devices able to enhance AC system controllability and stability and to increase power transfer capability.
These slides are all about Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs). An introduction to PMU is presented as a preliminary knowledge for the course 'Distribution Generation and Smart Grid'. Your valuable suggestions are welcome.
Wide area monitoring systems (WAMS) are essentially based on the new data acquisition technology of phasor measurement and allow monitoring transmission system conditions over large areas in view of detecting and further counteracting grid instabilities.
seminar on SMART GRID is the best seminar of my branch
technology based on smart to integration of information technology on traditional power system
It may be best to understood Smart Grid as the overlaying of a unified communications and control system on the existing power delivery infrastructure to provide the right information to the right entity (e.g. end-use devices, transmission and distribution, system controls, customers, etc.) at the right time to take the right action. It is a system that optimizes power supply and delivery, minimizes losses, is self-healing, and enables next-generation energy efficiency and demand response applications.
To have connections between suppliers, distributors and consumers.
In definition, Smart Grid is a form of electricity network utilizing digital technology.
Its delivers electricity from suppliers to consumers using two-way digital communications to control appliances at consumers' homes; which in deed will saving the energy, reduce costs and increase reliability.
A key feature of the smart grid is automation technology that lets the utility adjust and control each individual device or millions of devices from a central location.
A Smart Grid must functions as followings
1. Be able to heal itself
Smart Grid is designed with a control system that self-analyzes its performance using intelligent autonomous reinforcement learning controllers that are able to learn new strategies and successfully implementing such strategies to govern the behavior of the grid in the face of an ever changing environment such as equipment failures.
2. Motivate consumers to actively participate in operations of the grid
If consumers have freedom to control own usage of energy, they will be motivated to participate and be part of the system. They can monitor their usage and manipulate by the assistance of “smart appliances” and “intelligent equipment” in homes or businesses. Advanced communications capabilities equip customers with tools to exploit real-time electricity pricing, incentive-based load reduction signals, or emergency load reduction signals.
3. Resist attack
Most important issues of resist attack is the smart monitoring of power grids, which is the basis of control and management of smart grids to avoid or mitigate the system-wide disruptions like blackouts.
4. Accommodate all energy generation and storage options
Smart Grid integrates two power generation source; traditional power generation likes fossil fuel powered power plant with renewable power generations either generates from residential, commercial, and industrial customers that will improves reliability and power quality, reduces electricity costs, and offers more customer choice.
5. High quality power
Outages and power quality issues is common for any country especially for major industrial-based countries. Smart Grid provides more stable power provided that will reduce downtime and prevent such high losses because of
In microgrid, if fault occurs or any other contingency happens, then the problems would be created which are related to power flow, also there are various protection schemes are used for minimize or eliminate these problems.
Voltage control is used for reactive power balance and P-f control is used for active power control.
Various protection schemes such as, over current protection, differential protection scheme, zoning of network in adaptive protection scheme are used in microgrid system .
OVERVIEW
WHAT IS SMART GRID?
NEED OF SMART GRID IN INDIAN CONTEXT.
SMART GRID ATTRIBUTES.
INDIAN GOVERNMENT INTIATIVE TOWARDS SMART GRID
SMART GRID PROJECTS IN INDIA.
INDIAN GOVT. APPROVED PROJECTS.
PRESENT STATUS OF PROJECTS
BARRIERS TO SMART GRID IMPLEMETATION
LAYOUT OF SMARTGRID
CONCLUSION
REFRERENCES
with the help of web based power quality monitoring system we can control and manage the data flow of electrical quantity and control the improve the quality of the power system in grid
By using smart grid technology energy can be utilized to the maximum and would not be wasted. It refers to the modernized version of the earlier traditional method of energy supply. Allows consumers to interact with the grid.
The concept of FACTS (Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System) refers to a family of power electronics-based devices able to enhance AC system controllability and stability and to increase power transfer capability.
