The document provides information about tundras and their climates and ecosystems. It describes tundras as vast, treeless plains found in arctic and alpine regions with extremely cold temperatures. Life in tundras is adapted to harsh conditions, with small, low-growing plants and animals that are insulated by thick fur or feathers. Common plant and animal species found in tundras are also identified.

1. WELCOME
SASNA.P.S

3. A Tundra is a vast, treeless plain in the
arctic region.
Tundra is the coldest of all the
biomes.

4. 1. Extremely cold climate
2. Low biotic diversity
3. Simple vegetation structure
4. Limitation of drainage
5. Short season of growth and
reproduction
6. Energy and nutrients in the form of dead
organic material
7. Large population oscillations

5. 8. Extreme seasonal changes in the
length of day and night
9. Temperature ,precipitation, and evaporation
are very low
10. The subsoil below the ice cap is permanently
frozen, and is known as permafrost.
11. Primary productivity is very low

6. There are two kinds of tundras, Arctic and
alpine. Arctic tundras lie near the Arctic
Ocean. They include Greenland, northern
parts of Alaska, Canada, Europe and Russia.
The Alpine tundra is located at the top of
mountains across the world.

7. STRECHES OF ALASKA AND SCANDINAVIAN COUNTRIES

8. • The Arctic Tundra is located in the
Northern Hemisphere.
• Arctic Tundra is known for the
colder condition
• Growing season ranges from 50-
60 days.

9. Average winter temperature is –34 C.
Average summer temperature is 3-12 C. This
is warm enough to sustain life.
Yearly precipitation, including snow melt, is
15-25 cm.
There aren't any deep rooted plants in the
Arctic Tundra but there are about 1,700
species of plants.

11. •It’s located on mountains throughout the world at high
altitude where trees cannot grow.
•Growing season is approximately 180 days.
•Night time temperature is usually below freezing.
•Unlike the Arctic tundra, the soil in the alpine is well
drained.
•Plants similar to the Arctic include: tussock grasses, dwarf
trees, & heaths
Animals include: Mountain goats, elk, sheep, butterflies, &
grasshoppers

12. •Absolutely no trees can grow here because of the
elevation being so high.
•Is usually found at an altitude of 10,000 feet or
higher.
•Some tundra can even be found near the equator
if the mountains are high enough
•There are only warm blooded animals in the
alpine tundra

13. CLIMATE OF TUNDRA’S
• It’s freezing for almost all of the year.
• The average temperature per year is 16
degrees F.
• Summer temperatures get up to 45 degrees F.
(last 6-10 weeks)
• Lowest temperature it can get is 10 degrees F
below 0- 20 degrees F.

14. Most of the precipitation that falls is
snow. In summer it falls as rain with
occasional snow.
Average precipitation per season is 4.5 in.
Average precipitation per year is 18
inches.
PRECIPITATION

15. The people inhabiting the Tundra
are Eskimos, yet they liked to be
called “Inuit” which means “the
People.”

16. They either live in wooden or concrete
houses most of the year and sleep in skin or
cloth tents when they are hunting.
Inuit children attend school and they learn
their native language as well as English.

17. The plants growing in the tundra are often small
and grow close to the ground. This helps resist cold
temp. and snow during the winter.
Due to permafrost, there are no deep root system in
the plant life of the arctic tundra. (1,700 different
kinds of plants)
They carry out photosynthesis at low temperatures.
Plants are more likely to reproduce vegetatively by
division and budding than by flower pollination
sexually, due to the short growing season.

18. • They called cushion plants
b/c they grow in a low tight
clump and look like a little
cushion.
•They’re more common in the
tundra where their growth
habitat helps protect them
from the cold.

19. ARTIC MOSS BEAR BERRY
PASQUE FLOWER
CARIBOU MOSS
ARTIC WILLOW TUFTED SAXIFRAGE

20. •Adapted their life cycles to be completed in a single
summer season.
•Some grow very low to the ground to protect from
frost damage.
•Some grow horizontally and send up many branches to
keep away from drying winds and still absorb as much
sunlight as possible.
•They group together to resist cold temperatures and be
protected form the snow.
•Many of them develop thick, leathery or waxy leaves
that prevent moisture loss.
•Some grow hairs along the stems, leaves, and flowers
to hold heat and protect against the wind.

21. The frigid cold and deep snow makes life in the tundra very
difficult.
Animals are adapted to handle long, cold winters and to
breed and raise young quickly in the summer.
Some have grown thick fur which turns white in the winter.
Mammals and birds have additional insulation from fat.
Others find a place to hibernate during the winter months
b/c food is not abundant.
Reptiles & amphibians are few or absent b/c of extremely
cold temp.

22. •Classified as Mammals
•They’re fast & can outrun a caribou over a
short distance.
•Swims extremely well.
•Diet: large and small mammals, fish, birds,
berries, leaves
•Carnivores
•Habitat: coasts, ice floes
•Range: Arctic Ocean to southern limits of ice
floes
POLAR BEAR-ALASKA

23. Thick fur and amazing stamina
They know how to adapt to the
frigid conditions in the tundra.
Dogs curl themselves up to
protect from the harsh wind.
The dogs must mush and work as
a team in order to survive.
SLED DOG

24. MUSK OX
CARBOU
ARTIC FOX
PTARMIGAN ARTIC HARE

25. •The most common adaption is a thick layer of fur or
feathers to hold the heat close to their bodies.
•Some of the animals fur turns white during the winter
to hide in the snow and protect them from predators.
•Many large animals have compact body shapes that
help them retain more heat than if their bodies were
long and thin.
•Many animals avoid the cold by migrating and some
animals build up a layer of fat over the summer, which
provide energy and food while also keeping them warm
during the harsh winters.
•Some may burrow into the snow to avoid harsh, frigid
temperature and winds.

