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unit 2 hand writting notes of phenol amines acids
Phenols* - Acidity of phenols, effect of substituents on acidity, qualitative
tests, Structure and uses of phenol, cresols, resorcinol, naphthols
Aromatic Amines* - Basicity of amines, effect of substituents on basicity, and synthetic uses of aryl diazonium salts
Aromatic Acids* –Acidity, effect of substituents on acidity and
important reactions of benzoic acid
File1 cycloaddition reactions for Under Graduate Chemistry Course
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Organozinc compounds hand written notes
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Stereoselective & stereospecific reaction B.Pharm
Stereoselective & stereospecific reaction for B.Pharmacy students
Nitration
The document discusses nitration, which is the introduction of nitro groups (-NO2) into organic molecules. It can produce nitro aromatic compounds, nitro paraffinic compounds, or nitramine compounds. The main nitrating agents are mixtures of nitric acid with sulfuric acid. Nitration of aromatic compounds produces nitrobenzene and related compounds. The orientation of nitro substitution depends on the electron-withdrawing or -donating effects of substituents. Nitration of aliphatic compounds requires high temperatures and yields complex product mixtures. Process parameters like temperature, agitation, composition, and phase ratios influence nitration kinetics and yields.
Heterocyclic Chemistry MANIK
Heterocyclic Chemistry:
5-membered heterocyclic: pyrole, furan, thiophene, thiazole, isothiazole, oxazole,
isooxazole compounds; their preparation, reaction and pharmaceutical importance.
6-membered heterocyclic compounds: pyridine, pyrimidine, pyradizine, pyrazine &
triazine: preparation reaction and importance.
Benzofused 5-member hetero-atomic compounds: indole, benzofuran, benzothiaphene,
and carbazole preparation reaction and importance
Benzofused 6-member hetero-atomic compounds: quinoline, iosquinoline: their chemistry,
synthesis and pharmaceutical importance.
Named reactions in organic synthesis
IMPORTANT NAMED REACTIONS in Organic synthesis with Introduction, General Mechanism, and their synthetic application covering more than 20 named reactions in it.
Diazotisation and coupling reaction
1. Diazotization is a reaction where an aryl amine like aniline reacts with nitrous acid to form an unstable diazonium ion intermediate.
2. Coupling reactions involve this diazonium ion reacting with compounds containing activating groups like phenol or aniline to form an azo product by joining the two aryl groups.
3. The coupling reaction is an electrophilic aromatic substitution that proceeds through a two-step mechanism where the diazonium ion attacks the aromatic ring in the first slow step.
Recommended
unit 2 hand writting notes of phenol amines acids
Phenols* - Acidity of phenols, effect of substituents on acidity, qualitative
tests, Structure and uses of phenol, cresols, resorcinol, naphthols
Aromatic Amines* - Basicity of amines, effect of substituents on basicity, and synthetic uses of aryl diazonium salts
Aromatic Acids* –Acidity, effect of substituents on acidity and
important reactions of benzoic acid
File1 cycloaddition reactions for Under Graduate Chemistry Course
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Organozinc compounds hand written notes
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Stereoselective & stereospecific reaction B.Pharm
Stereoselective & stereospecific reaction for B.Pharmacy students
Nitration
The document discusses nitration, which is the introduction of nitro groups (-NO2) into organic molecules. It can produce nitro aromatic compounds, nitro paraffinic compounds, or nitramine compounds. The main nitrating agents are mixtures of nitric acid with sulfuric acid. Nitration of aromatic compounds produces nitrobenzene and related compounds. The orientation of nitro substitution depends on the electron-withdrawing or -donating effects of substituents. Nitration of aliphatic compounds requires high temperatures and yields complex product mixtures. Process parameters like temperature, agitation, composition, and phase ratios influence nitration kinetics and yields.
Heterocyclic Chemistry MANIK
Heterocyclic Chemistry:
5-membered heterocyclic: pyrole, furan, thiophene, thiazole, isothiazole, oxazole,
isooxazole compounds; their preparation, reaction and pharmaceutical importance.
6-membered heterocyclic compounds: pyridine, pyrimidine, pyradizine, pyrazine &
triazine: preparation reaction and importance.
