Introduction
Disease
Important Properties
Transmission & Epidemiology
Risk factor of reactivation
Pathogenesis
Clinical Findings
Laboratory Diagnosis
Approaches to the diagnosis of latent infections
Treatment
Prevention
The PPT is mainly all about Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Agents causing the disease Tuberculosis, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis. It was made for both BSc and MSc students.
Cholera is a serious bacterial disease that usually
causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. The disease is typically spread through contaminated water.
Modern sewage and water treatment have effectively eliminated cholera in most countries. It’s still a problem in countries like Asia, America and Africa. Mostly in India.
Countries affected by war, poverty, and natural disasters have the greatest risk for a cholera outbreak.
Taxonomy:
class : Gamma Proteobacteria
Order: Vibrionales
Family: Vibrionaceae
Genus: Vibrio
Species: v.cholerae, v.parahaemolyticus,
v. vulnificus, v. alginolyticus
MORPHOLOGY:
Gram negative, actively motile, short, rigid curved bacilli
Resembling letter “V”
about 34 genus
most common in water
1.5µ X 0.2 -0.4 µ in size
polar flagellum , strongly aerobic
Smear – fish in stream appearance
PATHOGENESIS:
Source: Ingestion of contaminated water, food,
fruits and vegetables etc.,
Incubation periods: 1-5 days
Symptoms: Watery diarrhoea, vomiting, thirst, dehydration, muscle cramps
Complications: muscular pain, renal failure, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrhythrnias
DIAGNOSIS:
Specimen: stool sample, water sample(envt)
Microscopy: a) Hanging drop : +ve
b) Gram stain :-ve
Culture: Mac conkey Agar :colourless to light pink
TCBS : yellow colonies
Serology: serological tests are no diagnostic value
TREATMENT:
Adequate replacement of fluids and electrolytes.
Oral tetracycline reduces the period of vibrio excreation.
PREVENTION:
Drink and use bottled water
Frequent washing
Sanitary environment
Defecate in water
Cook food thoroughly
Tuberculosis (TB) is a potentially serious infectious disease that mainly affects the lungs. The bacteria that cause tuberculosis are spread from person to person through tiny droplets released into the air via coughs and sneezes.
The PPT is mainly all about Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Agents causing the disease Tuberculosis, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis. It was made for both BSc and MSc students.
Cholera is a serious bacterial disease that usually
causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. The disease is typically spread through contaminated water.
Modern sewage and water treatment have effectively eliminated cholera in most countries. It’s still a problem in countries like Asia, America and Africa. Mostly in India.
Countries affected by war, poverty, and natural disasters have the greatest risk for a cholera outbreak.
Taxonomy:
class : Gamma Proteobacteria
Order: Vibrionales
Family: Vibrionaceae
Genus: Vibrio
Species: v.cholerae, v.parahaemolyticus,
v. vulnificus, v. alginolyticus
MORPHOLOGY:
Gram negative, actively motile, short, rigid curved bacilli
Resembling letter “V”
about 34 genus
most common in water
1.5µ X 0.2 -0.4 µ in size
polar flagellum , strongly aerobic
Smear – fish in stream appearance
PATHOGENESIS:
Source: Ingestion of contaminated water, food,
fruits and vegetables etc.,
Incubation periods: 1-5 days
Symptoms: Watery diarrhoea, vomiting, thirst, dehydration, muscle cramps
Complications: muscular pain, renal failure, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrhythrnias
DIAGNOSIS:
Specimen: stool sample, water sample(envt)
Microscopy: a) Hanging drop : +ve
b) Gram stain :-ve
Culture: Mac conkey Agar :colourless to light pink
TCBS : yellow colonies
Serology: serological tests are no diagnostic value
TREATMENT:
Adequate replacement of fluids and electrolytes.
Oral tetracycline reduces the period of vibrio excreation.
PREVENTION:
Drink and use bottled water
Frequent washing
Sanitary environment
Defecate in water
Cook food thoroughly
Tuberculosis (TB) is a potentially serious infectious disease that mainly affects the lungs. The bacteria that cause tuberculosis are spread from person to person through tiny droplets released into the air via coughs and sneezes.
