The document discusses innovations in nursing education, clinical practice, administration/management, and research. It provides examples of innovations such as handheld computers, e-learning, telehealth, evidence-based practice, computerized records, and new nursing roles. The need for innovation is driven by demands for improved healthcare quality and access despite workforce shortages. Nurses must be open to new ideas and changing practices to continuously advance the nursing profession.
Patterns of nursing care delivery in indiaRaksha Yadav
This presentation provides information about the various patterns or systems of nursing care delivery these methods includes case method, functional nursing, team nursing, modular nursing, primary nursing and case management.
THE EXPENSE OF QUALITY IS AN INTERACTIVE PROCESS BETWEEN CUSTOMER & PROVIDER. QUALITY ASSURANCE USUALLY FOCUSES ON MATERIAL, GOOD WORK & SERVICE PROVIDED EFFECTIVELY. ANY LACK IN SERVICE PROVIDED CAUSES DECREASE IN QUALITY
Patterns of nursing care delivery in indiaRaksha Yadav
This presentation provides information about the various patterns or systems of nursing care delivery these methods includes case method, functional nursing, team nursing, modular nursing, primary nursing and case management.
THE EXPENSE OF QUALITY IS AN INTERACTIVE PROCESS BETWEEN CUSTOMER & PROVIDER. QUALITY ASSURANCE USUALLY FOCUSES ON MATERIAL, GOOD WORK & SERVICE PROVIDED EFFECTIVELY. ANY LACK IN SERVICE PROVIDED CAUSES DECREASE IN QUALITY
Nursing innovation is a fundamental source of progress for health care systems around the world. And nurses innovate to find new information and better ways of promoting health, preventing disease and better ways of care and cure
it explain about definition of supervisior, faculty and dual position. role of faculty and supervisior and characteristics of faculty and supervisior. different hospital who started concept of dual position. advantages and disadvantages of dual position.
IN THE FIELD OF HEALTH CARE EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE IS MOST IMPORTANT FOR MOST ACCURATE CARE AND TREATMENT.FOR THIS PURPOSE RESEARCH IS COMPULSORY.THIS PRESENTATION TELLS ABOUT THE IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH,LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT IN NURSING.
Nursing innovation is a fundamental source of progress for health care systems around the world. And nurses innovate to find new information and better ways of promoting health, preventing disease and better ways of care and cure
it explain about definition of supervisior, faculty and dual position. role of faculty and supervisior and characteristics of faculty and supervisior. different hospital who started concept of dual position. advantages and disadvantages of dual position.
IN THE FIELD OF HEALTH CARE EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE IS MOST IMPORTANT FOR MOST ACCURATE CARE AND TREATMENT.FOR THIS PURPOSE RESEARCH IS COMPULSORY.THIS PRESENTATION TELLS ABOUT THE IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH,LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT IN NURSING.
To innovate is to put new ideas into practice or existing ideas into practice in new ways. Every nurse is an agent of change and an innovator. Every day, nurses work together to solve difficult challenges in the workplace and for their patients.
The nursing care delivery system means “the process of delivering care to the client by combining various aspects of nursing service which will fit to various patient care settings to produce a common outcome of delivering quality care and meeting the needs of clients”
The challenges faced by nursing administrators are many and varies. An overview of such challenges will be helpful in working towards the managerial solutions.
philosophy,aims & objectives of nursing management, current trends and issues...LalrinchhaniSailo
One of the most important human activities is managing. Management is the process of designing and maintaining an environment in which individuals, working together in groups, efficiently accomplish selected aims, managers are changed with the responsibility of taking actions that will make it possible for individuals to make their best contributions to group objectives. Management thus applies to small and large organizations.
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
Welcome to Secret Tantric, London’s finest VIP Massage agency. Since we first opened our doors, we have provided the ultimate erotic massage experience to innumerable clients, each one searching for the very best sensual massage in London. We come by this reputation honestly with a dynamic team of the city’s most beautiful masseuses.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
QA Paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka 2020Azreen Aj
QA study - To improve the 6th monthly recall rate post-comprehensive dental treatment under general anaesthesia in paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
2. INTRODUCTION
The only constant feature in this world is change.
While all the change may not lead to progress,
there can be no progress without change. This is
true for the individual, institution, organization or the
country. Civilization owes its existence to change.
The success or even survival of an institution or
organization on depends on making necessary
changes.
3. DEFINITION
Innovation is defined as the generation of new
ideas or application of existing ideas to a new
situation resulting in improvement in organization
Innovation is the action of introducing a new
method, idea or product
4. TYPES OF INNOVATION
Product innovation- It is the creation and
subsequent introduction of a good or service that is
either new, or improved on previous goods or
services.
