Artificial photosynthesis
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Artificial photosynthesis aims to replicate the natural process of photosynthesis through chemical reactions. It uses sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce carbohydrates or solar fuels like methanol, methane or carbon monoxide. These solar fuels could serve as carbon-neutral, renewable alternatives to fossil fuels. However, current catalysts are not efficient enough to reduce CO2 into fuels at useful rates and selectivities. If developed further, artificial photosynthesis on an industrial scale could help solve global warming by reducing atmospheric CO2 levels.
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Artificial photosynthesis PPT
Artificial photosynthesis is a chemical process that replicates the natural process of photosynthesis, a process that converts sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and oxygen; as an imitation of a natural process, it is biomimetic. The term, artificial photosynthesis, is commonly used to refer to any scheme for capturing and storing the energy from sunlight in the chemical bonds of a fuel (a solar fuel). Photocatalytic water splitting converts water into hydrogen ions and oxygen and is a major research topic in artificial photosynthesis. Light-driven carbon dioxide reduction is another process studied, that replicates natural carbon fixation.
This Artificial Photosynthesis ppt covers all the processes involved in Artificial Photosynthesis, current researchers on Artificial Photosynthesis, key issues, challenges in artificial photosynthesis
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Artificial photosynthesis aims to mimic natural photosynthesis by using synthetic materials to split water and produce hydrogen and oxygen using sunlight. The document discusses an "artificial leaf" developed by MIT researchers that uses silicon solar cells coated with catalysts to produce hydrogen and oxygen gases from water when exposed to sunlight. Current artificial leaf prototypes have efficiencies around 2-5% but challenges remain in improving efficiency and reducing costs to enable commercialization of the technology for renewable energy applications.
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Artificial photosynthesis PPT
Artificial photosynthesis is a chemical process that replicates the natural process of photosynthesis, a process that converts sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and oxygen; as an imitation of a natural process, it is biomimetic. The term, artificial photosynthesis, is commonly used to refer to any scheme for capturing and storing the energy from sunlight in the chemical bonds of a fuel (a solar fuel). Photocatalytic water splitting converts water into hydrogen ions and oxygen and is a major research topic in artificial photosynthesis. Light-driven carbon dioxide reduction is another process studied, that replicates natural carbon fixation.
This Artificial Photosynthesis ppt covers all the processes involved in Artificial Photosynthesis, current researchers on Artificial Photosynthesis, key issues, challenges in artificial photosynthesis
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- Photochemical and photobiological systems use sunlight to drive the water splitting reaction.
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Nscu 302 wk 2 1
The document discusses photosynthesis and the carbon cycle. It explains that:
1) Photosynthesis uses energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and carbohydrates like sugar, storing the sun's energy.
2) Carbon cycles between the atmosphere, living things, oceans, soil and fossil fuels as part of the global carbon cycle. Green plants and algae absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen through photosynthesis.
3) Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts and has two stages - the light dependent reactions which require sunlight, and the light independent dark reactions which can occur with or without light but are more efficient in darkness.
Environmental catalyst, Water Treatment, IDM7
Done By: MSAF Group
School Name: Qatar Secondary School for Girls
Environmental Catalysis Module: Students examines different types of catalytic systems, including heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis. Depending on the knowledge they gained during activities, the students are then asked to design their projects.
Our Project: We were inspired by the activities we did with AL-Bairaq most of the activities were focused on catalysis and their effects on the reaction, and through "using photo-catalysis to degrade water pollutant" activity we learned that some catalysts may work as filters or react to make a safe compound. Here comes the idea of water treatment. We started searching on catalyst and we focused on photo-catalysis.
Introduction to biosynthetic pathway
Biosynthesis is the process by which living organisms form complex organic compounds from simple precursors like sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids. These complex compounds that are directly involved in growth and development are called primary metabolites, while secondary metabolites are not directly involved in these processes but play important ecological roles. Photosynthesis is an important biosynthetic pathway that converts sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water into glucose, a primary metabolite that provides energy to drive cellular processes in plants.