This presentation presents for the following purposes
1: It covers the chapter of Research Problem formulation in the subject Research methodology
2: Defining the research problem
3: Significance of the research problem
4: Necessity of the research problem
5: How to find out the research problem
6: Why research problem is very important
7: How a bad formulation of the research problem affects the project or research study
This presentation helps to the students how to write the Thesis or Project report. The presentation can be taken as a general tips or guidelines for the students to write their report in a technical and better way for the readers and for the visibility of their work. It covers all the standard procedure to write a technical research article, paper and Thesis
This slides are the Ph.D. work presentation on Active Power Filter design and implementation for harmonic elimination in micro-grid and electric vehicle
This is Ph.D. Thesis. The title reflects the work. Topologies and Controls for Optimal Energy Bifurcation in AC, DC, and Hybrid Microgrid. It will help to all the researchers work in this field
Defuzzification is the process of producing a quantifiable result in Crisp logic, given fuzzy sets and corresponding membership degrees. It is the process that maps a fuzzy set to a crisp set. It is typically needed in fuzzy control systems.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
1. Class-1: Introduction to Smart Grid
Course: Distribution Generation and Smart Grid
Prof. (Dr.) Pravat Kumar Rout
Department of EEE, ITER,
Siksha ‘O’Anusandhan (Deemed to be University),
Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
2. Grid
✓ The term grid is used for an electrical system that may support all or
some of the following four operations: electricity generation, electricity
transmission, electricity distribution, and electricity control.
3. What Makes a Grid “Smart?”
✓ In short, the digital technology that allows for two-way communication
between the utility and its customers, and the sensing along the
transmission lines is what makes the grid smart.
✓ Like the Internet, the Smart Grid will consist of controls, computers,
automation, and new technologies and equipment working together, but
in this case, these technologies will work with the electrical grid to
respond digitally to our quickly changing electric demand.
4. Smart Grid
✓ Smart Grid facilitates efficient and reliable end-to-end intelligent two-way
delivery system from source to sink through integration of renewable
energy sources, smart transmission and distribution.
✓ In this way Smart Grid technology shall bring efficiency and sustainability
in meeting the growing electricity demand with reliability and best of the
quality.
✓ Smart Grid also enables real time monitoring and control of power system
as well as helps in reduction of AT&C losses, demand response and
demand side management, power quality management, outage
management, smart home energy system etc.
5. Continue...
✓ Smart Grid will act as a backbone infrastructure to enable new business
models like smart city, electric vehicles, smart communities apart from
more resilient and efficient energy system and tariff structures.
✓ A smart grid also called smart electrical/power grid, intelligent grid, future
grid, inter-grid, or intra-grid, is an enhancement of the 20th century power
grid.
✓ More specifically, the SG can be regarded as an electric system that uses
information, two-way, cyber-secure communication technologies, and
computational intelligence in an integrated fashion across electricity
generation, transmission, substations, distribution and communications
to achieve a system that is clean, safe, secure, reliable, resilient,
efficient, and sustainable.
6. Three major systems in Smart Grid
from a Technical Prospective
Smart Infrastructure
System
Smart
Management
System
Smart
Protection
System
7.
8.
9. Aims of the Smart Grids-The Vision
✓ Provide a user centric approach and allow new services to enter into the market
✓ Establish innovation as an economical driver for the electricity networks
renewal
✓ Maintain security of supply, ensure integration and interoperability
✓ Provides accessibility to a liberalised market and foster competition
✓ Enables distributed generation and utilization of renewable energy sources
✓ Ensure best use of central generation
✓ Consider appropriately the impact of environmental limitations
✓ Enable demand side participation (DSR, DSM)
✓ Inform the political and regulatory aspects
✓ Consider the societal aspects
10. Smart Grid Drivers
✓ Increase in electricity demand and supply shortfall
✓ Loss reduction
✓ Increase in unit cost of electricity
✓ Managing human element
✓ Reliability
✓ Efficiency
✓ Renewable energy integration
✓ Grid improvement
✓ Technological advances
13. Smart Grid Components
✓ Intelligent appliances
✓ Smart power meters
✓ Smart sub-stations
✓ Smart distribution
✓ Smart generation
✓ Universal access to
affordable, low carbon
electrical power
generation
14. Seven Key Characteristics of Smart
Grid
✓ Enables active participation by consumers
✓ Accommodates all generation and storage options
✓ Enables new products, services and markets
✓ Provides power quality for the digital economy
✓ Optimizes asset utilization and operates efficiently
✓ Anticipates and responds to system disturbances (Self-heals)
✓ Operates resiliently against attack and natural disaster
15. Modern Hardware for Smart Grid
Group Name
✓ Power Electronics Devices
Technology
✓ Unified Power Flow Controller
(UPFC)
✓ DVAR or DSTATCOM
✓ Static Voltage Regulator (SVR)
✓ Static VAR Compensator (SVC )
