1) TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is one of the top infectious disease killers.
2) It is transmitted through the air and one-third of the world's population is infected with latent TB.
3) Diagnosis involves sputum smear microscopy, culture, tuberculin skin test, chest x-ray and PCR. Treatment requires a minimum of 6 months of multiple antibiotic drugs.
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections show no symptoms, in which case it is known as latent tuberculosis.
TB is spread from person to person through the air. When people with lung TB cough, sneeze or spit, they propel the TB germs into the air. A person needs to inhale only a few of these germs to become infected.
tuberculosis lecture | pulmonary Tuberculosis
my self ritesh padghan
tuberculosis is infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis in active and latent type of tuberculosis .
BRIEF DISCUSSION INCLUDE
:-LEARNING ABOUT
Introduction
Definition
Causative organism
Risk factor
Transmission
Clinical manifestation
Diagnostic evaluation
Medical management
In this lecture the pathophysiology and phathogenesis of tuberculosis has been discussed
HOPE YOU LIKE
#tuberculosis #respiratorysystem #chronicdiorder #TBkid #endTB #lunghealth # COVID19 #COMMUNIOTY #INFLUNZA #worldtbday # disease
Intro to TB
epidemiology of TB
Structure of Mycobacterium TB
pathogenesis of TB
Immunosuppression by Mycobacterium TB
types of TB
Clinical manifestation
Diagnosis
Treatment
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections show no symptoms, in which case it is known as latent tuberculosis.
TB is spread from person to person through the air. When people with lung TB cough, sneeze or spit, they propel the TB germs into the air. A person needs to inhale only a few of these germs to become infected.
tuberculosis lecture | pulmonary Tuberculosis
my self ritesh padghan
tuberculosis is infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis in active and latent type of tuberculosis .
BRIEF DISCUSSION INCLUDE
:-LEARNING ABOUT
Introduction
Definition
Causative organism
Risk factor
Transmission
Clinical manifestation
Diagnostic evaluation
Medical management
In this lecture the pathophysiology and phathogenesis of tuberculosis has been discussed
HOPE YOU LIKE
#tuberculosis #respiratorysystem #chronicdiorder #TBkid #endTB #lunghealth # COVID19 #COMMUNIOTY #INFLUNZA #worldtbday # disease
Intro to TB
epidemiology of TB
Structure of Mycobacterium TB
pathogenesis of TB
Immunosuppression by Mycobacterium TB
types of TB
Clinical manifestation
Diagnosis
Treatment
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) that most often affect the lungs. Tuberculosis is curable and preventable.
TB is spread from person to person through the air. When people with lung TB cough, sneeze or spit, they propel the TB germs into the air. A person needs to inhale only a few of these germs to become infected.
The causative agent is Mycobacterium tuberculosis (also known as the tubercle bacillus).
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that primarily affects the lung parenchyma. The primary infection usually involves the middle or lower lung area.
It is also may be transmitted to other parts of the body, including the Meninges, kidneys, bone, joints, pericardium, GI tract and lymph nodes And this condition known as Extra pulmonary TB.
The disease also can affects animals such as cattle, this is known as “bovine tuberculosis” which may sometimes be transmitted to man.The primary infectious agent, “ M.Tuberculosis”, is an acid – fast aerobic (AFB) rod that grows slowly and is sensitive to heat and ultraviolet light.
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) that most often affect the lungs. Tuberculosis is curable and preventable.
TB is spread from person to person through the air. When people with lung TB cough, sneeze or spit, they propel the TB germs into the air. A person needs to inhale only a few of these germs to become infected.
The causative agent is Mycobacterium tuberculosis (also known as the tubercle bacillus).
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that primarily affects the lung parenchyma. The primary infection usually involves the middle or lower lung area.
It is also may be transmitted to other parts of the body, including the Meninges, kidneys, bone, joints, pericardium, GI tract and lymph nodes And this condition known as Extra pulmonary TB.
The disease also can affects animals such as cattle, this is known as “bovine tuberculosis” which may sometimes be transmitted to man.The primary infectious agent, “ M.Tuberculosis”, is an acid – fast aerobic (AFB) rod that grows slowly and is sensitive to heat and ultraviolet light.
My Powerpoint on Tuberculosis, includes:
What is the incidence and prevalence?
What are the symptoms?
How is it diagnosed?
How is it treated?
What are the treatment guidelines?
Basic knowledge about MTB
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a small, aerobic, non-motile bacillus.
"Gram-positive“
Tuberculosis typically spread through the air when people who have an active TB infection cough, sneeze etc.
symptoms
The classic symptoms of active TB infection are a chronic cough with blood-tinged sputum, fever, night sweats, and weight loss.
Diagnosis
Radiology (commonly chest X-rays)
microbiological culture.
tuberculin skin test (TST) etc
Tuberculosis remains a significant global health challenge, with millions of new cases reported each year. Despite advancements in treatment and prevention, factors such as drug resistance and social determinants contribute to its persistence. Continued efforts in research, public health initiatives, and international collaboration are crucial for effective control and eventual eradication of tuberculosis.
