Modern concepts of child care focus on family-centered care, high technology care, evidence-based practice, atraumatic care, cost containment, and prevention and health promotion. Family-centered care is a holistic approach that supports family integrity and the psychological and physiological health of the family. It enables and empowers family members to provide care for their ill children. High technology care allows for more advanced diagnostic capabilities from fetal development onward. Evidence-based practice ensures nurses make decisions based on the best available research evidence to improve patient outcomes. Atraumatic care aims to minimize psychological and physical distress for children and their families in healthcare settings. Cost containment techniques reduce hospitalization expenses. Prevention and health promotion apply health maintenance and developmentally