Benzofused 5-member hetero-atomic compounds: indole, benzofuran, benzothiaphene,
and carbazole preparation reaction and importance
Benzofused 6-member hetero-atomic compounds: quinoline, iosquinoline: their chemistry,
synthesis and pharmaceutical importance.
Named reactions in organic synthesis
IMPORTANT NAMED REACTIONS in Organic synthesis with Introduction, General Mechanism, and their synthetic application covering more than 20 named reactions in it.
Diazotisation and coupling reaction
1. Diazotization is a reaction where an aryl amine like aniline reacts with nitrous acid to form an unstable diazonium ion intermediate.
2. Coupling reactions involve this diazonium ion reacting with compounds containing activating groups like phenol or aniline to form an azo product by joining the two aryl groups.
3. The coupling reaction is an electrophilic aromatic substitution that proceeds through a two-step mechanism where the diazonium ion attacks the aromatic ring in the first slow step.
Conformational isomers
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
Resolution of racemic mixture hsb
This document provides an overview of enantiomers, racemic mixtures, and methods for resolving racemic mixtures into individual enantiomers. It defines key terms like enantiomers, racemic mixtures, and resolution. It then describes several methods for resolving racemic mixtures, including mechanical separation, preferential crystallization, biochemical separation using microorganisms, chromatographic separation, kinetic resolution, precipitation, and using diastereomers. It discusses the need for resolution and provides examples like levocetrizine and levodopa.
Conjugate base mechanism
The document discusses the conjugate base mechanism for the base hydrolysis of cobalt(III) ammine complexes.
1) The complex [Co(NH3)5Cl]2+ acts as a Bronsted acid and loses a proton to form the conjugate base [Co(NH3)4(NH2)Cl]+.
2) The conjugate base is more labile than the original complex and undergoes an SN1 reaction by slowly dissociating chloride, forming a pentacoordinated intermediate.
3) Several experiments provide evidence that the reaction follows a conjugate base mechanism, including second-order kinetics and the rate being independent of hydroxide concentration at high levels.
Heterocyclic compounds - pyrrole - synthesis of pyrrole - characteristic rea...
1. Pyrrole can be synthesized by passing acetylene and ammonia through a hot tube or by heating succinimide with zinc dust.
2. Pyrrole undergoes electrophilic substitution preferentially at the 2-position and can be nitrated, sulfonated, halogenated, formylated, acetylated, alkylated, and undergo coupling reactions.
3. Pyrrole has important medicinal uses with derivatives such as atorvastatin and tolmetin containing pyrrole nuclei, and glimepiride, enalapril, and captopril containing pyrrolidine or pyrroline nuclei for treating conditions like high blood pressure, heart disease
Claisen rearrangement
The Claisen rearrangement is a thermal rearrangement reaction discovered by Rainer Ludwig Claisen in which the allyl group of a phenolic allyl ether migrates ortho to the phenol group. Key characteristics of the Claisen rearrangement are the inversion of the migrating allyl carbon and the intramolecular, unimolecular nature of the reaction. The mechanism involves a cyclic transition state that allows for migration to the ortho position, or para if both ortho positions are blocked.
Oxidation
This document discusses the Baeyer-Villiger and Dakin oxidation reactions. The Baeyer-Villiger reaction involves using peroxy acids to oxidize ketones, forming esters and lactones. It is believed to proceed through initial protonation followed by addition and migration of the R group. The Dakin reaction oxidizes aromatic aldehydes and ketones to phenols using oxidizing agents like hydrogen peroxide. It is thought to proceed through a mechanism analogous to the Baeyer-Villiger reaction involving migration of the aryl group. Both reactions have synthetic applications, with the Baeyer-Villiger used to transform ketones and the Dakin employed to synthesize benzenediols, catechol, and other compounds.
Solvent extraction
This document discusses solvent extraction, which is a versatile separation method used in analytical chemistry. It can be used to separate, purify, enrich, and analyze both tracer and macro amounts of metal ions. The key principles discussed include the phase rule, which describes solvent extraction as a two-phase system, and the Nernst distribution law, which defines the partition or distribution coefficient. Different types of extraction systems are classified, including chelate extraction involving complex formation, extraction by solvation, and ion-pair formation. Factors that affect metal complex stability such as ligand basicity and ring size are also outlined.
