1. Toddlers are between 1-3 years of age. Their weight quadruples from birth and they gain 10-12.5 cm in height per year.
2. Their motor skills develop rapidly - by 12-13 months they can walk alone and by 18 months try to run. Fine motor skills include grasping small objects by 12 months and building towers of 6-7 blocks by age 2.
3. Cognitively, toddlers are in Piaget's preoperational stage, where thinking is based on concrete perceptions. Their language develops from 4 words at age 1 to 300 words by age 2.
Role of Child Health Nurse in caring of Hospital ChildAlka Singh
Subject : Child Health Nursing. Topic : Role Of Child Health Nurse In Child care at Hospital, Nursing Diagnosis, Various Measures to make hospital Child Friendly, Nurses Role in Care Of Toddlers, Infants, School Children, Adolescent.
There are a many differences between children and adults like physiological, anatomical, cognitive, social and emotional. These all impact on the way of illness and disease present in children and young people, as well as the way healthcare is provided. Adult have completed period of growth and development and in children growth and development ongoing So as nurses it is necessary to understand these differences to deliver the care accordingly.
This slide contain detail description of basic terminologies, neonatal (head to toe examination) assessment, neonatal reflexes, minor physiological handicaps of newborn
Play in Children or Play Therapy (Importance of Play, Functions of Play, Age-Related Play, Categories of Play, Types of Play, Selection, Safety and Guidelines)..
Defines and explains the Physical, Physiological, Gross motor and fine motor, Sensory, Language and Speech Development, Needs of a toddler and accident prevention in toddlers
Role of Child Health Nurse in caring of Hospital ChildAlka Singh
Subject : Child Health Nursing. Topic : Role Of Child Health Nurse In Child care at Hospital, Nursing Diagnosis, Various Measures to make hospital Child Friendly, Nurses Role in Care Of Toddlers, Infants, School Children, Adolescent.
There are a many differences between children and adults like physiological, anatomical, cognitive, social and emotional. These all impact on the way of illness and disease present in children and young people, as well as the way healthcare is provided. Adult have completed period of growth and development and in children growth and development ongoing So as nurses it is necessary to understand these differences to deliver the care accordingly.
This slide contain detail description of basic terminologies, neonatal (head to toe examination) assessment, neonatal reflexes, minor physiological handicaps of newborn
Play in Children or Play Therapy (Importance of Play, Functions of Play, Age-Related Play, Categories of Play, Types of Play, Selection, Safety and Guidelines)..
Defines and explains the Physical, Physiological, Gross motor and fine motor, Sensory, Language and Speech Development, Needs of a toddler and accident prevention in toddlers
1. Life Span Development One to Fifteen Months
2. Learning Objectives
3. The growth and development of a child during the first year of life is dramatic.
4. Growth During the First Year
5. Average Lengths and Weights0-12 months
assessment monitoring g & d of child.pptxittielarathi
In the context of childhood development, growth is defined as an irreversible constant increase in size, and development is defined as growth in psychomotor capacity. Both processes are highly dependent on genetic, nutritional, and environmental factors. Development refers to functional or behavioral changes. Growth is biological. Development is social, emotional, cognitive, moral, and other domains of function.Human development is a lifelong process of physical, behavioral, cognitive, and emotional growth and change. In the early stages of life—from babyhood to childhood, childhood to adolescence, and adolescence to adulthood—enormous changes take place. Throughout the process, each person develops attitudes and values that guide choices, relationships, and understanding. Sexuality is also a lifelong process. Infants, children, teens, and adults are sexual beings. Just as it is important to enhance a child’s physical, emotional, and cognitive growth, so it is important to lay the foundation for a child’s sexual growth. Adults have a responsibility to help young people understand and accept their evolving sexuality. Growth and development includes not only the physical changes that occur from infancy to adolescence, but also some of the changes in emotions, personality, behavior, thinking and speech that children develop as they begin to understand and interact with the world around them. Skills such as taking a first step or smiling for the first time are called developmental milestones.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance.pdfNEHA GUPTA
The "ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance" PDF provides a comprehensive overview of the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines related to pharmacovigilance. These guidelines aim to ensure that drugs are safe and effective for patients by monitoring and assessing adverse effects, ensuring proper reporting systems, and improving risk management practices. The document is essential for professionals in the pharmaceutical industry, regulatory authorities, and healthcare providers, offering detailed procedures and standards for pharmacovigilance activities to enhance drug safety and protect public health.