Explore the intricate world of Tuberculosis with this comprehensive PowerPoint presentation. Uncover its origins, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and preventive measures. Engage your audience with informative visuals and charts, shedding light on the global impact of TB. Equip your audience with knowledge to raise awareness and foster a proactive approach towards combating this infectious disease.
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
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It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
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Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
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Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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2. Introduction
TB is one of the oldest recorded
human afflictions
Still one of the biggest killers
among the infectious diseases
The bacillus causing tuberculosis,
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, was
identified and described on March
24, 1882 by Robert Koch
3. One-third of the
world's population is
currently infected with
TB
with 8 to 10 million new
cases each year.
2 million TB related
deaths/year
Epidmiology
Incidence and prevelance
4. M. tuberculosis
M. bovis
M. africanum
M. microti
M. canettii
M. caprae
M. pinnipedii
Etiology
Human tuberculosis (TB) is caused by
infection with members of the
Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, which
includes :
5. Characteristics of M.tuberclosis
Slightly curved,rod shaped bacilli
Aerobic, Non motile
Thick lipid cell wall,resist
decolorization with acidified
alcohol
“ Acid fast bacteria”
Multiplies slowly”every 18 - 24 hrs”
Can remain dormant for decades
6. Person-to-person
through the air by a
person with TB
disease of the lungs
Less frequently transmitted by:
• Ingestion of Mycobacterium bovis
found in unpasteurized milk products
• Laboratory accident
How is TB Transmitted?
Source: CDC, 2000
7. The probability that TB will be transmitted
from one person to another depends on a
number of factors
The concentration of TB bacteria in the air
The environment in which exposure to the
bacteria occurs
The length of time of exposure
Person‘ s immune system
8. Risk factors
Co infection with HIV
Diabetic person
Persons undergo chemotherapy
Person undergo organ transplantation
Extreme ages,children and geriatric
Malnutration
14. Active TB Disease
Germs:
Awake and multiplying
Cause damage to the lungs
Person:
Most often feels sick
Contagious (before pills started)
Usually have a positive
tuberculin skin test
Chest X-ray is often abnormal
(with pulmonary TB)
Granuloma breaks
down and tubercle
escape and multiply
TB
15. Germs:
Sleeping but still alive
Surrounded (walled off) by
body’s immune system
Person:
Not ill
Not contagious
Normal chest x-ray
Usually the tuberculin skin
test is positive
Latent TB infection(LTBI(
20. Diagnosis
Medical history
Physical examination
Sputum smear microscopy
Acid fast staining (Ziehl–Neelsen stain)
Fluorochrome stain using fluorescence microscopy
Culture
Immunological tests
TB skin test(Tuberculin skin test )
TB blood tests
Chest radiograph (X-ray)
PCR
21. Bacteriologic Examination of Clinical
Specimens
The bacteriologic examination has five
parts:
Specimen collection, processing, and review
AFB smear classification and results
Direct detection of M. tuberculosis in clinical specimen
using nucleic acid amplification (NAA)
Specimen culturing and identification
Drug-susceptibility testing
22. Specimen Collection, Processing, and
Review
At least three consecutive sputum
specimens are needed, each
collected in 8- to 24-hour intervals,
with at least one being an early
morning specimen.
If possible, specimens should be
obtained in an airborne infection
isolation (AII) room or other
isolated, well-ventilated area (e.g.,
outdoors)
24. Sputum smear microscopy
a. Ziehl-Neelsen stain
fixed smear covered with
carbol-fuchsin, heated, rinsed,
decolorized with acid alcoholb.
b. Fluorochrome stain with phenol-
auramine
modified acid alcohol step
potassium permanganate
counter staining; fluorescent
Mycobacteria visible with 20 or
40X magnification
SMEAR POSITIVITY
MEANS AT LEAST 10,000
ORGANISMS/mL SPUTUM
Fluorochrome stain
25. Culture (Gold Standard(
a. Solid media
Lowenstein Jensen (egg based)
Middlebrook 7H11 (agar based)
can detect colony morphology,
mixed infections; can detect 10-
100
organisms/mL; 3-8 weeks
incubation to detect organisms
b. Liquid broth
Middlebrook 7H12, BACTEC
systems
1-3 weeks of incubation to
detect organisms
M.Tuberclosis on
Lowenstein Jensen media
Buff colonies
26. TB skin test(Tuberculin skin test(
Called the Mantoux
tuberculin skin test
Result depends on the
size of the raised, hard
area or swelling
Also depends on the
person’s risk of being
infected with TB bacteria
and the progression to
TB disease if infected.
27. TB blood tests
(Interferon-Gamma Release Assays, IGRAs(
Measures how strong a person’s
immune system reacts to TB bacteria
Two IGRAs
QuantiFERON®–TB Gold In-Tube test (QFT-
GIT
T-SPOT®.TB test (T-Spot)
28. IGRAs are the preferred method of TB
infection testing for
People who have received bacille
Calmette–Guérin (BCG). BCG is a vaccine
for TB disease.