Organophosphorous compounds
This document discusses organophosphorus compounds, which contain carbon-phosphorus bonds. It provides an overview of different classes of organophosphorus compounds such as phosphines, phosphonium salts, phosphine oxides, and their properties. It also summarizes some important reactions of phosphines including nucleophilic substitution, Staudinger reduction, and Mitsunobu reaction. Methods for synthesizing phosphines like the reaction of organometallic reagents with phosphorus halides are also briefly outlined.
PHOTO-OXIDATION
Photo-oxidation involves the oxidation of materials under the influence of light or radiant energy. It requires a photosensitizer that absorbs light strongly and can transfer energy to reactants. Main steps include initiation by excitation of the photosensitizer, propagation by reaction of radicals formed with oxygen, and termination. Specific photo-oxidation reactions include the formation of peroxy compounds, cyclic peroxides from conjugated dienes, oxidative coupling of aromatics, and formation of polycyclic compounds and changes to polymers.
Reduction with metal hydride- PCI syllabus-Organic / Heterocyclic chemistry
This document discusses various reagents used for reduction reactions, including lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4) and sodium borohydride (NaBH4). LiAlH4 is commonly used to reduce functional groups like nitro, carbonyl, and nitrile groups in the presence of carbon-carbon double bonds. NaBH4 selectively reduces aldehydes and ketones to alcohols while leaving halogen and cyano groups unaffected. Sodium cyanoborohydride (NaBH3CN) is a more selective reagent that can be used in the presence of acid-sensitive functional groups.
Reductive Elimination
Reductive elimination is an elementary step where the metal's coordination number and oxidation state both decrease as a new covalent bond is formed. It is the reverse of oxidative addition. Reductive elimination is more common for metals in higher oxidation states. For reductive elimination to occur, the eliminating groups must be cis-oriented and there must be a high formal positive charge on the metal. Reductive elimination finds applications in important catalytic reactions like hydrogenation and hydroformylation.
Free radicals
Properties, method of formation, stability, applications, types of reaction mechanisms, radical inhibitors, method of detection of free radicals
Protecting Groups In Organic Synthesis
When there are two functional groups of unequal reactivity within a molecule, the more reactive group can be made to react alone, but it may not be possible to react the less reactive functional group selectively.
A group the use of which makes possible to react a less reactive functional group selectively in presence of a more reactive group is known as protecting group.
A protecting group blocks the reactivity of a functional group by converting it into a different group which is inert to the conditions of some reaction(s) that is to be carried out as part of a synthetic route
Retrosynthesis by Professor Beubenz
For B Pharmacy and M Pharmacy Students
Subscribe to the YouTube Channel
#Professor_Beubenz
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC84jGf2iRN5VjwnQqi6qmXg?view_as=subscriber
E1, E2 and SN1,SN2 Mechanisms.
The E1 reaction involves the slow loss of a leaving group to form a carbocation intermediate. This allows rearrangements to occur. A base is not required for the rate determining step. The E2 reaction is an elimination reaction that results in a product with one more degree of unsaturation. The SN1 reaction involves the formation of a carbocation intermediate through a unimolecular rate determining step. This can allow for nucleophilic attack from either side and possible racemization. The SN2 reaction involves synchronous breaking of one bond and formation of another in one step, leading to inversion of configuration.
E1 reaction
The document discusses elimination reactions, specifically E1 and β-elimination reactions. It explains that E1 reactions proceed through a two-step unimolecular mechanism, with the first step being rate-determining. Factors that affect E1 reactions include the stability of the carbocation intermediate, steric effects, and the ability of the base to stabilize the carbocation. Rearrangements can also occur through carbocation migration to form more stable products.
TERPENOIDS PPTX.pdf
Terpenoids are a large and diverse class of naturally occurring organic chemicals derived from five-carbon isoprene units. They are classified based on the number of isoprene units they contain, such as monoterpenoids which have two isoprene units and 10 carbon atoms. Important terpenoids include camphor, found in the camphor tree, and geraniol and citral, fragrant components of rose and other essential oils. Squalene is an acyclic triterpenoid found in olive oil and shark liver oil. Terpenoids have a variety of industrial and medical uses and their structures can be determined through chemical reactions, synthesis, and spectral analysis.