Fungal infections can occur due to the increasing use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and patients with immunodeficiency. Some pathogens, such as Cryptococcus, Candida,and Fusarium, rarely cause serious diseases in the normal host, while other endemic fungi, such as Histoplasmosis, Coccidiodes,and Paracoccidiodes can cause disease in a normal host, but has a tendency to be aggressive on immunocompromise.
Candida species are normal flora that may be an apportunistic pathogen. Candidiasis occurs in some diseases such as gastrointestinal mucosal esophagitis, a fungal disease associated with the use of catheters and in - patients who have mucosal damage or obtain broad – spectrum antibiotics. Other candidiasis consist of skin candidiasis, funguria candidiasis, disseminated candidiasis and endocarditis candidiasis. Candidemia is the fourth most common cause of nosocomial bloodstream infections in the United States and in many of the developed country. Invasive candidiasis has a significant impact on patient outcomes, and it has been estimated that the mortality of invasive candidiasis is as high as 47%. The mortality rates are 15%-25% for adults and 10%-15% for neonates and children. Diagnostic approach to fungal infection is a priority. The knowledge of the changes in epidemiology and risk factors for fungal infections, has become the main reference to measure optimal treatment of fungal infections.
Febrile seizure / Pediatrics
Simple vs. Complex seizure
Possible explanation of febrile seizure
Risk Factors for Febrile Seizures
Risk Factors for Recurrence of Febrile Seizure
Risk Factors for Occurrence of Subsequent Epilepsy After a Febrile Seizure
Genetic Factors
Evaluation
Lumbar Puncture
Optional LP
Electroencephalogram
Blood Studies
Neuroimaging
TREATMENT
Thanatology
Types of transplants
Cause, Mechanism of Death
Manner of death
Anoxia
Signs of Death
Immediate Changes (Somatic Death)
Early Changes (Molecular Death)
Algor Mortis ......
Reference
Asphyxia
Classification of Asphyxia
Mechanical Asphyxia
Mugging/ throttling
Mechanical Asphyxia
Pathological Asphyxia
Toxic or chemical Asphyxia
Environmental Asphyxia
Traumatic Asphyxia
Positional/postural Asphyxia
Iatrogenic Asphyxia
Tardieu’s or Bayard’s ecchymosis/spots
Hanging
Classification of Hanging
Cause of Death in Hanging
Fatal period in Hanging
Factors which influence the appearance of ligature mark ??
Judicial Hanging
Hangman’s fracture
Strangulation
ligature strangulation
Cause of death
Throttling or Manual Strangulation
Hyoid Bone Fractures
AUTOEROTIC
CHEMICAL Asphyxia
CHOKING
SMOTHERING Asphyxia
POSITIONAL Asphyxia
Drowning
Classification of Drowning
Typical or wet drowning
Mechanism of fresh water drowning
Mechanism of death in fresh water drowning
Mechanism of sea water drowning
Mechanism of death in sea water drowning
Atypical drowning
Dry drowning
Immersion syndrome
Near drowning
Shallow water drowning
Epidemiology of drowning
Cause of Death
Postmortem Examination
Froth
Reference
What is the LPR
Esophageal anatomy
Pathophysiology
Risk factors
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
Reinke’s edema
Patterns and Mechanism of LPR and GERD
DIAGNOSIS
Symptom Questionnaire:
Laryngoscopic Findings
Therapeutic Trial for LPR
Ambulatory PH Monitoring
Treatment
Lifestyle modifications
Dietary modification
PHARMACOLOGICAL
Drug therapy
Surgery
Cardiac Surgery
Internal thoracic ( mammary ) artery
ORIGIN and Course Of IMA
BRANCHES
Thymic Artery
The Xiphoid branch
The sternal branches
The Pericardiacophrenic branch
Anterior intercostal branches
Perforating branches
Musculophrenic artery
Superior Epigastric Artery
Clinical significance
Introduction
Natural conception
Epidemiologic figures
Factors affect the natural conception rate
Causes of subfertility
Female causes of subfertility
ovulation
Ovarian problems
Marker of ovarian reserve
Tubal blockage
Endometrial factors
Uterine factors
Cervical factors
History and PE
Investigations
Treatment
Male subfertility
Hypothalamic-pituitary disease
Obesity
Primary hypogonadism
Sperm transport disorders
Defective ejaculation
History and PE
Investigations
Surgical sperm retrieval
Cryopreservation of gametes
Introduction
What is definition and law of supply
Factors determine supply for health care services
Factors determine price & quantity of health care
What is the production function for health
Market equilibrium
Investing in the healthcare sector
Cost production in healthcare
Different healthcare system
Models of non-profit agencies
References
Supply of health and medical care
Definition and Law of Supply.
