Adenoviruses are common pathogens that infect humans and animals. Over 100 serotypes have been identified that infect humans, causing respiratory illness, conjunctivitis, and gastroenteritis. Adenoviruses are non-enveloped viruses containing double-stranded DNA. The virus attaches and enters cells using cellular receptors and integrins, and undergoes replication in the nucleus. New viral particles are assembled and released through cell lysis to infect other cells. Symptoms vary depending on serotype and site of infection.
Rhabdoviruses are bullet-shaped viruses with a helical nucleocapsid and a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genome. They infect mammals, fish, insects, and plants. Mammalian rhabdoviruses are classified into the Vesiculovirus and Lyssavirus genera, with rabies virus being the most important lyssavirus. Rabies virus is transmitted via bites or scratches from infected animals and causes fatal encephalitis in humans. Upon entry through a bite, the virus travels through peripheral nerves to the central nervous system. In the brain, it causes symptoms like aggression, hallucinations, and hydrophobia. Post-mortem diagnosis involves detecting Negri bodies
Viruses can only reproduce inside host cells and are obligate intracellular parasites. There are several approaches to studying viruses including inoculation into animals or embryonated eggs, and culturing viruses in cells. Tissue culture involves growing cells in vitro in growth medium, then inoculating them with viruses. There are different types of cell cultures including primary cultures from tissues that can only grow for a limited time, diploid cell lines that can be subcultured 50 times, and continuous cell lines from cancer cells that can be cultured indefinitely. Viruses infect and replicate within cells, sometimes causing cell lysis and formation of plaques that can be observed. Cytopathic effects indicate viral growth. Tissue culture allows broad virus cultivation
Poxviruses are brick or oval-shaped viruses with large double-stranded DNA genomes. Poxviruses exist throughout the world and cause disease in humans and many other types of animals. Poxvirus infections typically result in the formation of lesions, skin nodules, or disseminated rash.
Papovaviruses are a family of small, non-enveloped viruses with circular double-stranded DNA genomes. The family includes the genera Papillomavirus and Polyomavirus. Papillomaviruses can cause warts and some strains are associated with cancers like cervical cancer. Polyomaviruses can cause diseases in immunocompromised individuals like progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Both viruses establish latent, lifelong infections and have oncogenic properties through viral proteins that interact with host cell growth regulators.
Influenza viruses are a major cause of respiratory disease and are responsible for periodic epidemics and pandemics worldwide. There are three main types of influenza viruses (A, B, and C) with type A being the most variable and causing the largest epidemics. Antigenic drift allows the virus to evade immunity between epidemics, while antigenic shift of surface proteins can cause pandemics by introducing novel subtypes into humans. Transmission occurs via respiratory droplets or contact. Clinical signs include fever, cough, and muscle aches. Complications can include pneumonia or Reye's syndrome in children. Diagnosis is through antigen detection, virus isolation, or serology. Treatment focuses on antivirals and symptom relief
Adenoviruses are common pathogens that infect humans and animals. Over 100 serotypes have been identified that infect humans, causing respiratory illness, conjunctivitis, and gastroenteritis. Adenoviruses are non-enveloped viruses containing double-stranded DNA. The virus attaches and enters cells using cellular receptors and integrins, and undergoes replication in the nucleus. New viral particles are assembled and released through cell lysis to infect other cells. Symptoms vary depending on serotype and site of infection.
Rhabdoviruses are bullet-shaped viruses with a helical nucleocapsid and a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genome. They infect mammals, fish, insects, and plants. Mammalian rhabdoviruses are classified into the Vesiculovirus and Lyssavirus genera, with rabies virus being the most important lyssavirus. Rabies virus is transmitted via bites or scratches from infected animals and causes fatal encephalitis in humans. Upon entry through a bite, the virus travels through peripheral nerves to the central nervous system. In the brain, it causes symptoms like aggression, hallucinations, and hydrophobia. Post-mortem diagnosis involves detecting Negri bodies
Viruses can only reproduce inside host cells and are obligate intracellular parasites. There are several approaches to studying viruses including inoculation into animals or embryonated eggs, and culturing viruses in cells. Tissue culture involves growing cells in vitro in growth medium, then inoculating them with viruses. There are different types of cell cultures including primary cultures from tissues that can only grow for a limited time, diploid cell lines that can be subcultured 50 times, and continuous cell lines from cancer cells that can be cultured indefinitely. Viruses infect and replicate within cells, sometimes causing cell lysis and formation of plaques that can be observed. Cytopathic effects indicate viral growth. Tissue culture allows broad virus cultivation
Poxviruses are brick or oval-shaped viruses with large double-stranded DNA genomes. Poxviruses exist throughout the world and cause disease in humans and many other types of animals. Poxvirus infections typically result in the formation of lesions, skin nodules, or disseminated rash.
Papovaviruses are a family of small, non-enveloped viruses with circular double-stranded DNA genomes. The family includes the genera Papillomavirus and Polyomavirus. Papillomaviruses can cause warts and some strains are associated with cancers like cervical cancer. Polyomaviruses can cause diseases in immunocompromised individuals like progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Both viruses establish latent, lifelong infections and have oncogenic properties through viral proteins that interact with host cell growth regulators.
Influenza viruses are a major cause of respiratory disease and are responsible for periodic epidemics and pandemics worldwide. There are three main types of influenza viruses (A, B, and C) with type A being the most variable and causing the largest epidemics. Antigenic drift allows the virus to evade immunity between epidemics, while antigenic shift of surface proteins can cause pandemics by introducing novel subtypes into humans. Transmission occurs via respiratory droplets or contact. Clinical signs include fever, cough, and muscle aches. Complications can include pneumonia or Reye's syndrome in children. Diagnosis is through antigen detection, virus isolation, or serology. Treatment focuses on antivirals and symptom relief
The document discusses different types of orthomyxoviruses and paramyxoviruses. Orthomyxoviruses have segmented genomes, can undergo genetic reassortment, and show variable antigenic stability. Paramyxoviruses have single linear genomes, replicate in the cytoplasm, and are antigenically stable. Influenza A virus can cause pandemics and shows the highest antigenic variation compared to types B and C.