Organic identification
This document provides information on qualitative organic analysis including:
- Testing for elements like carbon, hydrogen, halogens, nitrogen, and sulfur using sodium fusion.
- Using physical properties and solubility tests to obtain structural information.
- Performing classification tests to identify functional groups like alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, amines, ethers, phenols, nitriles, and nitro compounds.
- Preparing characteristic derivatives to further identify organic compounds such as phenylurethanes for alcohols and arylsulfonamides for amines.
5 benzocaine
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
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Conformational isomers
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
Resolution of racemic mixture hsb
This document provides an overview of enantiomers, racemic mixtures, and methods for resolving racemic mixtures into individual enantiomers. It defines key terms like enantiomers, racemic mixtures, and resolution. It then describes several methods for resolving racemic mixtures, including mechanical separation, preferential crystallization, biochemical separation using microorganisms, chromatographic separation, kinetic resolution, precipitation, and using diastereomers. It discusses the need for resolution and provides examples like levocetrizine and levodopa.
Conjugate base mechanism
The document discusses the conjugate base mechanism for the base hydrolysis of cobalt(III) ammine complexes.
1) The complex [Co(NH3)5Cl]2+ acts as a Bronsted acid and loses a proton to form the conjugate base [Co(NH3)4(NH2)Cl]+.
2) The conjugate base is more labile than the original complex and undergoes an SN1 reaction by slowly dissociating chloride, forming a pentacoordinated intermediate.
3) Several experiments provide evidence that the reaction follows a conjugate base mechanism, including second-order kinetics and the rate being independent of hydroxide concentration at high levels.
Heterocyclic compounds - pyrrole - synthesis of pyrrole - characteristic rea...
1. Pyrrole can be synthesized by passing acetylene and ammonia through a hot tube or by heating succinimide with zinc dust.
2. Pyrrole undergoes electrophilic substitution preferentially at the 2-position and can be nitrated, sulfonated, halogenated, formylated, acetylated, alkylated, and undergo coupling reactions.
3. Pyrrole has important medicinal uses with derivatives such as atorvastatin and tolmetin containing pyrrole nuclei, and glimepiride, enalapril, and captopril containing pyrrolidine or pyrroline nuclei for treating conditions like high blood pressure, heart disease
Claisen rearrangement
The Claisen rearrangement is a thermal rearrangement reaction discovered by Rainer Ludwig Claisen in which the allyl group of a phenolic allyl ether migrates ortho to the phenol group. Key characteristics of the Claisen rearrangement are the inversion of the migrating allyl carbon and the intramolecular, unimolecular nature of the reaction. The mechanism involves a cyclic transition state that allows for migration to the ortho position, or para if both ortho positions are blocked.
Oxidation
This document discusses the Baeyer-Villiger and Dakin oxidation reactions. The Baeyer-Villiger reaction involves using peroxy acids to oxidize ketones, forming esters and lactones. It is believed to proceed through initial protonation followed by addition and migration of the R group. The Dakin reaction oxidizes aromatic aldehydes and ketones to phenols using oxidizing agents like hydrogen peroxide. It is thought to proceed through a mechanism analogous to the Baeyer-Villiger reaction involving migration of the aryl group. Both reactions have synthetic applications, with the Baeyer-Villiger used to transform ketones and the Dakin employed to synthesize benzenediols, catechol, and other compounds.
Solvent extraction
This document discusses solvent extraction, which is a versatile separation method used in analytical chemistry. It can be used to separate, purify, enrich, and analyze both tracer and macro amounts of metal ions. The key principles discussed include the phase rule, which describes solvent extraction as a two-phase system, and the Nernst distribution law, which defines the partition or distribution coefficient. Different types of extraction systems are classified, including chelate extraction involving complex formation, extraction by solvation, and ion-pair formation. Factors that affect metal complex stability such as ligand basicity and ring size are also outlined.