The health care production function.
Cost production in health care.
Factors determine price and quantity of health care.
Factors affecting Supply.
Investment on healthcare.
Health insurance and supply in healthcare.
Market Equilibrium.
References
Questions
Helicobacter pylori and Peptic Ulcer diseaseDiaa Srahin
Case Study
Clinical Case Summary
History
Helicobacter pylori
Biochemical characteristics
Transmission
Epidemiology
Global incidence of H. pylori infection
risk factors for acquisition of H.pylori
Immune responses
Pathogenesis
Helicobacter pylori Virulence Factors
Clinical Presentation
Complications
Peptic Ulcer
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
The benefits of the mediterranean diet pattern for adultsDiaa Srahin
Clinical Nutrition
Introduction
What is Mediterranean Diet
How to Follow the Mediterranean Diet
Mediterranean Diet Pyramid
Health Benefits of the Mediterranean Diet in Adults
Mediterranean Diet and Possible Health Concerns
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journey
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
1. Dr. Dina M. Bitar
Prepared By:
Diaa M. Srahin
Muath A. Baniowda
March, 2016
Al-Quds University
Faculty of Medicine
Microbiology
2. Introduction
Mycobacteria are aerobic, acid-fast bacilli (rods).
Nocardia asteroides, is also acid-fast.
The high lipid content (approximately 60%) of their
cell wall makes mycobacteria acid-fast.
3. Disease
M. tuberculosis causes tuberculosis.
one-third of the world’s population is
infected with this organism.
An estimated 500,000 people are infected
with a MDR strain of M. tuberculosis.
Each year, it is estimated that 1.7 million
people die of tuberculosis and 9 million
new cases occur.
4. Important Properties
Cell wall contains lipid with long chain (C78 – C90) fatty
acids called mycolic acids.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis grows very slowly
( doubling time is 18 hrs ) , taking up to 6 weeks for visible
growth. The colonies that form lump together due to their
hydrophobic lipid nature, resulting in clumped colonies on
agar -and floating blobs on liquid media.
Media used for its growth (e.g., Löwenstein-Jensen medium)
5.
6. Transmission & Epidemiology
M. tuberculosis is transmitted from person to person
by respiratory aerosol.
(1 - 10) organisms / droplet Infection.
Initial site of infection is the lung.
In developing countries, M.bovis also causes tuberculosis
in humans. M. bovis is found in cow’s milk, which, unless
pasteurized, can cause GI tuberculosis in humans.
Endogenous transmission : reactivation within respiratory
tract (M. tuberculosis) or extra pulmonary-latent in GI
(M. bovis).
8. Pathogenesis
M. tuberculosis produces no exotoxins and does not
contain endotoxin in its cell wall.
The organism infects macrophages and other
reticuloendothelial cells (REC), then produces a
protein called “exported repetitive protein” that
prevents the phagosome from fusing with the lysosome.
Approximately 90% of infections are asymptomatic.
Video (pathogenesis of TB).
9. Clinical Findings
Protean; “many organs can be involved”.
Fever, fatigue, night sweats, and weight loss.
Cough and hemoptysis in pulmonary tuberculosis.
Scrofula ; cervical lymphadenitis , that can caused by both
M. tuberculosis and M. scrofulaceum .
Erythema nodosum.
Miliary tuberculosis.
Tuberculous meningitis and tuberculous osteomyelitis.
Gastrointestinal tuberculosis.
Oropharyngeal tuberculosis.
Renal tuberculosis.
10.
11. Virulence Factors
To remember the names of the mycosides and their relationship to
M. tuberculosis, picture the surfing dude Mike (mycosides). He is
WAXING (wax D) his Surfboard (sulfatides) and has his surfboard
CORD (cord factor) attached to his leg (so as not to lose his stick).
Notice Mike has a cough and some weight loss
12. Laboratory Diagnosis
Acid-fast staining of sputum or other specimens is the usual
initial test.
Digestion of the specimen by treatment with NaOH and
concentration by centrifugation, the material is cultured on special
media, such as Löwenstein-Jensen agar, for up to 8 weeks. It will
not grow on a blood agar plate.