This document describes culture methods for cultivating various protozoan parasites. It discusses the purposes of culturing parasites, including for diagnostic, research, and teaching purposes. It provides examples of parasite species that can be cultured, such as Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, and Plasmodium spp. The document outlines different types of culture media, including xenic, polyxenic, monoxenic, and axenic cultures. It also describes specific culture media and methods used for cultivating intestinal protozoa like amoebae, as well as haematozoan parasites including Leishmania and trypanosomes.
The document describes procedures for the haemagglutination (HA) test and haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. The HA test detects viruses that can agglutinate or clump red blood cells by binding viral proteins to receptors on RBCs. It is used to measure virus titers. The HI test detects antibodies that inhibit HA by binding to viral antigens and blocking receptor binding. It is used to measure antibody titers and evaluate vaccines. Both tests involve making serial dilutions of virus or serum samples in microtiter plates, then adding RBCs to detect agglutination or its inhibition.
This document discusses herpes viruses, including their structure, classification, replication, and associated diseases. It covers three subfamilies of herpes viruses - Alpha, Beta, and Gamma. Key points include:
- Herpes viruses have double-stranded DNA and can establish latent infections.
- Important viruses discussed are herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, varicella zoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and cytomegalovirus.
- Diseases caused include cold sores, genital herpes, chickenpox, shingles, mononucleosis, and cytomegalovirus infection in immunocompromised individuals.
Arboviruses are viruses transmitted by arthropods like mosquitoes and ticks. They cause diseases in both animals and humans. There are two main transmission cycles - man-arthropod-man and animal-arthropod-man. Some major arboviruses include dengue, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile virus and chikungunya. They can cause febrile illnesses, encephalitis or hemorrhagic fevers. Diagnosis involves virus isolation or serological tests. There are vaccines available for only a few arboviruses like yellow fever and Japanese encephalitis. Treatment is generally supportive care.
Leishmania is a genus of protozoan parasites that causes leishmaniasis, a vector-borne disease spread by sandfly bites. It exists in two forms: amastigotes within host cells and promastigotes in sandflies. The disease manifests as visceral, cutaneous, or mucocutaneous leishmaniasis depending on the infected tissues. Visceral leishmaniasis affects internal organs while cutaneous primarily affects the skin. Diagnosis involves detecting the parasites microscopically or through culture. Treatment involves pentavalent antimonials, amphotericin B, or miltefosine. Control relies on reducing sandfly and reservoir populations through insecticides and treating
Adenoviruses, papillomaviruses, parvoviruses and polymovirusesNCRIMS, Meerut
Adenoviruses are non-enveloped DNA viruses that commonly cause respiratory illness. There are multiple serotypes that can cause pharyngitis, conjunctivitis, or pneumonia. Adenoviruses are transmitted through direct contact or respiratory droplets. Laboratory diagnosis involves virus isolation in cell culture or PCR detection of viral DNA. There is no vaccine or antiviral treatment available.
Herpesviruses are enveloped viruses that contain double-stranded DNA. They can establish latent or persistent infections following primary infection. There are three subfamilies of herpesviruses - Alphaherpesvirinae, Betaherpesvirinae, and Gammaherpesvirinae - which differ in their growth characteristics and sites of latency. Primary infections and reactivations are more serious in immunocompromised patients. Common human herpesviruses include HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, EBV, CMV, HHV-6, HHV-7, and HHV-8, which cause diseases like cold sores, chickenpox, mononucleosis, and some cancers
This document discusses orthomyxoviruses, which include influenza viruses A, B, and C. It provides details on their structure, including being linear, segmented RNA viruses with negative-sense and enveloped. It also describes the influenza virus life cycle, pathogenesis in humans, clinical symptoms of influenza infection, and methods for prevention and control including inactivated viral vaccines and live attenuated influenza vaccines.
Adenovirus causes many upper and lower respiratory tract diseases as well as conjunctivitis, pneumonia, and gastroenteritis. It is a medium-sized, non-enveloped virus with double-stranded DNA and an icosahedral nucleocapsid. It enters cells via its fiber, replicates in the nucleus, and is released through cell lysis. Transmission occurs via respiratory droplets, fecal-oral route, or direct inoculation of conjunctiva. Infection is common in children and causes respiratory illness, keratoconjunctivitis, or hemorrhagic cystitis depending on serotype. Immunity is type-specific and lifelong. There is no antiviral treatment, only symptom
This document provides information on various bacterial pathogens, including Campylobacter, Helicobacter pylori, Legionella, and Listeria monocytogenes. It discusses their epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment. Key points include that Campylobacter is a common cause of foodborne diarrhea, H. pylori is associated with peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer, Legionella causes pneumonia through inhalation of contaminated water droplets, and Listeria primarily infects newborns, pregnant women, and immunocompromised individuals through contaminated foods.
The document discusses the rubella virus which causes rubella disease. It is an enveloped RNA virus that infects via respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing. There is no treatment that can kill the virus, so treatment focuses on relieving symptoms. Vaccination with the MMR vaccine is recommended to prevent infection and spread to pregnant women which can cause congenital defects in babies.
This document discusses several viruses including pox virus, herpes viruses, and Epstein-Barr virus. Pox virus causes smallpox which is transmitted respiratory and has an incubation period of 12 days. Herpes viruses like herpes simplex and varicella zoster can cause conditions like cold sores, shingles, and chickenpox. Epstein-Barr virus causes infectious mononucleosis and may also lead to cancers like Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The viruses are diagnosed through various tests and treated with antivirals, vaccines or rest.
The document discusses the taxonomy, characteristics, and clinical significance of the family Enterobacteriaceae. It describes key genera including Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, and their roles as normal gut flora but also opportunistic pathogens. Klebsiella pneumoniae is highlighted as an important cause of nosocomial infections like pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis. Laboratory identification involves culture-based methods and biochemical tests to distinguish lactose fermenters from non-fermenters. Treatment requires combination antibiotics and is guided by susceptibility testing due to rising multidrug resistance.
