Tuberculosis is a leading infectious cause of death worldwide and multi-drug resistant strains are increasing. It is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria, which most commonly infects the lungs. Symptoms include cough, weight loss, fever and night sweats. Risk factors include HIV infection, smoking, diabetes and immunosuppression. It is typically spread through airborne droplets from the lungs of infected individuals. Diagnosis involves tests like tuberculin skin tests, chest x-rays and sputum smears. Treatment requires a multi-drug regimen for at least 9 months.

2. Tuberculosis is a multi systemic
disease with myriad presentations
and manifestations is the most
common cause of infectious disease
related mortality world wide. In
addition the risk of multi drug
resistant tuberculosis is increasing
world wide.

3.  Cough
 Weight loss or anorexia
 Fever
 Night sweats
 Fatigue
 Chest pain

4. Spread of TB among different races of people
in the world.
Asians-30%
Hispanics-
29%
Hispanics
non – 15%African
Americans-
39%

5. HIV infected individuals have very high
incidence of tuberculosis all over the world.
Infection with Mycobacterium intra cellulare
( avian or bird strain ) is common in patients
with HIV or AIDS.

6. Myco bacterium tuberculosis causes
tuberculosis in lungs and other tissues.

7. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
hominis is a slender rod shaped
bacteria. It ranges from 0.5
microns to 3 microns in diameter.
It is neutral on gram staining. So
it undergoes acid fast staining.

8.  Mycobacterium leprae
 Mycobacterium abscessus
 Mycobacterium fortuitum
 Mycobacterium chelonae
 Mycobacterium africanum
 Mycobacterium bovis
 Mycobacterium microti

9.  Inhalation ( air borne disease)
 Ingestion
 Inoculation
 Trans placental route
sputum or droplets containing microbes
from the infected patients passes through air
and infect the healthy individuals. This is
common mode of transmission.

10. The primary site of infection in the lungs,
known as the “Ghon focus” located in the
upper part of the lower lobe or lower part of
the upper lobe.

11. It means hidden tuberculosis. That is this type
of tuberculosis does not show any symptoms.
Patients with latent tuberculosis cannot
spread TB. Mostly latent condition will not
occurs. The bacterium is primarily cleared
by the host’s immune system.

12. Lungs is the most common site. 85% of patients
with TB present pulmonary complaints.
Lesions are epitheliod granuloma with
caseation necrosis.
 SITE :
Alveolar macrophages in sub pleural region.
• Size- 0.5 – 3 mm nodules with 3 or 4 cellular
zones.
 Shape- spherical

13. These are TB lesions occur in areas other than
lungs.
Extra pulmonary sites:
 Tuberculosis meningitis
 Skeletal TB
 Genito urinary tract TB
 Gastro intestinal TB
 Cervical lymph nodes
 Sterno cleido mastoid muscles

14.  The infection to an individual who has not
been previously infected or immunized is
called primary or Ghon’s complex or
childhood TB.
 The infection to an individual who has been
previously infected or sensitized is called
secondary or post- primary TB.
Secondary TB is of,
 Endogenous- reactivation of dormant primary
complex
 Exogenous- fresh dose of re infection by
mycobacterium.

15.  HIV infection
 Alcoholism
 Diabetes mellitus ( 3 fold risk increases)
 Immunosuppressive therapy
 Smoking
 Age below 5 years

16. 0.1
ml
Intra
dermal
route

17.  Tuberculin skin test (heaf test, mantoux test)
 Chest X- rays
 ELISA
 T spot TB test
 PCR ( polymerized chain reaction)

18.  Empiric treatment:
4 drugs regimen
 Isoniazid
 Rifamin
 Pyrazinamide
 Ethambutol
 Continue treatment
for 9 months
 MDR (Multi drug
resistant) TB
treatment:
 Aminoglycoside
 Fluoroquinolone
 Thioamide
 Pyrazinamide
 Cycloserine
 Terizidone – Follow
atleast the above
given three groups

19.  Avoid close contact with the infected patients.
 Enhance your immunity by eating diet rich in
anti oxidants.
 Keep a concentration on your protein intake.
 Avoid contact with the utensils of the infected
patients.
 Exercise regularly.
 Vaccinate your children with BCG.
 Use kerchiefs while coughing or sneezing.
 Avoid spitting or expectorate sputum in public
places.