This document discusses the referral system in healthcare. It defines referral as transferring cases beyond a facility's competence to a higher level facility. The system is vertical, allowing cases to move from village to subcenter to PHC to CHC and so on. The purposes are to provide comprehensive care appropriately and allow access to specialized services. An effective system requires trained staff, equipment, transportation, and collaboration between levels. Nurses play a role in observing patients, identifying the need for referral, assisting with transportation, and providing follow-up care.
A home visit is one of the essential parts of the community health services because most of the people are found in a home.
Home visit fulfils the needs of individual, family and community in general for nursing service and health counseling.
Unit -I : Community Health IntroductionSMVDCoN ,J&K
Special field of nursing that combines the skill of nursing, public health and same phase of social assistance and function as part of the total public health program for the promotion of health, the improvement of the condition in the social & physical environment, rehabilitation of illness & Disability.
A home visit is one of the essential parts of the community health services because most of the people are found in a home.
Home visit fulfils the needs of individual, family and community in general for nursing service and health counseling.
Unit -I : Community Health IntroductionSMVDCoN ,J&K
Special field of nursing that combines the skill of nursing, public health and same phase of social assistance and function as part of the total public health program for the promotion of health, the improvement of the condition in the social & physical environment, rehabilitation of illness & Disability.
This lesson will help the nursing students to learn and know the nursing records and reports and responsibility of the nurse in maintaining nursing records and reports in various health settings.
Family health services are the central point of health services.
It is an important component of “Health for All” goal.
Health of each individual affects the health of other member of family.
This lesson will help the nursing students to learn and know the nursing records and reports and responsibility of the nurse in maintaining nursing records and reports in various health settings.
Family health services are the central point of health services.
It is an important component of “Health for All” goal.
Health of each individual affects the health of other member of family.
Referral Management systems are those systems that synchronize patient data transmission from one physician to another and also to the patient. A referral management system aims to facilitate good communication between the consultant, specialist, the healthcare providers, and the patient
“Referral system is defined as a system of transferring cases which are beyond the technical competence of one infrastructure to a higher level infrastructure/institution having technical competency and all other resources to provide desired health services.”
This presentation contains :-
1.Levels of health care
2. Concepts of prevention
3. Level of prevention
4. Primary prevention
5. Health promotion
6. Specific protection
7. Secondary prevention
8. Tertiary prevention
9. Summary of referral system
10. Triage system
11. Reference slip
12. Referral system in India
13. Definition of referral system
14. System of referral
15. Chain of referral
16. Purpose of referral
17. Requirement for effective referral system
18. The referral units of PHC system need
19. The referral hospital at secondary and tertiary level need
20. Selection of referral case
21. Cases requiring immediate care
22. Referral form
23. Advantages of referral case
24. Key points to effective referral system
25. Nursing role in referral system
This topics aims to highlight the importance of referral as an integrated tool for health delivery in health systems which has three tier system primary,secondary and tertiary care system
A referral can be defined as a two-way process in which a health worker at a one level of the health system, having insufficient resources (drugs, equipment, skills) to manage a clinical condition, seeks the assistance of a better or differently resourced facility at the same or higher level to assist or manage the client's care and follow-up.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
Struggling with intense fears that disrupt your life? At Renew Life Hypnosis, we offer specialized hypnosis to overcome fear. Phobias are exaggerated fears, often stemming from past traumas or learned behaviors. Hypnotherapy addresses these deep-seated fears by accessing the subconscious mind, helping you change your reactions to phobic triggers. Our expert therapists guide you into a state of deep relaxation, allowing you to transform your responses and reduce anxiety. Experience increased confidence and freedom from phobias with our personalized approach. Ready to live a fear-free life? Visit us at Renew Life Hypnosis..
2. INTRODUCTION
At each level of health care
infrastructure, there is need for support
from higher level of infrastructure and
also from secondary & tertiary level
hospitals to strengthen and promote
credibility of primary health care
system.
3. DEFINITION
“Referral system is defined as a system
of transferring cases which are beyond
the technical competence of one
infrastructure to a higher level
infrastructure/ institution having
technical competency and all other
resources to provide desired health
services”.
4. • The referral system is vertical in nature.
• The cases can be referred from village
health post to SC/PHC, from SC to
PHC/CHC and from PHC to
CHC/secondary or tertiary level hospital
and from CHC to secondary or tertiary
level hospital.