The Orthomyxoviridae family contains influenza viruses A, B and C. They are enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses that cause highly contagious airborne respiratory illness. Influenza viruses have segmented genomes that code for proteins including haemagglutinin and neuraminidase, which mediate viral entry and exit from host cells. Influenza spreads through respiratory droplets and can cause complications like pneumonia in at-risk groups. Diagnosis involves virus isolation, antigen detection or PCR. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms, while vaccination aims to prevent influenza strains predicted to circulate annually. Antigenic drift and shift allow influenza to evade immunity and cause seasonal or pandemic outbreaks.
Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. It is transmitted by sand fly bites and affects the reticuloendothelial system. There are three main clinical forms: visceral leishmaniasis which involves vital organs, cutaneous leishmaniasis causing skin lesions, and mucosal leishmaniasis affecting mucous membranes. Visceral leishmaniasis, if left untreated, can be fatal and involves enlargement of the spleen, liver and lymph nodes with pancytopenia. Diagnosis involves clinical signs, serology, microscopy and culture. Treatment depends on the geographical region but involves pentavalent antimonials, amphotericin B
This topic is highly useful for MBBS students.
Strongyloides is a Nematode. Causes Strongyloidiasis.
This topic briefly describes about the mode of transmission, life cycle, clinical features ,complications ,diagnosis, treatment and its prevention.
HSV are DNA viruses that establish latent infections in hosts. There are 8 human herpesviruses including HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, CMV, EBV, and HHV-6/7/8. HSV-1 typically causes oral lesions while HSV-2 typically causes genital lesions. VZV causes chickenpox during primary infection and shingles during reactivation from latency in nerve ganglia. These viruses are diagnosed via microscopy, antigen/DNA detection, virus isolation, and serology. Antivirals like acyclovir are used to treat infections while vaccination can prevent chickenpox and shingles.
The document discusses several human herpes viruses:
- Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 cause oral/facial and genital lesions, respectively.
- Varicella zoster virus causes chickenpox initially and shingles upon reactivation.
- These viruses establish latency in neuronal or lymphoid tissues after primary infection.
- They are enveloped DNA viruses that infect via fusion with host cells and replicate in the nucleus before assembling and budding from the nuclear membrane.
The document discusses different types of orthomyxoviruses and paramyxoviruses. Orthomyxoviruses have segmented genomes, can undergo genetic reassortment, and show variable antigenic stability. Paramyxoviruses have single linear genomes, replicate in the cytoplasm, and are antigenically stable. Influenza A virus can cause pandemics and shows the highest antigenic variation compared to types B and C.
This document describes culture methods for cultivating various protozoan parasites. It discusses the purposes of culturing parasites, including for diagnostic, research, and teaching purposes. It provides examples of parasite species that can be cultured, such as Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, and Plasmodium spp. The document outlines different types of culture media, including xenic, polyxenic, monoxenic, and axenic cultures. It also describes specific culture media and methods used for cultivating intestinal protozoa like amoebae, as well as haematozoan parasites including Leishmania and trypanosomes.
The document describes procedures for the haemagglutination (HA) test and haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. The HA test detects viruses that can agglutinate or clump red blood cells by binding viral proteins to receptors on RBCs. It is used to measure virus titers. The HI test detects antibodies that inhibit HA by binding to viral antigens and blocking receptor binding. It is used to measure antibody titers and evaluate vaccines. Both tests involve making serial dilutions of virus or serum samples in microtiter plates, then adding RBCs to detect agglutination or its inhibition.
This document discusses herpes viruses, including their structure, classification, replication, and associated diseases. It covers three subfamilies of herpes viruses - Alpha, Beta, and Gamma. Key points include:
- Herpes viruses have double-stranded DNA and can establish latent infections.
- Important viruses discussed are herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, varicella zoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and cytomegalovirus.
- Diseases caused include cold sores, genital herpes, chickenpox, shingles, mononucleosis, and cytomegalovirus infection in immunocompromised individuals.
Arboviruses are viruses transmitted by arthropods like mosquitoes and ticks. They cause diseases in both animals and humans. There are two main transmission cycles - man-arthropod-man and animal-arthropod-man. Some major arboviruses include dengue, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile virus and chikungunya. They can cause febrile illnesses, encephalitis or hemorrhagic fevers. Diagnosis involves virus isolation or serological tests. There are vaccines available for only a few arboviruses like yellow fever and Japanese encephalitis. Treatment is generally supportive care.
Leishmania is a genus of protozoan parasites that causes leishmaniasis, a vector-borne disease spread by sandfly bites. It exists in two forms: amastigotes within host cells and promastigotes in sandflies. The disease manifests as visceral, cutaneous, or mucocutaneous leishmaniasis depending on the infected tissues. Visceral leishmaniasis affects internal organs while cutaneous primarily affects the skin. Diagnosis involves detecting the parasites microscopically or through culture. Treatment involves pentavalent antimonials, amphotericin B, or miltefosine. Control relies on reducing sandfly and reservoir populations through insecticides and treating
Adenoviruses, papillomaviruses, parvoviruses and polymovirusesNCRIMS, Meerut
Adenoviruses are non-enveloped DNA viruses that commonly cause respiratory illness. There are multiple serotypes that can cause pharyngitis, conjunctivitis, or pneumonia. Adenoviruses are transmitted through direct contact or respiratory droplets. Laboratory diagnosis involves virus isolation in cell culture or PCR detection of viral DNA. There is no vaccine or antiviral treatment available.
Herpesviruses are enveloped viruses that contain double-stranded DNA. They can establish latent or persistent infections following primary infection. There are three subfamilies of herpesviruses - Alphaherpesvirinae, Betaherpesvirinae, and Gammaherpesvirinae - which differ in their growth characteristics and sites of latency. Primary infections and reactivations are more serious in immunocompromised patients. Common human herpesviruses include HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, EBV, CMV, HHV-6, HHV-7, and HHV-8, which cause diseases like cold sores, chickenpox, mononucleosis, and some cancers
This document discusses orthomyxoviruses, which include influenza viruses A, B, and C. It provides details on their structure, including being linear, segmented RNA viruses with negative-sense and enveloped. It also describes the influenza virus life cycle, pathogenesis in humans, clinical symptoms of influenza infection, and methods for prevention and control including inactivated viral vaccines and live attenuated influenza vaccines.