27. The extremely cold
weather keeps the
human population to a
minimum.

28.  land: 8 X 106 km2
(30% ice)
substantial
terrestrial food
land mammals
herbivorous &
insectivorous birds
land: 14 X 106 km2
(97% ice)
no terrestrial food
no land mammals
no herbivorous or
insectivorous birds
Artic vs. antartic

29.  not geographically
isolated
 glacial refuges
 ice-free coastal zone
in summer
 relatively high plant
and animal diversity
 geographically
isolated
no? glacial refuges
v. restricted ice-
free coastal zone in
summer
low plant and
animal diversity
Artic vs. antartic

31. 1. Many animals compete for the
plant lichen.
2. Lichen is the favorite food of
caribou and musk oxen.
3. Lichen are homes for spiders,
mites, lice, and other insects.

32. I. The tundra is a major balance in our
ecosystem and it must be there for
many species to sustain life
II. If humanity interferes with the
tundra ,the world as we know it may
be in route for a disastrous change
for the worst.

34. 1. TROPICAL GRASSLANDS ARE GENERALLY
CALLED SAVANNAHS.
2. THEY ARE EXTENSIVE GRASSY PLAINS WITH
SCATTERED BUSHES AND TREE.
3. THEY ARE MOST EXTENSIVE IN W.AFRICA,BUT
ARE ALSO FOUND IN AUSTRALIA,
S.AMERICA AND SOUTHERN ASIA
4. IN INDIA ,SAVANNAH IS FOUND IN THE
CENTRAL AND EASTERN PARTS OF
RAJASTHAN
D
I
S
T
R
I
B
U
T
I
O
N

36. •The savanna climate has a temperature
range of 68° to 86° F (20° - 30° C).
• It is usually about 68° to 78° F (20° -
25° C)in winter.
•In the summer the temperature ranges
from 78° to 86° F (25° - 30° C).
•Savanna the temperature does not
change a lot. When it does, its very
gradual and not drastic.
•There is an annual precipitation of 10
to 30 inches (100 to 150 cm) of rain.
•December to February hardly any rain
falls at all.

37. •When the rains come, savanna bunch grasses
grow vigorously
•larger grasses may grow an inch or more in 24
hours
•a surge of new life at this time
•for example, many antelope calves are born
•with so much grass to feed on, mothers have
plenty of milk
•calves die if the rains fail to come. giraffes,
zebras, buffaloes, kangaroos, mice, moles,
gophers, ground squirrels, snakes, worms,
termites, beetles, lions, leopards, hyenas, and
elephants
Savanna--animals

38. 1. African Elephant
2. African Wild Dog
3. Black Mamba
4. Caracal
5. Chacma Baboon
6. Egyptian Mongoose
7. Emu
8. Grant's Zebra
9. Koala Bear
10. Lion
11. Nigriceps Ants
12. Nile Crocodile

39. EMU
CARACAL
BABOON
AFRICAN WILD DOG
ELEPHANTBLACK MAMBA
MANGOOSEKOALA

40. •Animals adapt to the shortage of water and food
through various ways, including migrating
(moving to another area)
• hibernating until the season is over.
• Grazing animals, like gazelles and zebras, feed
on grasses and often use camouflage to protect
themselves from predators when they are
roaming in the open
•. Some animals, such as small mammals and
rodents, use camouflage to blend in with their
surroundings and have grass-colored tan fur.
• These small animals also avoid predators by
burrowing underground and by being nocturnal
(active during nighttime)

41. •characterized by a continuous over of
perennial grasses
• 3 to 6 feet tall at maturity
may or may not also have an open
canopy of drought-resistant, fire-
resistant, or browse-resistant trees, or
they may have an open shrub layer
Plants in savanna
baobab tree cadelabraBermuda grassElephant grass

42. •To survive the dry season, plants
have grown long roots to suck all
the moisture out of the ground
•They grow thick bark to protect
themselves from annual fires.
•They also have trunks that can
store water.
• leaves that drop off during the
dry season to preserve water.

43. The Australian Savanna is
characterized by two very different
seasons: the "wet" and the "dry".
The dry season lasts 5 to 6 months,
usually from May to October. The
wet season lasts 5 to 6 months and
lasts from December to March. The
Australian tropical savanna is
found along the north coast of
Australia at a latitude range of 10°
to 20° South.

44. The average precipitation per
year in the Australian Savanna is
around 20 to 40 in. In both the
Australian, and the African
savanna, the average
precipitation in the dry season is
about 4 in. The average
precipitation in the Australian
and the Africa savanna during
the wet season is around 15 to 25
inches. Only rain falls in the
Australian Savanna, there are no
other forms of moisture. Most of
the rain falls during the wet
season.

45. THANK YOU....