This document discusses distributed generation (DG), also known as on-site power generation located near the load. DG provides benefits to end-users, distribution utilities, and power producers. It examines various DG technologies like reciprocating engines, combustion turbines, fuel cells, and renewables. The document also covers interface options with the utility grid, power quality issues, operating conflicts, and the role of DG in smart grids and rural electrification as supported by India's government policies.

1. Distributed Generation
ANSHUL SHRIVASTAVA
M.tech (Power Distribution with Specialization in
Smart Grid)
University of Petroleum & Energy Studies,
Dehradun
1

2. Introduction
 Perspectives on DG Benefits
– End-User Perspective
• Back Generation to Provide Improved Reliability
• Reduce Energy Bill
• Participation in the Competitive Power Market
– Distribution Utility Perspective
• Transmission & Distribution Relief
• Hedge Against of Uncertain Load Growth
• Hedge Against Price Spike
– Commercial Power Producer Perspective
• Selling Power or Ancillary Service in the Deregulated Market
• Integrated Resource Planning
2

3. Introduction
 Distributed generation (DG), also known as on-site
generation, distributed resources (DR), distributed energy
resources (DER) or dispersed power (DP) is the use of
small-scale power generation technologies located close
to the load being served
Energy Companies
Equipment Suppliers,
Regulators,
Energy Users
Financial and Supporting Companies
3

4. Comparison
4

5. DG Technologies
 Reciprocating Engine Genset
– The Least Expensive DG Technology
– High Nox and Sox Emission. This Severely Limits the
Number of Hours the Units, Particularly Diesels, May
Operate per Year.
– Natural Gas-Fire Engine Produce Fewer Emission.
However, the Natural Gas Price is Unpredictable.
5

6. DG Technologies
 Reciprocating Engine Genset
6

7. DG Technologies
 Combustion Turbine
– Range from 1 to 10 MW
– High Speed: 8 – 12 kRPM
– Microturbine
• 30 – 75 kW
• 10 – 100 kRPM
• Efficiency: 25 – 30 %
7

8. DG Technologies
 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
8

9. DG Technologies
 Carbon Nanotube
(CNTFET)
9

10. DG Technologies
 Fuel Cell
10

11. DG Technologies
 Wind Generation
11

12. DG Technologies
 Photovoltaic
12

13. Interface to the Utility System
 Synchronous Machine
 Asynchronous Machine
 Electronic Power Inverters
13

14. Power Quality Issues
 Sustained Interruptions
 Voltage Regulation
 Voltage Ride Through
 Harmonics
 Voltage Sags
 Load Following
 Power Variation
 Misfiring of Reciprocating Engines
14

15. Operating Conflicts
 Voltage Drops Along the Feeder if the DG is
Interrupted (Determine the Max. Capacity of DG)
15

16. Operating Conflicts
 Islanding
Main Utility Grid
DG
16

17. Operating Conflicts
 Varying DG Output can Cause Excess Duty on
Utility Voltage Regulation Equipment
17

18. Operating Conflicts
 Transformer Connections
– Grounded Y-Y Connection
• No Phase Shift
• Less Concern for Ferroresonance
• Allow DG to Feed All Types of Faults on the Utility System
• Back Feed of the Triplen Harmonic
• Should Insert Ground Impedance to Limit the Current
18

19. DG on Low-Voltage
Distribution Networks
 A Microcomputer Based Network Protector Relay
19

20. DG on Low-Voltage
Distribution Networks
 Operation of A Microcomputer Based Network
Protector Relay
– Network protector relays are used to monitor and
control the power flow of low voltage AC to secondary
network systems
– The purpose of the network protector is to prevent the
system from backfeeding and initiate automatic
reclosing when the system returns to normal
20

21. Benefits of Decentralized
Generation
No high peak load shortages
Reduced high transmission and distribution
losses
Linking remote and inaccessible areas
Faster response to new power demands
Improved supply reliability and power
management
21

22.  Disadvantages of DG
– Power Quality
– Cost of Operation and Maintenance
– Long Term Reliability of the Units
– Interconnection
22

23. Distributed Generation
Applications
 Continuous Power
 Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
 Peaking Power
 Green Power
 Premium Power
 Emergency Power System
 Standby Power System
 True Premium Power System
 Transmission and Distribution Deferral
 Ancillary Service Power
23

24. Identification of DG
Installation
Evaluation of distributed generation
opportunities in end-use markets
Assessments of distributed generation
technologies
Identification of potential sites for distributed
generation applications
Different price and Performance parameters
Feasibility studies for distributed generation
projects 24

25. Role of Decentralized
Generation in Smart Grid
 Natural Extensions of Smart Grid
 Better System Management
 Additional Revenue Stream
 Less Investment and less transportation cost
 Cutting line losses
 Ease of Control from Islanding and anti islanding
Scheme
 Reduces carbon emission and thus supports
sustainable livelihood.
 Automatic Resynchronization. 25

26. Decentralized Generation in
India
26

27. Government Policy of India
 The Electricity Act, 2003 has given a thrust to distributed generation
particularly in the context of rural electrification. The Act specifies
distributed generation and supply through stand-alone conventional and
renewable energy systems.
 The National Electricity Policy notified on 12 February 2005 recommends
under the Rural Electrification component, that to provide a reliable rural
electrification system, wherever conventional grid is not feasible,
decentralized distributed generation facilities (using conventional or non-
conventional sources of energy) together with local distribution network be
provided.
 Two specific schemes, the Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojna and
the Remote Village Electrification Scheme, will provide up to 90% capital
subsidy for rural electrification projects using decentralized distributed
generation options based on conventional and non-conventional fuels.
27

28. 28