Process Innovation -A process innovation is the
implementation of a new way for significantly
improved production or delivery method
5. NEED OF INNOVATION
Maintenance of quality health services and
improving quality of care
Growing demands in health services
Global workforce shortage
Emerging clinical/ nursing specialities.
6. PRICIPLES
Innovation is to analyze the opportunities or
sources
Innovation is both conceptual and perceptual
It should be simple and focused
Effective innovation start small and they aim to do
one specific thing
Successful innovation aim at being the best from
the very beginning
7. SORCES OF INNOVATION
Within institution
Circumstances
Process need
Changes in structure
Outside institution
Change in demographic
New information
Change in perception and meaning.
9. Handheld computers in nursing education
First personal digital assistant in 1996
According to ANA (2001) all nurses need to use nursing
informatics
Video conferencing and web based conferencing
• Connects students and educators across distance
• Connects diverse student groups
E-learning
• Adaptation of different distance learning technologies
• Self directed, active learning
• Refocusing from educator to the subject
10. Service-learning
• Structured learning experience that combines community service with preparation and reflection
• Achieves a balance between service and learning objective
High fidelity patient simulator
• Help student practice decision making and problem solving skill and to develop human interaction
• Simulation is the third leg in the stool of education and science
Tele teaching
• Online model of education-learner directly interacts with tutor
• Learner oriented learning
• Promotes discovery learning
Micro teaching
• Miniature classroom teaching
• Small duration
• Paying full attention to a particular unit and skill
• Content reduced to one unit with a single concept
Nursing informatics
• Integrates nursing science, computer science and information science in identifying, collecting, processing and
managing data and information to support nursing practice, administration, education, research.
11. Nursing certification
•Advanced cardiac life support example
•Basic life support
•Certified emergency nurse
•Critical care registered nurse
•Neonatal resuscitation program
•Pediatric advanced life support
•Cardio thoracic nursing
•Emergency and trauma care nursing
•Oncology nursing
Fellowship in family nurse practice
•Fellowship in Hematology Nursing
•Fellowship in RespiratoryNursing
•Psychiatric nursing
Nursing mobile library
• Access to health care information for nurses working in remote area
• To reduce the gap between the desperate need for nursing information and its availability
Staff and student recruitment
• New methods like OSCE &OSPE
• Objective because examiner use a checklist for evaluating the trainee
• Structured, because every trainee sees the same problem and performs the same task in same time frame
• Clinical, because the task are representative of those faced in real clinical situation
13. Computer assistance
• Maintenance of health records
• Health security card
• Use of robots
• Reduce error and give certitude to the clinical planning
process
Wireless technology
• Nurse have immediate telephone contact with
employees and with patient
• Direct and accurate communication between Nurse
and Physician
• E.g. In south Africa nurses uses their mobile phone to
support people living with HIV/AIDS
14. Evidence based practice
• It is combination of professional expertise with available evidence to
produce practice that lead a positive outcome for client
• Steps:
1. Identify a knowledge need and formulate an answerable clinical
question
2. Locate the best available evidence
3. Critically evaluate the evidence
4. Integrate the evidence with patient’s unique biology, preferences and
values 5. Evaluate
Infection control
• To identify available resources which in the Hospital while maintaining
good patient care.
• Infection control has become Paramount importance.
• Segregation of waste has become mandatory in all the hospitals.
• Every hospital need to have Hospital infection control committee &
policy
15. Job description
• These are written according to specific practice area and level of responsibility.
• Nurses are also given format of the standards for performance.
Procedure manuals
• Procedure manual has become mandatory.
Triage
• Triage has become mandatory in the accident and emergency and thereby they
are able to prioritize the patients those who come to causality and are able to treat
the sick and vulnerable one as early as possible.
Ethics
• This is to increase more awareness among nurses that they will be able to apply
ethics principles while caring for patients.
• It significantly increase their knowledge about ethics and improves patient
satisfaction and the litigation rates.
• Many hospitals encourages nurses to attend such conferences and workshops.
16. Forensic nursing specialist
• Forensic psychiatric nurse work with mentally ill offenders and with victims of crime• It is the management of crime victims
from trauma to trial
• SANE-Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner
Community based nursing role
• People in communities in partnership with health care professionals will define the health needs to be met and maintain
control of strategies for meeting those needs.
Nurse researcher
• Nurse researcher is pivotal to the profession and discipline because it directs the future path of nursing.
Nurse educator
• They are the leaders and developers of nursing program of the future.
Tele nursing
• Tele nursing is nursing practice that occurs through the utilization of telecommunication and includes the use of nursing
knowledge, skills and abilities; the application of critical thinking and nursing judgement;and provision of nursing direction or
care in specific client situation
Hospice nurse
The nurse works holistically with clients and family.
Case manager
case manager co-ordinate resources to achieve health care outcomes based on quality, access and cost.