✓ Solid State Transfer Switch
✓ Dynamic Break
✓ AC/DC Inverter
16. Continue...
Group Name
✓ Superconductivity
✓ Distributed Generation
Technology
✓ First Generation Wire
✓ HTS Cable
✓ Second Generation Wire
✓ Micro Turbine
✓ Fuel Cell
✓ PV
✓ Wind Turbine
18. Smart Grid Technologies: Wide area
monitoring and control
✓ Hardware: Phasor measurement units (PMU) and other sensor
equipment
✓ Systems and Software:
1. Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA),
2. wide area monitoring systems (WAMS),
3. wide area adaptive protection, control and automation (WAAPCA),
4. wide area situational awareness (WASA).
✓ Implementation area: Generation and Transmission
19. Smart Grid Technologies: Information
and Communication Technology
✓ Hardware:
1. Communication equipment
(Power line carrier, WIMAX, LTE,
RF mesh network, cellular)
2. Routers
3. Relays and switches
4. Gateway
5. Computers (Servers)
✓ Systems and Software:
1. Enterprise resource
planning software (ERP)
2. Customer information
system (CIS)
✓Implementation area:
Generation, Transmission,
Distribution, Industrial, Service,
Residential
20. Smart Grid Technologies: Renewable
and Distributed Generation Integration
✓ Hardware:
1. Power conditioning equipment for bulk power and grid support
2. Communication and control hardware for generation and enabling
storage technology
✓ Systems and Software:
1. Energy management system (EMS)
2. Distribution management system (DMS)
3. SCADA
4. Geographic information system (GIS)
✓ Implementation area: Generation, Transmission, Distribution, Industrial,
Service, Residential
21. Smart Grid Technologies: Transmission
Enhancement
✓ Hardware:
1. Superconductors
2. FACTS
3. HVDC
✓ Systems and Software:
1. Network stability analysis
2. Automatic recovery systems
✓ Implementation area: Transmission
22. Smart Grid Technologies: Distribution
Grid Management
✓ Hardware:
1. Automated re-closers
2. Switches and capacitors
3. Remote controlled
distribution generation
and storage
4. Transformer sensors
5. Wire and cable sensors
✓ Systems and Software:
1. Geographical information system
(GIS)
2. Distribution management
systems (DMS)
3. Outage management systems
(OMS)
4. Workforce management system
(WMS)
✓Implementation area: Distribution
23. Smart Grid Technologies: Advanced
Metering Infrastructure
✓ Hardware:
1. Smart meter
2. In-home displays
3. Servers
4. Relays
✓ Systems and Software: Meter data management system (MDMS)
✓ Implementation area: Distribution, Industrial, Service, Residential
24. Smart Grid Technologies: Electric
Vehicle Charging Infrastructure
✓ Hardware:
1. Charging infrastructure,
2. Batteries
3. Inverters
✓ Systems and Software:
1. Energy billing
2. Smart grid-to-vehicle charging (G2V) and discharging vehicle-to-grid
(V2G) methodologies
✓ Implementation area: Distribution, Industrial, Service, Residential
25. Smart Grid Technologies: Customer
Side Systems
✓ Hardware:
1. Smart appliances
2. Routers
3. In-home display
4. Building automation systems
5. Thermal accumulators
6. Smart thermostat
✓ Systems and Software:
1. Energy dashboards
2. Energy management
systems
3. Energy applications for
smart phones and tablets
✓Implementation area: Industrial,
Service, Residential
26. Smart Grid Benefits
✓ Self-healing
✓ Motivates and includes the consumers
✓ Resists attack
✓ Provides power quality for 21st century needs
✓ Accommodates all generation and storage options