Biohydrogen as a fuel
This document discusses biohydrogen as a renewable fuel. It begins with an introduction that defines biohydrogen as hydrogen produced biologically from biomass. It then discusses the history of biohydrogen research and different methods of biohydrogen production, including fermentation, dark fermentation, light fermentation, and two types of biophotolysis - direct and indirect. Direct biophotolysis uses algae to convert water and sunlight directly into hydrogen and oxygen. Indirect biophotolysis is a two-step process where algae or cyanobacteria first produce sugars from water and CO2, then convert the sugars into hydrogen and oxygen. The document also briefly mentions properties of hydrogen important for fuel use and applications of hydrogen in fuel cells.
Lesson 1 photosynthesis.pptx
1) Photosynthesis is the process by which plants produce glucose (sugar) from carbon dioxide and water, using energy from sunlight.
2) It occurs in two stages: the light-dependent reaction where sunlight is absorbed to make ATP and NADPH, and the light-independent Calvin cycle where carbon is incorporated into glucose.
3) Chloroplasts are essential organelles where photosynthesis takes place, as they contain chlorophyll which absorbs sunlight and drives the process.
photosynthesis by Dr. Hasbi.pptx
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of sugar. It requires chlorophyll and occurs in two stages - the light-dependent reactions which use light to make ATP and NADPH in the thylakoid membrane, and the light-independent Calvin cycle which uses these products to fix carbon dioxide and produce carbohydrates in the chloroplast stroma. The overall process converts light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose that plants can then use for food.
Photosynthesis Lab Report
This lab report examines the effect of light conditions on the rate of photosynthesis. The experiment measured the rate of photosynthesis by timing how long it took for photosynthesis to occur in leaf disks placed in a CO2 solution under different lighting conditions. As predicted, the results showed that the rate of photosynthesis was higher for leaf disks in direct sunlight compared to those in the shade. The conclusion was that light and carbon dioxide are necessary for photosynthesis, and that more light leads to a higher photosynthetic rate.
Photosynthesis, introduction, mechanism factors
This document provides an overview of photosynthesis including:
1. The structure of chloroplasts and photosynthetic pigments like chlorophyll that capture sunlight.
2. The mechanisms of photosynthesis including the light and dark reactions that convert solar energy to chemical energy in sugars.
3. Pathways like C4 and CAM that help plants absorb carbon dioxide.
4. Factors like light intensity, carbon dioxide, temperature, and water supply that affect the rate of photosynthesis.
The document concludes that photosynthesis is essential as it provides energy for all plants and animals through the conversion of sunlight, water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and glucose.
Pbl presentation
The document discusses how algae can be used to produce energy. It explains that algae use photosynthesis to capture carbon dioxide and sunlight to produce biomass and oxygen. The biomass can then be converted into biodiesel and ethanol through various processes. However, there are challenges to producing fuel from algae at large scales, including developing low-cost and high productivity production systems over thousands of hectares. Maximizing the energy efficiency of algal photosynthesis involves better controlling parameters like temperature, pH, and salinity.
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reducation of co2 and its application to environment.
reducation of co2 and its application to environment.
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Organic identification
This document provides information on qualitative organic analysis including:
- Testing for elements like carbon, hydrogen, halogens, nitrogen, and sulfur using sodium fusion.
- Using physical properties and solubility tests to obtain structural information.
- Performing classification tests to identify functional groups like alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, amines, ethers, phenols, nitriles, and nitro compounds.
- Preparing characteristic derivatives to further identify organic compounds such as phenylurethanes for alcohols and arylsulfonamides for amines.
5 benzocaine
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Geometrical isomers
This document discusses geometrical isomers, which occur when rotation is restricted around a carbon-carbon double bond. Geometrical isomers can have different physical properties despite having the same molecular formula. The two types of geometrical isomers are cis-trans isomers and E-Z isomers. Cis-trans isomers have hydrogens on the same side (cis) or opposite sides (trans) of the double bond. E-Z isomers are assigned based on priority rules, with the Z isomer having higher priority groups on the same side and the E isomer having them on opposite sides. Examples are given of how geometrical isomers can impact drug action.