Liquid BACTEC medium, radioactive metabolites are present,
and growth can be detected by the production of radioactive carbon
dioxide in about 2 weeks. A liquid medium is preferred for isolation
because the organism grows more rapidly and reliably than it does on
agar.
Nucleic acid amplification tests can be used to detect the
presence of M. tuberculosis directly in clinical specimens such as
sputum.
Luciferase assay, which can detect drug-resistant organisms in a
few days. Luciferase is an enzyme isolated from fireflies that
produces flashes of light in the presence of (ATP).
13. Approaches to the diagnosis of latent infections
Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) skin test
This screening test indicates an exposure sometime in the past.
False negative test: Some patients do not react to the PPD even if they have
been infected with tuberculosis.
These patients are usually anergic, which means that they lack a normal
immune response due to steroid use, malnutrition, AIDS, etc.
To determine whether a patient is anergic or just has not been infected with
tuberculosis, a second injection (with Candida antigen) is given in the other
arm. Most people have been exposed to these antigens, so only individuals
who are anergic will not respond to the Candida or mumps injection with
induration after 48 hours.
Interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA).
In this assay, blood cells from the patient are exposed to antigens from
M. tuberculosis, and the amount of interferon-gamma released from the
cells is measured.
14. Treatment
Combination drug therapy is the rule to delay or prevent the
emergence of resistance and to provide additive effects against
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
The primary drugs in combination regimens are isoniazid
(INH), rifampin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide Regimens may
include two to four of these drugs.
A convenient way to remember that regimen is to give four drugs
(isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol) for 2 months
and two drugs (isoniazid and rifampin) for 4 months.
In patients who are immunocompromised (e.g., AIDS patients),
who have disseminated disease, or who are likely to have INH-
resistant organisms, a fourth drug, ethambutol, is added, and
all four drugs are given for 9 to 12 months.
15. Treatment (cont.)
Prophylaxis: usually INH, but rifampin if intolerant. In suspected
multidrug resistance, both drugs may be used in combination.
Strains of M. tuberculosis resistant to multiple drugs (MDR strains)
have emerged, primarily in AIDS patients.
The most common pattern is resistance to both INH and rifampin,
but some isolates are resistant to three or more drugs.
In this case other agents may also be required include
aminoglycoside, fluoroquinolones, capreomycin and cycloserine.
16. Treatment (cont.)
In 2013, a new drug, bedaquiline, was approved for the treatment of
MDR strains. It should be used in combination with other drugs, not
as monotherapy. It is diarylquinoline that inhibit an ATP synthase
unique to M. tuberculosis.
Non-compliance (i.e., the failure of patients to complete the full
course of therapy) is a major factor in allowing the resistant
organisms to survive.
One approach to the problem of non-compliance is directly
observed therapy (DOT), in which health care workers observe the
patient taking the medication.
The strains of M. tuberculosis resistant to
INH, rifampin, fluoroquinolone, and at least one additional drug are
called extensively drug resistant (XDR) strains. XDR strains
emerged in 2005 among HIV-infected patients in South Africa.
17.
18. Treatment (cont.)
Mnemonics for TB drugs:
If you forget your TB drugs, you'll die and might
need a ” PRIEST ” :
Pyrazinamide
Rifampin
Isoniazid (INH)
Ethambutol
Streptomycin
19. Prevention
An important component of prevention is the use of the PPD skin test
to detect recent converters and to institute treatment for latent
infections.
Pasteurization of milk and destruction of infected cattle are important
in preventing intestinal tuberculosis.
BCG vaccine can be used to induce partial resistance to tuberculosis.
The vaccine contains a strain of live, attenuated M. bovis called :
bacillus Calmette-Guerin.
the vaccine is its variable effectiveness, which can range from 0% to 70%.
Chest x-ray
Editor's Notes
Induration (thickening & hardening)
15 mm or more is positive in a person who has no known risk factors.
10 mm or more is positive in a person with high-risk factors, such as a homeless person, intravenous drug users, or nursing home residents.
5 mm or more is positive in a person who has deficient cell-mediated immunity (AIDS) or has been in close contact with a person with active tuberculosis.
Positive: exposure to M. tuberculosis or M. bovis
Negative: absence of infection , anergy.