✓ Enables markets, market participation
✓ Optimizes assets and operates efficiently
27. Smart Grid Challenges
✓ Financial resources ( high capital investment)
✓ Government support
✓ Compatible equipment
✓ Speed of technology development
✓ Policy and regulation
✓ Cooperation
✓ Integration of CIS, GIS, OMS
✓ Standardisation
28. Traditional Grid V/S Smart Grid
1. Electromechanical
2. One-way communication
3. Centralised power generation
4. A smaller number of sensors
5. Manual monitoring
6. Manual recovery
7. Failures and power outages
8. Few user options
9. Hierarchical
10. Limited control
11. Few customer choice
1. Digital
2. Two-way communication
3. Distributed power generation
4. Full Grid sensor layout
5. Automatic monitoring
6. Automatic recovery
7. Adaptive and islanded
8. More user options
9. Network
10. Pervasive control
11. Many customer choice
29. Four Technology Layers of Smart Grid
The analogy can be drawn
between these layers with the
human body.
✓ The bottom layer is
analogous to the body’s
muscles
✓ The sensor/actuator layer
corresponds to the body’s
sense organs
✓ The communication layer
corresponds to the nerves
✓ The decision intelligence
layer corresponds to the human
brain
30. Functions to perform
✓ Microgrid control and scheduling
(demand response and
efficiency)
✓ Intrusion detection and
countermeasures (cyber security)
✓ Equipment monitoring and
diagnostic systems (asset
management )
✓ Wide area monitoring protection
and control
✓ Online system event
identification and alarming
(safety and reliability)
✓ Power oscillation monitoring and
damping (stability)
✓ Voltage and VAR optimization
(energy efficiency and demand
reduction)
✓ Voltage collapse vulnerability
detection (security)
✓ Autonomous outage detection
and restoration ( self healing)
✓ Intelligent load balancing and
feeder reconfiguration (energy
efficiency)
31. Continue...
✓ Self-setting and adaptive relays (protection)
✓ End-user energy management systems (consumer participation,
efficiency)
✓ Dynamic power compensation, using energy storage and voltage source
inverters (efficiency and stability)
32. ✓ Farhangi, H. (2009). The path of the smart grid. IEEE power and energy
magazine, 8(1), 18-28.
✓ Amin, S. M., & Wollenberg, B. F. (2005). Toward a smart grid: power
delivery for the 21st century. IEEE power and energy magazine, 3(5), 34-
41.
✓ Fang, X., Misra, S., Xue, G., & Yang, D. (2011). Smart grid—The new and
improved power grid: A survey. IEEE communications surveys &
tutorials, 14(4), 944-980.
References
33. Continue...
✓ Ipakchi, A., & Albuyeh, F. (2009). Grid of the future. IEEE power and energy
magazine, 7(2), 52-62.
✓ Yu, X., Cecati, C., Dillon, T., & Simoes, M. G. (2011). The new frontier of
smart grids. IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine, 5(3), 49-63.
✓ Wang, J., Huang, A. Q., Sung, W., Liu, Y., & Baliga, B. J. (2009). Smart grid
technologies. IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine, 3(2), 16-23.
✓ Arnold, G. W. (2011). Challenges and opportunities in smart grid: A
position article. Proceedings of the IEEE, 99(6), 922-927.
34. Possible Questions
✓ What are the major drivers for looking Smart Grid as an possible up-
gradation to Traditional Grid system?
✓ What are the major technology involved in Smart Grid design and
infrastructure?
✓ Differentiate between Smart and Traditional Grid System?
✓ Mention the key characteristics of Smart Grid?