These slides cover a topic on Multiplexing in Data Communication. All the slides are explained in a very simple manner. It is useful for engineering students & also for the candidates who want to master data communication & computer networking.
TCP/IP have 5 layers, whereas OSI model have 7 layers in its Model. TCP/IP is known for the secured connection and comunication. I have explained all functions and definitions of layers in TCP/IP Model
Transmission media (data communication)Pritom Chaki
Transmission media is the material pathway that connects computers, different kinds of devices and people on a network. It can be compared to a superhighway carrying lots of information. Transmission media uses cables or electromagnetic signals to transmit data.
TCP/IP have 5 layers, whereas OSI model have 7 layers in its Model. TCP/IP is known for the secured connection and comunication. I have explained all functions and definitions of layers in TCP/IP Model
Transmission media (data communication)Pritom Chaki
Transmission media is the material pathway that connects computers, different kinds of devices and people on a network. It can be compared to a superhighway carrying lots of information. Transmission media uses cables or electromagnetic signals to transmit data.
This presentation is about the introduction to network switch layer technology. A network switch is a device tha is used to connect different segments over the network.This ppt includes introduction to switch,types of switches or layer specification,advantages and disadvantages of switch..
I hope it will be very helpful for the engineering students and the others who are interested to search in deep about network switch.
This slide shows information on Guided and Unguided media in data communication and networking. things like types of cables for guided media and wireless routers for unguided media transfers
,
ddata communications and computer networks
,
basic elements of a communication system
,
coaxial cable
,
star network
,
data transmission media
,
ring network
,
hybrid network
,
completely connected network
,
multi-access bus network
,
network linking devices
,
network interface card (nic)
In this slides the all common and mostly used networking devices are describe that help the beginners students of networking to understand about the all networking devices for more details comment below or suggestion
contents
Protocol
Types of protocol
Transmission control protocol (TCP)
internet protocol (IP)
Hyper text transfer protocol (HTTP)
Simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP)
File transfer protocol (FTP)
Layers
protocol:-A protocol is a set of rules for the exchange of data between a terminal and computer or between two computers. Think of protocol as a sort of recommunication agreement about the form in which a message or data is to be sent and receipt is to be acknowledge.
transmission control protocol(TCP):-This protocol ensures the delivery of information packets across network.
internet protocol (IP):-This important protocol is responsible for providing logical addressing called IP address to route information between networks.
hyper text transfer protocol (HTTP):- This protocol is used to access, send and receive Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) files on the Internet.
simple mail transfer protocol(SMTP):-This protocol is used for transferring email between computers.
file transfer protocol(FTP):-FTP is responsible for allowing file to be copied between devices.
layers:-In computer programming, layering is the organization of programming into separate functional components that interact in some sequential and hierarchical way, with each layer usually having an interface only to the layer above it and the layer below it.
thankyou.
This presentation is about the introduction to network switch layer technology. A network switch is a device tha is used to connect different segments over the network.This ppt includes introduction to switch,types of switches or layer specification,advantages and disadvantages of switch..
I hope it will be very helpful for the engineering students and the others who are interested to search in deep about network switch.
This slide shows information on Guided and Unguided media in data communication and networking. things like types of cables for guided media and wireless routers for unguided media transfers
,
ddata communications and computer networks
,
basic elements of a communication system
,
coaxial cable
,
star network
,
data transmission media
,
ring network
,
hybrid network
,
completely connected network
,
multi-access bus network
,
network linking devices
,
network interface card (nic)
In this slides the all common and mostly used networking devices are describe that help the beginners students of networking to understand about the all networking devices for more details comment below or suggestion
contents
Protocol
Types of protocol
Transmission control protocol (TCP)
internet protocol (IP)
Hyper text transfer protocol (HTTP)
Simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP)
File transfer protocol (FTP)
Layers
protocol:-A protocol is a set of rules for the exchange of data between a terminal and computer or between two computers. Think of protocol as a sort of recommunication agreement about the form in which a message or data is to be sent and receipt is to be acknowledge.
transmission control protocol(TCP):-This protocol ensures the delivery of information packets across network.
internet protocol (IP):-This important protocol is responsible for providing logical addressing called IP address to route information between networks.
hyper text transfer protocol (HTTP):- This protocol is used to access, send and receive Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) files on the Internet.
simple mail transfer protocol(SMTP):-This protocol is used for transferring email between computers.
file transfer protocol(FTP):-FTP is responsible for allowing file to be copied between devices.
layers:-In computer programming, layering is the organization of programming into separate functional components that interact in some sequential and hierarchical way, with each layer usually having an interface only to the layer above it and the layer below it.
thankyou.
Illustration 2
Assume that the direct material inventory of Saron Furniture Factory amounts to Br. 248,000 at the beginning of the year i.e., as of July 1, 2014. Purchases of direct materials amounting Br. 440,000 was made and freight cost of Br. 3,200 is incurred during the year, and the amount of direct materials inventory at the end of the year is Br. 234,900.
Compute the direct materials used
Assume further that Saron Furniture Factory has beginning work in process of Br. 220,000 and ending work in process of Br. 263,200. The direct labor cost incurred in the year is Br. 875,000 and the different manufacturing overhead costs incurred during the year are given below:
Indirect labor
Br. 98, 600
Depreciation on factory equipment
44,600
Light and power
43,600
Depreciation of factory building
12,000
Insurance expense on factory properties
9,500
Property tax
19,500
Factory supplies
9,900
Total Manufacturing overhead cost
Br. 237, 700
Compute the cost of goods manufactured.
