The document discusses tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It notes that about 1/3 of the world's population is infected, with around 3 million deaths and 8 million new cases annually. TB is transmitted through airborne droplets and has an incubation period of 4-12 weeks. Diagnosis involves tests like sputum smear microscopy, culture, tuberculin skin test, chest x-ray, and PCR. Standard treatment includes isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol and pyrazinamide for 2 months, followed by isoniazid and rifampin for 4 more months. Drug resistance is a major problem, with MDR-TB resistant to isoniazid

1. Tuberculosis Dr Kamran Afzal Asst Prof Microbiology

3. Prevalence of Tuberculosis

11. (Latent Tuberculosis)

16. LTBI vs. TB Disease Often infectious before treatment Not infectious Symptoms such as cough, fever, weight, loss No symptoms A case of TB Not a case of TB Sputum smears and cultures positive Sputum smears and cultures negative Chest X-ray usually abnormal Chest X-ray usually normal TST or QFT-Gold result usually positive Tubercle bacilli in the body TB Disease LTBI

25. MOA of Anti – TB Drugs

30. Several Drugs have become Resistant

31. XDR - TB

40. Stage I (Stage of onset) Stage V (Liquefaction) Stage IV (Tubercle Fmn) Stage III (CMI) Stage II (Symbiosis)

41. Cavity Formation

52. Colony Characteristics “ Rough, tough and buff” colonies of M. tuberculosis

53. Automated Systems

61. Interpreting Skin Test Reactions

70. 4

72. 5. Histopathology The Epithelioid Granuloma

74. Radiological Diagnosis Multi nodular infiltrate above or behind the clavicle with or without pleural effusion unilaterally or bilaterally