Health Education on prevention of hypertensionRadhika kulvi
Hypertension is a chronic condition of concern due to its role in the causation of coronary heart diseases. Hypertension is a worldwide epidemic and important risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke and renal diseases. Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels and is sufficient to maintain tissue perfusion during activity and rest. Hypertension is sustained elevation of BP. In adults, HTN exists when systolic blood pressure is equal to or greater than 140mmHg or diastolic BP is equal to or greater than 90mmHg. The
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
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Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...The Lifesciences Magazine
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3. Biologic growth:
1. weight :
Average weight gain is 1.8 – 2.7 kg / year
Birth weight quadriples at 21/2 years
2. Height
height increases about 10 to 12.5cm/ year
at 2yrs ht is about 85 cm
Arms and legs grow at a faster rate than head and
trunk
Lumbar lordosis of spine is less evident
Legs have a bowing appearance ( tibial torsion )
Ratio of upper segment : lower segment= 1.7 : 1
4. Head circumference
The rate of increase in head circumference slows
HC is equal to CC by 1 to 2 yrs
The rate of increase slows until at age 5 yrs
At 2 yrs HC IS 49 TO 50 cm
• The anterior fontanel closes between 1 and 11/2 yrs of
age
Chest circumference
• Continues to increase in size and exceeds head
circumference during the toddler year. AP diameter is
less than lateral diameter.
• Midarm circumference: 13 – 16 cm.
DENTITION
• Central incisors - 6 to 8 months
• Lateral incisors - 8 to 11 months
• Canines-16 to 20 months
• First molars-10 to 16 months
• Second molars-20 to 30 months
5. Physiologic parameters
Temperature : 97.8 – 98.4 ° f
Pulse : 1-2 years – 110 -130/ mt
3 years - 100-120/mt
Respiration : 24-40/mt
Blood pressure : systolic: 91 – 93 mmhg
diastolic: 56 mmhg
6. Maturation of system
The physiologic functioning of the body is mature by the
end of the toddler period with the exception of the
endocrine and reproductive system.
• INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
• The resistance of the skin to infection and its ability to
prevent fluid loss is increased as the epidermis and the
dermis become more tightly connected to each other.
• Sebum production is inadequate.
• CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
• Pulse rate is 110/mt
• Blood pressure is 99/64mmhg
• The heart and blood vessels increase in size.
• The need for Hb is greater than during infancy, a slightly
higher RBC count is necessary.
7. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
The structure increase in size, with increase in thoracic
volume.
Thus leading to decrease in respiratory rate 26/mt
Because of short straight eustachian tube through
infection easily reach the ears from the nasopharynx.
Respirations are still abdominal
Genitourinary system:
By 2 years, toddler is able to conserve water &
concentrate urine.
Myelination of nerves to urethral sphincter & increased
ability of bladder to control urine helps in controlling
elimination.
8. GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
The salivary gland reaches functional maturity
by the end of second yr
The capacity of stomach increases
HCL secretion in stomach increases,providing
protection against various types of organism
IMMUNE SYSTEM
Because passive immunity from the mother
decreases during infancy, immunization is
essential
The production of IgM,reaches adult levels
during later part of first yr of life
NERVOUS SYSTEM
The number of brain cells is complete by the
beginning of toddler period .
9. They continue to grow until the brain has reached
2/3rd
of its adult size at 2yrs and 3/4th
of adult size
by 3yrs of age.
As the child matures, specific areas of brain
develop, such as brocas area for speech.
Other areas of the cerebral cortex develops as the
child achieves motor control of the extremities
and sphincters.