Types of chemical bonds
Chemical bonds form when atoms share or transfer electrons. There are several main types of bonds:
- Ionic bonds form when metals transfer electrons to nonmetals to form positive and negative ions that are attracted to each other. Ionic compounds are crystalline and dissolve in water.
- Covalent bonds form when atoms share two or more valence electrons to achieve stability. Covalent bond strength depends on the number of electron pairs shared. Covalent compounds exist as discrete molecules.
- Metallic bonds result from the attraction between positively charged metal ions and delocalized electrons in the "sea of electrons" in the solid metal. Metallic bonding explains the properties of metals like conductivity.
Transition in ultraviolet and visible light
The document discusses UV-Vis spectroscopy and factors that influence molar absorptivity. It describes the four types of electronic transitions (s-s*, n-s*, n-p*, p-p*) and explains that the p-p* transition is most useful for quantitative analysis due to its high absorptivity at moderate energies. Solvent polarity and conjugation affect transition energies and absorptivities. Chromophores like alkenes and aromatics absorb in the UV-Vis region. The document also discusses applications of UV-Vis spectroscopy for qualitative and quantitative analysis.
Uv-visible spectroscopy
This document provides an overview of UV-visible spectroscopy. It discusses the electromagnetic spectrum and how light exhibits both wave and particle properties. It explains the basic components and principles of UV-visible spectrometers, including sources such as tungsten lamps and lasers, wavelength selectors like monochromators, sample containers, and various types of detectors. It also covers important concepts such as Beer's law, deviations from Beer's law, and the factors that affect spectroscopic measurements.
Temperature and heat hazard by mzgin m. ayoob
This document discusses heat and temperature hazards. It defines heat and temperature, explains how the body is affected by heat, and identifies heat-related illnesses like heat stroke, heat exhaustion, and heat cramps. It also discusses the risks of extreme cold temperatures and ways to monitor and prevent heat stress, such as designating oversight of water, rest, shade, and modified work schedules. The goal is to educate about temperature hazards and suppress risks through awareness and precautions.
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Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
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11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptx
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Bob Reedy - Nitrate in Texas Groundwater.pdf
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The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...
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Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptx
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
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This presentation covers the content and information on "Cytokines " and their role in immune regulation .
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
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Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business MeetingDeep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless ReproducibilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
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DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
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on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
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Evaporation step counter work. I have done a physical experiment.
(Work in progress.)
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aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
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Artificial photosynthesis
- 1. By Mzgin M. Ayoob Artificial Photosynthesis
- 2. Objective • What is photosynthesis • What’s Artificial photosynthesis • Why artificial photosynthesis • How artificial photosynthesis • Useful of artificial photosynthesis
- 3. • In nature, plants use photosynthesis to convert sunlight and carbon dioxide into oxygen and a carbohydrate food source • Chlorophyll is a vital piece of this process. It captures the energy of sunlight and allow it to be used to power the complex chemical reactions inside the plant to create various forms of carbohydrate.
- 4. Artificial photosynthesis is a chemical process that replicates the natural process of photosynthesis, a process that converts sunlight,water, and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates . 2H2O (l) O2 (g) + 4H (aq) + 4e
- 6. What Is A Solar Fuel ? An energy-rich chemical compound, such as methanol or methane or carbon monoxide, made from sunlight, carbon dioxide and water through artificial photosynthesis that is a carbon neutral renewable green alternative to fossil fuels.
- 7. Currently there are no known molecular or heterogeneous catalysts for the reduction of CO2 to fuels that have the combination of rates, over potentials, selectivities. Fuel production CO2 + 2H+ + 2e- ↔ CO + H2O CO2 + 6H+ + 6e- ↔ CH3OH + H2O
- 9. Hydrogen used to produce electricity
- 10. hydrogen to produce : 1- to produce fertilizer
- 11. • The car has a fuel cell that uses hydrogen and oxygen to produce water and electricity. Like BMW(Hydrogen 7) and Honda (FCX Clarity) Hydrogen transport
- 13. 95% Certainty Humans are the Cause of Climate Change !
- 14. Solving green house problem artificial photosynthesis has the potential to reverse global warming (because its processes involve taking in carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen) if manipulated for use on a large industrial scale
- 16. Video