Adenovirus causes many upper and lower respiratory tract diseases as well as conjunctivitis, pneumonia, and gastroenteritis. It is a medium-sized, non-enveloped virus with double-stranded DNA and an icosahedral nucleocapsid. It enters cells via its fiber, replicates in the nucleus, and is released through cell lysis. Transmission occurs via respiratory droplets, fecal-oral route, or direct inoculation of conjunctiva. Infection is common in children and causes respiratory illness, keratoconjunctivitis, or hemorrhagic cystitis depending on serotype. Immunity is type-specific and lifelong. There is no antiviral treatment, only symptom
This document provides information on various bacterial pathogens, including Campylobacter, Helicobacter pylori, Legionella, and Listeria monocytogenes. It discusses their epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment. Key points include that Campylobacter is a common cause of foodborne diarrhea, H. pylori is associated with peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer, Legionella causes pneumonia through inhalation of contaminated water droplets, and Listeria primarily infects newborns, pregnant women, and immunocompromised individuals through contaminated foods.
The document discusses the rubella virus which causes rubella disease. It is an enveloped RNA virus that infects via respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing. There is no treatment that can kill the virus, so treatment focuses on relieving symptoms. Vaccination with the MMR vaccine is recommended to prevent infection and spread to pregnant women which can cause congenital defects in babies.
This document discusses several viruses including pox virus, herpes viruses, and Epstein-Barr virus. Pox virus causes smallpox which is transmitted respiratory and has an incubation period of 12 days. Herpes viruses like herpes simplex and varicella zoster can cause conditions like cold sores, shingles, and chickenpox. Epstein-Barr virus causes infectious mononucleosis and may also lead to cancers like Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The viruses are diagnosed through various tests and treated with antivirals, vaccines or rest.
The document discusses the taxonomy, characteristics, and clinical significance of the family Enterobacteriaceae. It describes key genera including Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, and their roles as normal gut flora but also opportunistic pathogens. Klebsiella pneumoniae is highlighted as an important cause of nosocomial infections like pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis. Laboratory identification involves culture-based methods and biochemical tests to distinguish lactose fermenters from non-fermenters. Treatment requires combination antibiotics and is guided by susceptibility testing due to rising multidrug resistance.
The Orthomyxoviridae family contains influenza viruses A, B and C. They are enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses that cause highly contagious airborne respiratory illness. Influenza viruses have segmented genomes that code for proteins including haemagglutinin and neuraminidase, which mediate viral entry and exit from host cells. Influenza spreads through respiratory droplets and can cause complications like pneumonia in at-risk groups. Diagnosis involves virus isolation, antigen detection or PCR. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms, while vaccination aims to prevent influenza strains predicted to circulate annually. Antigenic drift and shift allow influenza to evade immunity and cause seasonal or pandemic outbreaks.
Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. It is transmitted by sand fly bites and affects the reticuloendothelial system. There are three main clinical forms: visceral leishmaniasis which involves vital organs, cutaneous leishmaniasis causing skin lesions, and mucosal leishmaniasis affecting mucous membranes. Visceral leishmaniasis, if left untreated, can be fatal and involves enlargement of the spleen, liver and lymph nodes with pancytopenia. Diagnosis involves clinical signs, serology, microscopy and culture. Treatment depends on the geographical region but involves pentavalent antimonials, amphotericin B
This topic is highly useful for MBBS students.
Strongyloides is a Nematode. Causes Strongyloidiasis.
This topic briefly describes about the mode of transmission, life cycle, clinical features ,complications ,diagnosis, treatment and its prevention.
HSV are DNA viruses that establish latent infections in hosts. There are 8 human herpesviruses including HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, CMV, EBV, and HHV-6/7/8. HSV-1 typically causes oral lesions while HSV-2 typically causes genital lesions. VZV causes chickenpox during primary infection and shingles during reactivation from latency in nerve ganglia. These viruses are diagnosed via microscopy, antigen/DNA detection, virus isolation, and serology. Antivirals like acyclovir are used to treat infections while vaccination can prevent chickenpox and shingles.
The document discusses several human herpes viruses:
- Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 cause oral/facial and genital lesions, respectively.
- Varicella zoster virus causes chickenpox initially and shingles upon reactivation.
- These viruses establish latency in neuronal or lymphoid tissues after primary infection.
- They are enveloped DNA viruses that infect via fusion with host cells and replicate in the nucleus before assembling and budding from the nuclear membrane.
herpesviruses bacteria virus and infectionValakIGopal
Herpesviruses are a leading cause of human viral diseases and include herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1, HSV-2), varicella zoster virus (VZV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). They are enveloped DNA viruses that are capable of causing overt disease or remaining latent in the body for many years. Herpesviruses can be transmitted through direct contact with infected bodily fluids or secretions. While infection often remains asymptomatic, it can cause diseases like chickenpox, shingles, mononucleosis, and infections in immunocompromised individuals. Herpesviruses are diagnosed through visualizing infected
This document discusses orofacial viral infections. It begins by introducing common viral infections of the orofacial region, including herpes viruses, HIV, HPV, coxsackle virus, and mumps virus. It then focuses on herpes viruses, describing the three subfamilies (alpha, beta, gamma) and some examples within each. Specific sections discuss infections caused by alpha herpes viruses like HSV-1 and VZV, beta herpes viruses like CMV and HHV-6, and gamma herpes viruses like EBV. Clinical features, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment are described for various infections like infectious mononucleosis caused by EBV. Complications of infections are also mentioned.
Herpesviridae Class Presentation for Virology discipline in Medicine by Sanskar Virmani, at School of Medicine, V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv, Ukraine.
Presentation is free to use for non-monetary purposes if the author (i.e., me) is properly cited and given due credits.
LinkedIn Profile: bit.ly/SanskarV_LinkedIn
A type of virus that causes herpes infections and has DNA as its genetic material. There are two types of human herpesviruses. Infections with type 1 viruses cause cold sores on the lips or nostrils. Infections with type 2 viruses cause sores on the genitals (external and internal sex organs and glands).
Herpes viruses have a DNA genome and envelope. They are classified into 3 subfamilies based on replication cycle length and host tissue tropism. Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 cause oral and genital lesions. Varicella zoster virus causes chickenpox during primary infection and shingles during reactivation. Lesions are diagnosed through visualization, viral culture, or PCR. Antivirals can reduce outbreak severity and frequency. Vaccines protect against varicella.