People who have a difficult time returning
for a second appointment to look for a
reaction to the TST.
TB blood tests
(interferon-gamma release assays, IGRAs(
29. TB treatment is challenging, requiring
accurate and early diagnosis,
drug‑resistance screening and the
administration of effective treatment
regimens for at least 6 months through
( Directly Observed Therapy (DOT) and
follow‑up support.
Treatment for tuberculosis (TB) depends
on which type you have, although a long
course of antibiotics is most often used
Treatment
30. The goals of TB treatment are to:
1. Shorten the clinical course of TB
2. Prevent complications
3. Prevent the development of latency
and/or subsequent recurrences
4. Decrease the likelihood of TB
transmission
Treatment
31. First-line anti-TB drugs
recommended in a four-drug
combination
for the treatment of drug-susceptible
TB.
Second-line anti-TB drugs
for drug-resistant TB.
Treatment
37. Regimens Of Antituberculosis Drugs
Active disease
Treatment requires a minimum of 6 months in two phases
Intensive phase
Isoniazid,rifampin,ethambutol and pyrazinamide”given for
2 months”
Continuation phase
Isoniazid and rifampin”for 4 months
Latent disease
Daily isoniazid therapy for 9 monthes
“Monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of hepatitis and
peripheral neuropathy”
41. Resistance
Two types
Primary”intrinsic” resistance
Infection with strains naturally resistant to one or
two drugs
Hydrophobic cell wall
Drug modifying enzymes
Drug efflux system
Acquired resistance
Infection with strains that become drug resistant
d.t inappropriate or inadequate treatment
42. Drug resistance in TB
MDR (Multi-Drug Resistant)
Simultanous resistance to 2 or more drugs
from 1st
line
XDR (Extensive Drug
Resistance)
Strains not only resistant to 1st
line but also
resist fluoroquiolones and one of injectible
drugs
48. How can tuberculosis be prevented?
The BCG vaccine.
It usually protects children and infants from the
disease, but its effects wear off when the patient
reaches adulthood.
Eating a healthful diet that boosts the immune
system
Having regular TB tests if you work or live in
a high risk environment
Completing a TB medication regimen.
If you are infected, stay home, cover your mouth,
and ensure proper ventilation.
Editor's Notes
There are several other species and subspecies that are included in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex because of their close genetic relationship to tuberculosis: [Review the slide content]
With the exception of M. pinnipedii, all of the species in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex have been shown to cause disease in humans; however, M. tuberculosis is by far the most prevalent
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the organism responsible for most of the tuberculosis infection and disease seen in the Caribbean
Image Credit: CDC Public Health Image Library/Dr. George P. Kubica
Pose question to participants “How is TB transmitted?”
Solicit their responses then proceed to review slide content
Transmission is the spread of organisms, such as M. tuberculosis, from one person to another
The primary mode of transmission for tuberculosis is through inhalation of infectious particles
Less frequently, TB can be transmitted by:…[Review slide content]
*Slide Animation
Image Credit: Cartoon from clip art.; Graphic from CDC Core Curriculum. 2000.
Review the slide content
Tuberculosis disease can develop very soon after infection or many years after infection
In individuals without HIV co-infection, about 5% of people who have been recently infected with M. tuberculosis will develop TB disease in the first year or two after infection. Another 5% will develop disease later in their lives. The remaining 90% will stay infected, but free of disease for the rest of their lives
It’s important to remember that not all patients with active TB disease will have a positive Mantoux TST (approx. 75% will have +TST and this percentage is lower in HIV infected patients). Never stop evaluating a patient for active TB simply because the Mantoux TST is 00mm!
The chest X-ray will often show abnormalities suggestive of active TB but may be within normal limits for some patients with active disease, particularly if they also have HIV. This will be covered in more detail in Module 4 on Case Finding and Diagnosis
Image Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
If the immune system is compromised, then the bacilli multiply and spread to other sites in the body. People who have TB infection but not TB disease are NOT infectious - in other words, they cannot spread the infection to other people
Persons with LTBI have a low bacillary load (e.g., ≤~103)
It is very important to remember that TB infection is not considered a case of TB
Image Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
This next section describes the pathogenesis of TB (the way TB infection and disease develop in the body)
At first, the tubercle bacilli multiply in the alveoli and a small number enter the bloodstream and spread throughout the body (dissemination)
Bacilli may reach any part of the body, including areas where TB disease is more likely to develop. These areas include the upper portions of the lungs, as well as the kidneys, the brain, and bone
Disseminated TB refers to TB that simultaneously involves multiple organs. While “miliary” is given as an example of disseminated TB, it really refers to a radiographic manifestation of disseminated TB. It’s important to note that not all patients with disseminated TB have a miliary pattern on CXR
Image source: I-TECH
This slide shows different sites where TB has caused disease outside of the lungs
Image Sources:
Scrofula: http://farm1.static.flickr.com/110/283397827_f071de4335_m.jpg
Radiographic images: Francis J. Curry National Tuberculosis Center