5. • Provision is made for bypassing 1 or 2
level depending upon the nature and
seriousness of cases so that required
medical and nursing care can be given
on time to the case and mortality and
morbidity can be prevented and
controlled.
7. PURPOSES
• To provide need based comprehensive care within the
technical competencies & resources at each level of
primary health care infrastructure efficiently and
effectively.
• To help people avail specialized services available at
higher level institution which are beyond their reach.
• To streamline the appropriate use of PHC infrastructure
and specialized services in order to prevent overloading of
specialized institution by direct uses.
8. REQUIREMENT FOR EFFECTIVE REFERRAL
SYSTEM
THE REFERRAL UNITS OF PHC SYSTEM NEED TO:
• Well trained required number of professionals,
medical equipment & supplies, organization
structure etc.
• Continuing training, guidance & supervision of
community health workers.
• Guidance on sanitary measures & to disseminate
information on disease control methods.
9. • Conduct health education sessions.
• Provide logistic supports in terms of
equipment & supplies required at PHC.
• Establish liaison & functional relation with
other sectors involved in social and economic
development.
• Organize transportation facilities for cases to
be referred.
10. THE REFERRAL HOSPITAL AT SECONDARY & TERTIARY LEVEL
NEED TO:
• Provide specialized clinical outpatient & inpatient
care continuously.
• Back up primary health care system by providing
PH care messages/teaching.
• Discourage people attending OPD’s directly i.e. to
attend OPD when they have referral card/letter
or a genuine emergency.
11. • Act as teaching center for health
professionals including community health
workers.
12. SELECTION OF REFERRAL CASES
• The very serious patient requiring immediate
medical care & treatment.
• Patients presenting serious signs &
symptoms. He/she may not be sick but
requires immediate referral.
• When special diagnostic procedures are
required for diagnosis.
13. CASES REQUIRING IMMEDIATE CARE
THE CASES WHO MAY REQUIRE IMMEDIATE
REFERRAL ARE AS UNDER:
• Cases presenting any problem which cannot be
handled during pregnancy, labor and post natal
period.
• Severe diarrhea with dehydration or not responding
to treatment.
• Pain in abdomen and vomiting with or without
presence of bowel sounds.
• Heart burn, dyspepsia, dysphagia, haemetemesis and
maleana etc.
• Continuous cough with or without sputum,
haemoptysis.
14. • Fever with stiff neck.
• Fever not responding to treatment.
• Fever with severe joints pain, rashes, bleeding
under the skin.
• Breathing difficulty while walking, sleeping,
doing physical work.
• Chest pain with/without pain in the left arm,
restlessness and vomiting.
• Jaundice, loss of appetite.
• Convulsions with fever.
• Coma, paralysis, fracture, severe injury,
hemorrhage, poison etc.
17. ADVANTAGES OF REFERRAL CASES
• Beneficial to patients because they receive
effective care at the primary level which is
near to their home.
• Beneficial to health workers because they are
able to take care of patients which are within
their level of competence and are not
frightened to handle difficult cases because
they can refer them to higher level centers
and referral units.
18. • Beneficial to management because it is
economical as highly trained and highly paid
doctors, nurses and other professionals take
care of patients with serious and complex
problems at higher level referral unit and
patients with simple and minor problems are
taken care at much low cost by health workers
at lower level.
19. KEY POINTS TO EFFECTIVE REFERRAL
SYSTEM
1.
• Mutual understanding of each
others role.
2.
• Mutual respect
3.
• Mutual cooperation
20. NURSE’S ROLE IN REFERRAL SYSTEM
• Observe and collect information about the illness,
trauma, related situation, factors etc.
• Identifies the nature of illness/emergency and its
seriousness.
• Provides immediate treatment care within her
competence, standing orders and resources
available.
21. • Assures the casualty/family members/ any other
person accompanying.
• Explains about the seriousness of the problem
situation and need for reference to the casualty.
• Fills up the referral form as desired and hands over
the same with related documents to be given to
health professionals in referred health center.
• Arranges for transport of the patient according to
feasibility as soon as possible.
• May do the telephonic consultation or provide
information to referred health center.
22. • May accompany the casualty/patient if
required and feasible.
• Maintains the records and reports.
• Provides follow up care as per treatment and
instructions prescribed by the referral unit.