HSV-1 and HSV-2 are ubiquitous viruses that cause infections through direct contact with infected secretions. They establish latency in sensory ganglia after primary infection and can reactivate, causing lesions. Clinical presentations depend on the virus type and location of infection. Common manifestations include orolabial lesions from HSV-1 and genital lesions from HSV-2, as well as infections at other sites in immunosuppressed individuals or through direct contact during activities like wrestling.
This document discusses several herpesviruses including herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, varicella zoster virus, and human herpesvirus 6. It provides details on their classification, associated diseases, transmission, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 cause oral and genital herpes respectively. Varicella zoster virus causes chickenpox and shingles. Human herpesvirus 6 is associated with roseola infantum and certain neurological conditions. The viruses establish latency after primary infection and can reactivate periodically. Antiviral therapy includes acyclovir for treatment of active infections.
This document summarizes several important veterinary diseases. It provides details on the etiology, clinical signs, pathogenesis, lesions, and samples needed for diagnosis for diseases such as foot and mouth disease, rinderpest, malignant catarrhal fever, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine viral diarrhea, blue tongue, and peste des petits ruminants among others. Information on the causative agents, susceptible hosts, transmission routes, and characteristic gross and microscopic lesions is highlighted.
Herpes viruses have been implicated in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Several studies have found associations between herpes simplex virus (HSV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), and human herpesvirus types 6, 7, and 8 with periodontitis. These viruses have been detected in gingival crevicular fluid and gingival tissue samples from patients with periodontitis at higher rates than in healthy patients. The presence of herpes viruses appears to be correlated with increased severity of periodontal inflammation and attachment loss. Co-infection with multiple herpes viruses and periodontal pathogens may also influence disease progression.
This document discusses viruses, specifically herpes simplex virus (HSV). It provides details on HSV including that it is a double stranded DNA virus that can establish latent infections in sensory ganglia. It then describes the various clinical manifestations of HSV infection, including epithelial keratitis, stromal keratitis, iridocyclitis, and neurotrophic keratitis. The document outlines treatments for different manifestations of HSV infection, noting that topical antivirals and corticosteroids are commonly used depending on the specific presentation. It also summarizes findings from the Herpes Eye Disease Study trials regarding optimal treatment approaches.
1. Herpesviridae is a family of viruses that cause diseases in humans and animals through latent and lytic infections. Important members include HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, EBV, CMV, HHV-6, and HHV-7.
2. These viruses have been studied extensively since ancient times, with advances in understanding their transmission and diseases in the 1920s-1950s. They enter through skin or mucous membrane defects and can cause various infections.
3. Latent infections establish in ganglia or lymphoid tissues, and reactivation can cause recurrent lesions or diseases. Diagnosis involves microscopy, cell culture, antigen detection and molecular methods. Treatment
This document discusses several human herpesviruses:
- Herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 cause oral and genital herpes. Varicella zoster virus causes chickenpox and shingles.
- Cytomegalovirus commonly infects people without symptoms but can cause disease in immunosuppressed individuals. It is a major cause of birth defects.
- Epstein-Barr virus causes infectious mononucleosis and has been linked to cancers. It is commonly spread through saliva.
- Herpes B virus in monkeys can cause severe encephalitis in humans through bites or scratches and requires protective equipment to prevent transmission.
Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is an infectious systemic disease that presents as a variable complex of lesions affecting mainly ruminants and rarely swine. It is principally a disease of domestic cattle, water buffalo, Bali cattle (banteng), American bison, and deer. In addition to these farmed animals, MCF has been described in a variety of captive ruminants in mixed zoologic collections.MCF results from infection by one of several members of a group of closely related ruminant gammaherpesviruses of the Rhadinovirus genus.
This document summarizes different DNA and RNA viruses. For DNA viruses, it describes the structure, transmission, disease caused, diagnosis and prevention of adenoviruses, hepadnaviruses, herpesviruses, papillomaviruses, polyomaviruses, parvoviruses and poxviruses. For RNA viruses, it discusses the arenaviruses, bunyaviruses, calciviruses, coronaviruses, filoviruses, flaviviruses, orthomyxoviruses, paramyxoviruses, picornaviruses and their characteristics. It provides a detailed overview of the key viral families and genera that infect humans.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
Herpesviridae with lab dx
1. HERPES VIRIDAE
WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON LAB
DIAGNOSIS
PRESENTED BY: DR TABEEN MANSOOR
MODERATED BY: DR GULNAZ BASHIR-ADDITIONAL PROFESSOR
2. INTRODUCTION
■ Herpes is derived from the Greek
word “herpein” meaning to creep.
■ Historically used to describe the
spreading ulcerating lesion
associated with HSV infections.
Creeping lesion in Herpes
3. CHARACTERISTICS
■ Large(100-200nm)
■ Double stranded DNA virus
■ Consist of a 4 layered structure
Nucleic acid core
Capsid
Tegument
Envelope
■ Replicate in the host cell nucleus.
■ Cowdry type A inclusion bodies.
4. CHARACTERISTICS
■ The life cycle of all herpes viruses in their natural host can be divided into
■ LYTIC PHASE
Virus replicates
Results in the production of infectious progeny.
LATENT PHASE
Viral replication is suppressed.
Quiescent state.
The establishment of viral latency is a hallmark of all known herpesviruses.
6. CLASSIFICATION
ALPHA HERPESVIRIDAE
■ Rapid growth
■ Short replicative cycle
■ Wide host range
■ Neurotropic herpesviruses
■ Latent infection in sensory
ganglia
■ HSV-1,HSV-2,VZV(HHV-3)
BETA HERPESVIRIDAE
■ Slow growth
■ Restricted host range
■ Long replicative cycle results in carrier
state.
■ Grow best in fibroblasts
■ Latent infection in salivary glands,
lymphocytes,renal cells
■ CMV(HHV-5),HHV-6,HHV-7
7. CLASSIFICATION
GAMMA HERPESVIRIDAE
■ Grow in lymphoblastoid cells
■ Latent infection in lymphoid tissue
■ Further divided into two genera,Lymphocryptovirus and Rhadinovirus.