Organophosphorous compounds
This document discusses organophosphorus compounds, which contain carbon-phosphorus bonds. It provides an overview of different classes of organophosphorus compounds such as phosphines, phosphonium salts, phosphine oxides, and their properties. It also summarizes some important reactions of phosphines including nucleophilic substitution, Staudinger reduction, and Mitsunobu reaction. Methods for synthesizing phosphines like the reaction of organometallic reagents with phosphorus halides are also briefly outlined.
PHOTO-OXIDATION
Photo-oxidation involves the oxidation of materials under the influence of light or radiant energy. It requires a photosensitizer that absorbs light strongly and can transfer energy to reactants. Main steps include initiation by excitation of the photosensitizer, propagation by reaction of radicals formed with oxygen, and termination. Specific photo-oxidation reactions include the formation of peroxy compounds, cyclic peroxides from conjugated dienes, oxidative coupling of aromatics, and formation of polycyclic compounds and changes to polymers.
Reduction with metal hydride- PCI syllabus-Organic / Heterocyclic chemistry
This document discusses various reagents used for reduction reactions, including lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4) and sodium borohydride (NaBH4). LiAlH4 is commonly used to reduce functional groups like nitro, carbonyl, and nitrile groups in the presence of carbon-carbon double bonds. NaBH4 selectively reduces aldehydes and ketones to alcohols while leaving halogen and cyano groups unaffected. Sodium cyanoborohydride (NaBH3CN) is a more selective reagent that can be used in the presence of acid-sensitive functional groups.
Reductive Elimination
Reductive elimination is an elementary step where the metal's coordination number and oxidation state both decrease as a new covalent bond is formed. It is the reverse of oxidative addition. Reductive elimination is more common for metals in higher oxidation states. For reductive elimination to occur, the eliminating groups must be cis-oriented and there must be a high formal positive charge on the metal. Reductive elimination finds applications in important catalytic reactions like hydrogenation and hydroformylation.
Free radicals
Properties, method of formation, stability, applications, types of reaction mechanisms, radical inhibitors, method of detection of free radicals
Protecting Groups In Organic Synthesis
When there are two functional groups of unequal reactivity within a molecule, the more reactive group can be made to react alone, but it may not be possible to react the less reactive functional group selectively.
A group the use of which makes possible to react a less reactive functional group selectively in presence of a more reactive group is known as protecting group.
A protecting group blocks the reactivity of a functional group by converting it into a different group which is inert to the conditions of some reaction(s) that is to be carried out as part of a synthetic route
Retrosynthesis by Professor Beubenz
For B Pharmacy and M Pharmacy Students
Subscribe to the YouTube Channel
#Professor_Beubenz
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC84jGf2iRN5VjwnQqi6qmXg?view_as=subscriber
E1, E2 and SN1,SN2 Mechanisms.
The E1 reaction involves the slow loss of a leaving group to form a carbocation intermediate. This allows rearrangements to occur. A base is not required for the rate determining step. The E2 reaction is an elimination reaction that results in a product with one more degree of unsaturation. The SN1 reaction involves the formation of a carbocation intermediate through a unimolecular rate determining step. This can allow for nucleophilic attack from either side and possible racemization. The SN2 reaction involves synchronous breaking of one bond and formation of another in one step, leading to inversion of configuration.
E1 reaction
The document discusses elimination reactions, specifically E1 and β-elimination reactions. It explains that E1 reactions proceed through a two-step unimolecular mechanism, with the first step being rate-determining. Factors that affect E1 reactions include the stability of the carbocation intermediate, steric effects, and the ability of the base to stabilize the carbocation. Rearrangements can also occur through carbocation migration to form more stable products.
TERPENOIDS PPTX.pdf
Terpenoids are a large and diverse class of naturally occurring organic chemicals derived from five-carbon isoprene units. They are classified based on the number of isoprene units they contain, such as monoterpenoids which have two isoprene units and 10 carbon atoms. Important terpenoids include camphor, found in the camphor tree, and geraniol and citral, fragrant components of rose and other essential oils. Squalene is an acyclic triterpenoid found in olive oil and shark liver oil. Terpenoids have a variety of industrial and medical uses and their structures can be determined through chemical reactions, synthesis, and spectral analysis.