17. Telephone triage nurse
The practice nurse interacts with clients on telephone to assess needs, intervene and evaluate
Parish nurse
The role focuses on health promotion within the beliefs, values and practices of various faith
communities
Nurse practitioner
Nurse serves as a primary care provider and consultant for individuals, families or communities
Certified nurse midwife
Independent management of women’s health care. should pass the national certification
examination conducted by ACNM
Clinical nurse specialist
Clinical expertise in a defined area of nursing practice for a selected client population or clinical
setting
Nurse administrator
Nurse administrator unites the leadership perspective of professional nursing with various
aspects of business and health administration
19. Use of computer
Computerized physician order entry (CPOE)
Clinical decision support system (CDSS)
Electronic medical records- Affordable & integrated., For
improving patient care.• Powerful practice management
system for practices of any size, Fast, flexible, Easy to use
schedule for increasing productivity, Clinical desktop for
improving enterprise work flow.
Integrated, Internet – based solution that securely connects
clinics and patients, Electronic document management
system for eliminating paper charts.
Leadership for change
It is an action learning programme to develop nurses as
effective leaders and managers, nursing assistance.
20. Staffing structure
Benchmarking: organization has varying levels of
support in place at the unit level for the nurse.eg.
Nursing unit that has dietary aides
JCAHO: surveys hospitals for the quality of care
provided. sees for the right number of competent staff to
meet the need of patient
Skill mix: it is the percentage of RN staff to other direct
care staff, LPNs and unlicensed assistive personnel
PERSONAL MANAGEMENT
Use of computer in recording staff files, biodata,
accounts
22. Types of research
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Using Nursing Research to promote EBP
EBP requires integration of best research evidence with
clinical expertise and patient value and needs in the
delivery of quality, cost effective care.
Promotion or research utilization
Translate research findings into practice and nurses at
all levels are encouraged to evidence in evidence based
patient care.
23. Innovation in primary and community health care
• Innovation in health promotion and disease prevention Nurses are
uniquely positioned to identify risk factors, provide information about how
to manage these risks and promote the benefits of healthier lifestyles ,
diet and avoid risky behavior
Application of Tele nursing in home care
The programme targets families living in rural areas who often find it
difficult to repeatedly travel to a distance medical center for necessary
follow up.
Population based health care
Acts on three levels: the community system within the community, and
individuals, families and groups.
Population based individual focused practice changes the knowledge,
attitude, beliefs, practices and behavior of individuals , families and
groups.
24. Readiness to change
Some individuals and organizations are more ready
to affect changes than others.This depends often
on the degree of felt security.
In turn, it depends on the knowledge, skill, attitude,
self confidence, tolerance to stress, motivation of
the individuals
It also depends on the security to change. If there is
optimal feeling of security, then the acceptance of
change will be possible. Change is crucial. Change
is a must for progress.
25. CAUSES FOR NOT ATTEMPTING
INNOVATION
Afraid of failures; of opposition; of the unknown.
Lacking adequate and correct information.
Reluctant to experiment.
Bound by custom & tradition.
Unaware of our strengths for achievement.
26. CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
Every nurse can play a role in ensuring that innovations are
effectively implemented and adopted. Through their
professional conduct and relationship with colleagues, nurses
can play in creating a working environment.
In their leadership positions, nurses are well placed to
disseminate information about innovations.
In leadership roles, is encouraged and supported among
peers and more junior staff. Everyday nurse are developing
new and innovative approaches to improve healthcare
services and healthcare outcome for local people.
Nursing innovation are key to improvement and progress in
health systems worldwide.
We must teach students how to think, how to access,
interpret and use knowledge, how to be leaders and how to
defend their ideas. These skills require each faculty be
engaged in those activities themselves…across settings.
27. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Basvanthappa B. T.; “Nursing Education”; 1st edition; reprinted in 2004; Jaypee Brothers
Publications; New Delhi. Pp 234-238
Bigge L. Morris ; “ Learning theories for teachers “; 3rd edition; 1964; happer & Row
publishers; London.
Navjivan Kaur Navdeep and Rawat HC “Text book of Advanced Nursing Practice” 1st edition
(2015), Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (p) Ltd,page no.543 to 548.
Centre for the Integration of Medicine and Innovative Technology (CIMIT). (2009). Retrieved
March 8, 2009 from www.cimit.org/.
Innovation Learning Network (ILN). (n.d.). Welcome to the innovation learning network.
Retrieved March 8, 2009 from http://iln-public.pbwiki.com/
Nightingale Nursing Times, vol 5,no.2.May 2009. Gerontology journals.Org/cgi/45/1/68
7. http://new.gbgm-umc.org/umcor/work/health/parish-nurse/
8. http://www.nursesbooks.org/Homepage/Hot-off-the-Press/Faith- Community-Nursing.aspx