■ EBV(HHV-4),HHV-8
9. HSV-1 & HSV-2
■ Belong to the genus simplexvirus
■ Transmission: Direct contact with infected secretions.
■ Site of Latency: Sensory nerve ganglia.
In orofacial herpes trigeminal ganglia are mostly involved.
In genital herpes sacral root ganglia(S2-S5) mostly involved.
■ Neurovirulence: Capacity to invade and replicate in the NS.
10. HSV-1 & HSV-2
Reactivation: Induced by
Fever
Trauma
Emotional stress
Sunlight
Menstruation
Immunocompromisation.
HSV-1 reactivates more frequently
in oral regions
HSV-2 reactivates 8-10 times more
in genital regions.
12. OROFACIAL INFECTIONS
Most common presentation of
primary herpes.
More severe than Herpes labilais.
Accompanied by
fever
myalgia
irritability
tender cervical
lymphadenopathy
APT difficult to distinguish from
ACUTE GINGIVOSTOMATITIS ACUTE PHARYNGOTONSILLITIS
13. HERPES LABIALIS
■ Also called cold sores/fever blisters.
■ Most common manifestation of recurrent HSV-
1 infection.
■ Prodrome of pain, burning,tingling at site.
■ Erythrematous papules.
■ Thin walled intra epidermal vesicles.
■ Pustular and ulcerative.
■ Sores heal in 2-3 weeks.
15. GENITAL HERPES
■ More often by HSV-2
■ But HSV-1 can also cause
■ Primary genital herpes is severe.
■ Lasts upto 3 weeks.
■ Characterized by vesicoulcerative lesions of
■ Penis,Cervix,vulva,vagina,perineum.
■ Complications include extragenital site
ulcers and aseptic meningitis.
■ Person sheds the virus for 3 weeks.
■ Recurrence is common but a milder form.
16. CONGENITAL HERPES
■ Acquired in-utero, during or after birth.
■ Mother is the most common source.
■ MC mode is by coming in contact with a herpetic lesion during passage through birth canal.
■ Post natally acquired by family members or hospital staff shedding the virus.
■ 1/5000 deliveries per year.
■ Manifestation is of 3 types:
■ 1.Lesion localized to skin,eyes,mouth
■ 2.encephalitis with or without local skin involvement
■ 3.Disseminated disease.
■ Dissemination has poor prognosis(80% mortality).Survivors often have neurological
impairment.
17. HSV ENCEPHALITIS
■ Occurs by direct neuronal
transmission from a peripheral site
to brain via trigeminal or olfactory
nerve.
■ In adults & children>3yr-
■ localized to temporal and frontal
lobes.
Caused by HSV-1
■ In neonates generalized brain
involvement.
HSV-2 involved
■ Recurrent form called Mollaret
18. VARICELLA ZOSTER VIRUS(HHV-3)
■ Belongs to the genus Varicellavirus
■ TRANSMISSION: Droplet infection, direct contact with infected lesion.
■ SITE OF LATENCY: Dorsal root ganglia.
■ DISEASES:
Chicken pox
Shingles/Herpes zoster
Keratitis/Herpes ophthalmicus
VZV encephalitis
Myelitis
Herpes zoster oticus & Ramsay Hunt syndrome
20. SHINGLES/HERPES ZOSTER
■ Unilateral vesicular eruption
■ Dermatomal distribution.
■ Thoracic & lumbar
dermatomes MC involved.
■ Eyelids affected when the
1st or 2nd branch of the CN-
V is involved.
Herpes zoster ophthalmicus is a sight
threatening condition.
25. HHV-6&HHV-7
■ TRANSMISSION: Respiratory route
■ SITE OF LATENCY: T lymphocytes(CD4)
■ DISEASES CAUSED
Roseola (Exanthema subitum)
Fever
Malaise
Rash
Leukopenia
Interstitial pneumonitis in organ transplant
recipients. Rash in a patient with Exanthema subitum
30. HHV 8 VIRUS
■ TRANSMISSON: Not known
■ SITE OF LATENCY:
Kaposi’s Tumour Cells,
Endothelial Cells and
Tumour Infiltrating Leukocyctes.
■ DISEASE: Kaposi’s Sarcoma Kaposi’s sarcoma in a patient with AIDS
32. SPECIMEN COLLECTION & TRANSPORT
SKIN SCRAPINGS
For HSV& VZV
Requires a Tzank smear
Should be taken from
base
Virus difficult to isolate
once crusting or
ulcerations occurs
VESICLE FLUID
Vesicle fluid is
aspirated with a
tuberculin syringe.
33. SPECIMEN COLLECTION & TRANSPORT
SWABS
Endocervical
Conjunctival
Throat
Penile
Urethral
Cotton, rayon swabs can be
used.
Alginate swabs inhibit HSV.
34. SPECIMEN COLLECTION & TRANSPORT
TRACHEAL
APSIRATE
CSF & other
sterile body
fluids
AMNIOTIC FLUID
CORD BLOOD
BLOOD
CMV
HSV,VZV(rare)
Heparizined or EDTA
anticoag blood
acceptable for CMV
TISSUE
Lung,Liver,GIT: CMV
Brain: HSV
URINE
CMV can be detected
Yield increases by 2-3 samples.
10 ml of FMU to be taken
SALIVA
SEMEN
35. SPECIMEN COLLECTION & TRANSPORT
CSF/ tracheal aspirates, collected aseptically are transported without
VTM.
Urine is refrigerated before transport and once in lab is diluted 1:1 with
culture medium.
Tissue is placed in VTM in a sterile container.
36. SPECIMEN COLLECTION & TRANSPORT
Sample should be cultured within the first hour
If not possible it should be frozen at -70deg after placing it in VTM
Prolonged storage requires immersion in
Sterile 50% neutral glycerol in saline
Culture medium with 5% fetal bovine serum.
39. ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
■ Useful for detection of viruses that don’t grow in cell culture
■ Works best if 106-107 particles/ml present.
■ Immune EM allows visualization of virus particles present in small numbers.
■ Addition of specific antiserum causes viral particles to form Ag-Ab aggregates
■ EM is labour intensive and insensitive.
■ Not present in routine laboratories.
■ Restriced to research work.
41. TZANCK SMEAR
■ Named after a French dermatologist Arnault Tzanck.