Myelination of the spinal cord is achieved
gradualy as toddlers show increasing
ability to exert control over posture and
coordinated movements
As a result , the child is able to stand alone before
being able to walk, and to walk before running and
jumping
After 2yrs , myelination slows down to reach
completion during puberty.
10. Motor development
GROSS MOTOR SKILL
Development of locomotion
By 12 to 13 months walks alone
using a wide stance
By 18 months try to run but fall
easily
At 2 yrs walk up and down stairs
2 ½ yrs jump using both feet
Stand on one foot
Walk on tip toe
11. FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
By 12 months able to grasp a very small
object
by 15 months can drop a raisin into a
narrow neck bottle. Builds a tower of 2-3
cubes.
By 18 months can throw a ball overhand.
Builds tower of 3-4 cubes
By 2yrs use their hands to build towers.
Builds a tower of 6-7 cubes.
By 3yrs draw a circles on paper .
Builds a tower of 8 cubes.
Good hand finger coordination.
SENSORY DEVELOPMENT
Visual acuity of 20/40
The sense of hearing smell, taste
and touch increasingly developed
12. PSYCHOSOCIAL OR EMOTIONAL
DEVELOPMENT( eric ericksons)
AUTONOMY VS SHAME AND
DOUBT
• Learning to assert self in
the expression of needs,
desires and wants.
• If not allowed to do so,
experiences shame &
doubt.
• Coping skills – temper
tantrums, crying,
negativisim, breath holding
spells
13. Psychosexual development
(seigmund freud)
THE ANAL STAGE
The child operates primarily on the
basis of the id or instincts,the pleasure
principle
The child begins to operate on the basis
of ego,the part of the psyche that
posses consciousness
Attains pleasure by learning to regulate
elimination of bowel and bladder.
14. Spiritual development ( fowlers)
Intutive –projecttive faith- that is a
faith derived from the parents or
significant others. The child imitates
religious behavior, such as bowing
the head in prayer, but does
not understand the
meanings.
15. Cognitive development (jean piaget)
SENSORY MOTOR STAGE(BIRTH TO 2YRS)
Substage 5(12 to18 months) tertiary circular
reaction – child develops variations of old
responses in approaching a new object. ( trial
& error method)
Substage 6(18 months to 2yrs) the inventions
of new means through mental combinations.
Deferred imitations and invisible displacement
occurs at this stage.
Preoperational stage(2 to 7yrs) the childs
thinking is based on concrete perceptions and
actions on immediate environment. Child uses
one word to several rather similar persons or
objects.
16. Moral development( kohlberg)
STAGE 0(BIRTH TO 2YRS)
during this stage the toddler
function on the basis of the
good is what the child likes
and want.
STAGE 1(2YRS TO 3YRS)
This period is of punishment-
obedience orientation.
17. LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
Approximately 4 words are spoken at 1
year
300 words at 2 years of age
Buliding the vocabulary
The child a vocabulary first of nouns of
1 syllable (ma,ma da,da)
Use of more difficult nouns relating to
objects and people in the environment .
Constantly asks questions.
Talks whether audience present or
not.states own names.
Makes specific sound errors ( s, sh,
ch,z)
18. RECEPTIVE LANGUAGE.
By 15 months recognise names of
various parts of body.
Responds to familiar commads.
By 18 months identifies pictures of
familiar objects when named
By 2yrs , understands more
complex sentences
Identifies 4 body parts when
named.
By 30 months ,identifies 5 body
parts when named.
20. NEEDS OF TODDLERS
LOVE AND SECURITY
SEPARATION ANXIETY
REGRESSION
DEPENDANCE PROGRESSING
TO INDEPENDENCE IN SELF
CARE
TOILET TRAINING
DEVELOPING SELFESTEEM
HEALTH PROMOTION AND
ANTICIPATORY GUIDANCE
21. NUTRITION
the daily calorie requirement is
100kcal per kg during toddler period
ACCIDENTS PREVENTION
Accidence are the largest single cause
of mortality and disability between the
ages of 1-4 years.