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Heterocyclic compounds - pyrrole - synthesis of pyrrole - characteristic rea...
Heterocyclic compounds - pyrrole - synthesis of pyrrole - characteristic rea...
Reduction with metal hydride- PCI syllabus-Organic / Heterocyclic chemistry
Reduction with metal hydride- PCI syllabus-Organic / Heterocyclic chemistry
More from Mzgin Mohammed
Organic identification
This document provides information on qualitative organic analysis including:
- Testing for elements like carbon, hydrogen, halogens, nitrogen, and sulfur using sodium fusion.
- Using physical properties and solubility tests to obtain structural information.
- Performing classification tests to identify functional groups like alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, amines, ethers, phenols, nitriles, and nitro compounds.
- Preparing characteristic derivatives to further identify organic compounds such as phenylurethanes for alcohols and arylsulfonamides for amines.
5 benzocaine
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Geometrical isomers
This document discusses geometrical isomers, which occur when rotation is restricted around a carbon-carbon double bond. Geometrical isomers can have different physical properties despite having the same molecular formula. The two types of geometrical isomers are cis-trans isomers and E-Z isomers. Cis-trans isomers have hydrogens on the same side (cis) or opposite sides (trans) of the double bond. E-Z isomers are assigned based on priority rules, with the Z isomer having higher priority groups on the same side and the E isomer having them on opposite sides. Examples are given of how geometrical isomers can impact drug action.
Types of chemical bonds
Chemical bonds form when atoms share or transfer electrons. There are several main types of bonds:
- Ionic bonds form when metals transfer electrons to nonmetals to form positive and negative ions that are attracted to each other. Ionic compounds are crystalline and dissolve in water.
- Covalent bonds form when atoms share two or more valence electrons to achieve stability. Covalent bond strength depends on the number of electron pairs shared. Covalent compounds exist as discrete molecules.
- Metallic bonds result from the attraction between positively charged metal ions and delocalized electrons in the "sea of electrons" in the solid metal. Metallic bonding explains the properties of metals like conductivity.
Transition in ultraviolet and visible light
The document discusses UV-Vis spectroscopy and factors that influence molar absorptivity. It describes the four types of electronic transitions (s-s*, n-s*, n-p*, p-p*) and explains that the p-p* transition is most useful for quantitative analysis due to its high absorptivity at moderate energies. Solvent polarity and conjugation affect transition energies and absorptivities. Chromophores like alkenes and aromatics absorb in the UV-Vis region. The document also discusses applications of UV-Vis spectroscopy for qualitative and quantitative analysis.
Uv-visible spectroscopy
This document provides an overview of UV-visible spectroscopy. It discusses the electromagnetic spectrum and how light exhibits both wave and particle properties. It explains the basic components and principles of UV-visible spectrometers, including sources such as tungsten lamps and lasers, wavelength selectors like monochromators, sample containers, and various types of detectors. It also covers important concepts such as Beer's law, deviations from Beer's law, and the factors that affect spectroscopic measurements.
Temperature and heat hazard by mzgin m. ayoob
This document discusses heat and temperature hazards. It defines heat and temperature, explains how the body is affected by heat, and identifies heat-related illnesses like heat stroke, heat exhaustion, and heat cramps. It also discusses the risks of extreme cold temperatures and ways to monitor and prevent heat stress, such as designating oversight of water, rest, shade, and modified work schedules. The goal is to educate about temperature hazards and suppress risks through awareness and precautions.
Artificial photosynthesis
Artificial photosynthesis aims to replicate the natural process of photosynthesis through chemical reactions. It uses sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce carbohydrates or solar fuels like methanol, methane or carbon monoxide. These solar fuels could serve as carbon-neutral, renewable alternatives to fossil fuels. However, current catalysts are not efficient enough to reduce CO2 into fuels at useful rates and selectivities. If developed further, artificial photosynthesis on an industrial scale could help solve global warming by reducing atmospheric CO2 levels.
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What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
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Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
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Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero WaterTexas Alliance of Groundwater Districts
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business MeetingDeep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Thornton ESPP slides UK WW Network 4_6_24.pdf
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptx
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
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