■ Procedure:
■ The vesicle is deroofed.
■ Roof of the vesicle folded back.
■ Excess fluid removed by dabbing with sterile gauze.
■ Clean glass slide pressed against the base of the
ulcer.
■ Cells from the base of the ulcer will stick to the slide.
■ Making an impression smear.
42. MICROSCOPY AND STAINING
■ Methanol fixation
■ Staining by Giemsa, Wrights or Papanicolou stains.
■ Multinucleated giant cells with faceted nuclei.
■ Ground glass appearance (Tzanck cells).
■ Intranuclear eosinophilic inclusion bodies.
■ Tzanck cells are found in
HSV,VZV,CMV and Pemphigus vulgaris.
■ Cannot distinguish HSV-1 & HSV-2.
43. MICROSCOPY AND STAINING
■ Presence of intranuclear inclusion bodies is also demonstrated
Owls eye inclusion bodies of CMVCowdry A inclusion bodies
44. DIRECT FLUORESCENT ANTIGEN STAINING
■ Cells scraped from ulcer bases
■ Lesion is mixed with a HSV specific antibody.
■ If virus present forms a complex with the Ab.
■ This is identified by immuno-fluorescent or immuno-
peroxidase staining.
■ Distinguishes HSV-1& HSV-2.
■ Gives results in 2-3 hours
45. SEROLOGY
ANTIGEN DETECTION:
■ Enzyme immunoassay
Done for HSV-1 & 2.
■ ELISA
ANTIBODY DETECTION
ELISA
Done for EBV
In our lab IgM ELISA for VCA of EBV is done.
CMV& HSV ELISA done routinely as part of the TORCH test.
46. SEROLOGY FOR EBV
EBV induces :
■ Specific antibodies to
EBV
■ Unrelated non-EBV
heterophile antibodies
■ These heterophile Ab
react to antigens from
animal RBCs.
47. PAUL BUNNELL TEST
■ Paul Bunnell Ab were described in 1932 as heterophile Ab on the basis of
their ability to agglutinate sheep RBCs.
■ Ab in a patient with IM react with sheep RBCs and cause agglutination.
■ Test is performed in a series of tubes.
■ Utilizes serial two-fold dilutions of heat inactivated serum
■ Added in the presence of consant volume of sheep cells.
■ Agglutination is scored visually after 2 hours.
■ A positive titer of 224 or higher was considered adequate to support
diagnosis of IM
48. MONOSPOT TEST
■ Heterophile Ab test used for screening of
IM.
■ Patients serum placed on a slide
■ Mixed with Guinea Pig Kidney Antigen
and Preserved Horse Erythrocytes.
■ If heterophile Ab are present the blood
agglutinates.
■ It indicates infectious mononucleosis.
■ Sensitivitiy:70-90% .
■ Specificity:100%
49. SEROLOGY FOR EBV
■ Heterophile Ab.
■ Peak levels -2-6 weeks.
■ Remain positive upto a
year.
■ Although virtual 100%
specificity exists with the
Monospot test rarely false
positive results occur in:
Toxoplasmosis
Rubella
Lymphoma
Malignancies esp leukemia
50. SEROLOGY FOR EBV
ANTIBODY DETECTION:
Targeted against
1.VCA(viral capsid antigen)
2.EA (early antigen)
3.EBNA (Ebstein Barr nuclear antigen) appears after 1-2 months and
persists throughout life
51. ANTICOMPLEMENT IMMUNOFLUORESCECE
TEST (ACIF)
■ EBV infected lymphoblastic cell line
■ Source of antigen- RAJI cells
■ They express only EBNA not EA or VCA
■ These cells are fixed to a slide and
reacted with patient’s serum.
■ Presence of Ab is looked for with the
help of fluorescent microscopy.
■ Also used for CMV and seroconversion
of viral vaccines like VZV.
53. SEROLOGY FOR CMV
Detection of IgM antibody to
■ CMVNA
■ CMV-VCA
■ An anti-CMV immediate early antigen monoclonal Ab assay is
available.
■ This reacts with an early protein and can detect CMV infection 3
hours into the infection.
54. CMV ANTIGENEMIA
■ Defined as detection of CMV pp65 antigen in
leukocytes.
■ The pp65 assay measures messenger matrix
proteins on the CMV virus.
■ By immunofluorescence assay or messenger
RNA amplification.
■ These proteins are typically expressed only
during viral replication.
55. FAMA-Fluorescent antibody to membrane antigen
for VZV
■ Gold standard for assessing immunity to
varicella.
■ Detects seroconversion after vaccination.
■ Uses unfixed VZV infected human embryonic
lung fibroblast (HELF) cells.
■ Incubated with serial 2 fold dilutions of sera.
■ Cells are then washed,incubated.
■ Fixed on a slide & observed using
fluorescence microscopy.
■ More sensitive than CFT,EIA but requires
working with a live virus
56. LATEX AGGLUTINATION FOR VZV
■ Serum is added to a
suspension of latex particles
coated with VZV antigen.
■ If human serum contains Ab to
VZV a reaction occurs causing
visible agglutination.
■ Used to assess antibody levels
to VZV.
57. WESTERN BLOT FOR HSV
■ Gold standard for detection of Ab to HSV.
■ Discriminates HSV-1 and HSV-2.
■ Sera are reacted against separated, fixed protein arrays(blots) from
HSV-1or HSV-2.
■ Patterns of binding bands are highly predictive of infection with HSV-
1 OR HSV-2.
■ Expensive, time and requires skilled interpretation.
■ Currently not available commercially.
58. CELL CULTURE
■ A-549
■ MRC-5
■ McCoy cell line
■ Human diploid fibroblast
■ Rhabdomyosarcoma
■ Mink lung
■ Primary rabbit kidney
■ CV-1
■ Vero
■ Hep-2 cells.
Isolation of the virus on cell culture is the gold standard.
Cell lines used are
59. CELL CULTURE
■ Cell culture should be kept
for atleast 4 weeks.
■ But most viruses show
characteristic cyto pathic
effect within 2 days of
inoculation
■ EBV however does not grow
in cell cultures and has no
CPE.
60. CELL CULTURE FOR HSV
■ Cell line used:Hep-2,HDF
■ CPE description:
Rounded swollen refractile cells
Occasional syncytia, esp with type 2
Rapidly involves entire monolayer.
■ Rate of growth:1-3 days (Upto 7
days)
■ Distinct CPE sufficient to identify
■ Confirm by FA
61. ELVIS(ENZYME INDUCED VIRUS INDUCIBLE
SYSTEM) FOR HSV
■ Modified version of the conventional cell culture.
■ The system employs genetically engineered baby hamster
kidney cells(BHK) called ELVIS cells.
■ These cells bear DNA and HSV inducible promoter gene
chimerically linked to an E coli Lac Z operon.
■ Sequence linked to the reporter gene B-galactosidase.
■ When HSV from patient’s swab infects these ELVIS cells,
the enzyme is switched on.
■ Cells are checked for the presence of using ONPG or X-
gal.
■ This causes infected cells to turn blue.
62. CELL CULTURE FOR VZV
■ Cell line used HDF
■ Characteristic CPE;
Discrete foci of rounded, swollen,
refractile cells
Slowly involves entire monolayer.
■ Rate of growth:5-28 days.
■ Confirm by FA
63. CELL CULTURE FOR CMV
■ Cell line used: HDF
■ Characteristic CPE:
Discrete small foci of rounded cells
■ Rate of growth: 5-28 days
■ Distinct CPE ,sufficient to diagnose
■ Confirm by FA
64. CMV SHELL VIAL ASSAY
■ The shell vial method employs
centrifugation of the patient specimen
onto a cell Monolayer contained in a
small vial called shell vial.
■ Virus may be detected by DFA or IFA
staining within hours or days of
inoculation.
■ Shell vial method is used primarily for
detection of CMV, HSV, and VZV.
■ Cell line used for shell vials is MRC-5
(Human Fibroblast cells).
CMV after grown in shell vial culture
66. MOLECULAR
POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION
HSV 1&2:
1.HSV glycoprotein B gene.
PCR has been used to detect HSV glycoprotein B gene in HSV-2 as a cause of
recurrent meningitis(Mollaret).
Also useful in herpetic keratitis.
2.Glycoprotein D gene
3.Glycoprotein G gene
4.TK(Thymidine kinase)
5.DNA polymerase POL gene
67. MOLECULAR
CMV:
pp65
Commercially available quantitative PCR assays include COBAS Amplicor CMV
Monitor test.
It measures viremia in the range of 600-100,000 copies/ml
CMV Hybrid Capture
Quantitative assay.
■ Amount of data generated is proportional to amount of target present.
■ Viral load can be calculated.
68. MOLECULAR
EBV
Genes targeted are
■ EBNA1(Ebstein Barr Nuclear Antigen)
■ LMP1(Latent membrane protein 1)
■ LMP2(Latent membrane protein 2)
■ BZLF1(Trancriptional activator)
69. EGG INOCULATION
■ Chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) is mainly employed for HSV.
■ Virus growth and replication indicated by visible lesions-
pocks.
70. ANIMAL INOCULATION
■ Many animal models have been used.
■ Intracranial inoculation of HSV-2 resulted in
neurological manifestations, dissemination and
death of mice.
■ HSV-1 inoculated in anterior chamber of eye
results in ocular disease in mice.
■ Cotton top tamarins inoculated with EBV
frequently develop malignant lymphomas.
Ocular lesions in AC of eye due to HSV-1 inoculation
71. TREATMENT
HSV
■ Antiviral therapy:
Supresses clinical manifestations.
Shortens duration of illness.
Prevents complications like post herpetic neuralgia,
Prevents recurrence.
Latency however still occurs.
Acyclovir, Penciclovir, Famaclovir given for HSV infections.
Ocular herpes: Topical trifluridine, idoxuridine.
HSV encephalitis: IV acyclovir
72. TREATMENT
■ CMV
■ Drug of choice for CMV infections is Ganciclovir and Valgancyclovir.
■ Acyclovir is not given as CMV lacks the enzyme thymidine kinase required to
activate it.
■ EBV
■ No effective antiviral therapy available.
■ Acylovir reduces EBV shedding but is ineffective clinically.
■ Adoptive transfer of EBV reactive T cells has shown promise in
lymphoproliferative disease.
73. TREATMENT
■ HHV-8
■ Introduction of HAART has reduced incidence of KS.
■ Local radiation therapy,cryotherapy and intralesional therapy with
Vinca alkaloids has been used.
■ HHV-6,HHV-7
■ No antiviral therapy available for Roseola infantum.
■ Treatment is supportive.
74. PREVENTION
■ Prevention against most of the herpes viruses includes avoiding contact
with the virus.
■ Vaccination is only available for VZV.
■ Live attenuated vaccine OKA-strain is FDA approved.
■ VariZIG (Varicella zoster immune globulin) is given for passive
immunization.
75. PREVENTION
■ Prevention against CMV infections consists of proper screening of blood
before transfusion.
■ Use CMV negative blood and tissue for blood transfusion and organ
transplantation.
■ CMVIg also used for prophylaxis in transplant patients.
■ Leflunomide is an antimetabolite given off label.
Editor's Notes
Roseola classica presentation:9-12 month infant who develops high fever with febrile seizure.After 3 days rapid defervescence occurs with appearance of morbilliform rash.
Burkitts lymphoma:Malignancy of B cells mc affects jaw in African children.Form of NHL
//Kaposi sarcoma is a spindle cell tumour derived from endothelial cell lineage.It has 4 types:Epidemic of Aids related,Immunocompromised,classic/sporadic,endemic/African.AIDS related variety most aggressive and most common.Involves skin,oral mucosa,ln,visceral organs
*In many respects, β-galactosidase is best recognized for its reaction with X-gal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoyl-β-d-galactopyranoside), a soluble colorless compound consisting of galactose linked to a substituted indole. β-Galactose has high specificity for the galactose part of its substrates but low specificity for the remainder. Thus, it hydrolyzes X-gal, releasing the substituted indole that spontaneously dimerizes to give an insoluble, intensely blue product. On growth medium containing X-gal, colonies of E. coli that have an active β-galactosidase become blue because of this reaction.
*An elvis reporter system uses green fluorescent protein(GFP) which is detected by fluorescent microscopy.