Assume also that the finished goods inventory at the beginning of the year was Br. 314,000 and the ending inventory of finished goods is Br. 364,000 for Saron Furniture Factory.
Compute the cost of goods sold
Illustration 2
Assume that the direct material inventory of Saron Furniture Factory amounts to Br. 248,000 at the beginning of the year i.e., as of July 1, 2014. Purchases of direct materials amounting Br. 440,000 was made and freight cost of Br. 3,200 is incurred during the year, and the amount of direct materials inventory at the end of the year is Br. 234,900.
Compute the direct materials used
Assume further that Saron Furniture Factory has beginning work in process of Br. 220,000 and ending work in process of Br. 263,200. The direct labor cost incurred in the year is Br. 875,000 and the different manufacturing overhead costs incurred during the year are given below:
Indirect labor
Br. 98, 600
Depreciation on factory equipment
44,600
Light and power
43,600
Depreciation of factory building
12,000
Insurance expense on factory properties
9,500
Property tax
19,500
Factory supplies
9,900
Total Manufacturing overhead cost
Br. 237, 700
Compute the cost of goods manufactured.
Assume also that the finished goods inventory at the beginning of the year was Br. 314,000 and the ending inventory of finished goods is Br. 364,000 for Saron Furniture Factory.
Compute the cost of goods sold
Illustration 2
Assume that the direct material inventory of Saron Furniture Factory amounts to Br. 248,000 at the beginning of the year i.e., as of July 1, 2014. Purchases of direct materials amounting Br. 440,000 was made and freight cost of Br. 3,200 is incurred during the year, and the amount of direct materials inventory at the end of the year is Br. 234,900.
Compute the direct materials used
Assume further that Saron Furniture Factory has beginning work in process of Br. 220,000 and e
These slides cover a topic on Virtual circuit & message switching in Data Communication. All the slides are explained in a very simple manner. It is useful for engineering students & also for the candidates who want to master data communication & computer networking
This PPT consist of current trends of information technology which is prepared by Dr. Rajiv Shrivastava. Dr. Rajiv Shrivastava is a director in SIRT, Bhopal. SIRT Bhopal is one of the top 10 engineering colleges in india.
SIRT Bhopal, among top placement engineering colleges in MP has taken all responsibilities of campus placements / recruitments of all students. Be it a scenario of top placement in computer engineering but we provide top engineering placements for all other branches including Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Electronics Engg, Electrical Engg, Civil Engineering, MBA, MCA & Diploma Engineering Programs. The Sagar Group of Institutions has always proved itself as top.
Tips for Group Discussion given by Dr Rajiv Srivastava who is a Director in SIRT, Bhopal. SIRT, Bhopal is a Top Placement College in Bhopal (M.P.). It is a Best Placement College in Central India.
https://www.sirtbhopal.ac.in/
This ppt contains basic commands of UNIX operating system. This ppt is prepared by Dr. Rajiv Srivastava who is a director of SIRT, Bhopal which is a Best Engineering College in Central. India
Sagar Group of Institutions one of the Top Engineering Colleges in Bhopal. Which is providing Top Placements to students? To know more about Best Engineering College in Bhopal
Visit: - www.sirtbhopal.ac.in
These slides cover a topic on X.25, Frame relay and ATM in Data Communication. All the slides are explained in a very simple manner. It is useful for engineering students & also for the candidates who want to master data communication & computer networking.
These slides cover a topic on B ISDN in Data Communication. All the slides are explained in a very simple manner. It is useful for engineering students & also for the candidates who want to master data communication & computer networking.
These slides cover a topic on ISDN(integrated services digital network) part 2 in Data Communication. All the slides are explained in a very simple manner. It is useful for engineering students & also for the candidates who want to master data communication & computer networking.
These slides cover a topic on ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) in Data Communication. All the slides are explained in a very simple manner. It is useful for engineering students & also for the candidates who want to master data communication & computer networking.
These slides cover a topic on Introduction to switching & circuit switching in Data Communication. All the slides are explained in a very simple manner. It is useful for engineering students & also for the candidates who want to master data communication & computer networking.
These slides cover a topic on Terminal handling & polling in Data Communication. All the slides are explained in a very simple manner. It is useful for engineering students & also for the candidates who want to master data communication & computer networking.
These slides cover a topic on Spread spectrum in Data Communication. All the slides are explained in a very simple manner. It is useful for engineering students & also for the candidates who want to master data communication & computer networking.
Applications of Time Division multiplexing : statistical TDMDr Rajiv Srivastava
These slides cover a topic on Applications of Time Division multiplexing and statistical TDM in Data Communication. All the slides are explained in a very simple manner. It is useful for engineering students & also for the candidates who want to master data communication & computer networking.
These slides cover a topic on Wave Division Multiplexing in Data Communication. All the slides are explained in a very simple manner. It is useful for engineering students & also for the candidates who want to master data communication & computer networking.
Data Communication & Computer network: Shanon fano codingDr Rajiv Srivastava
These slides cover the fundamentals of data communication & networking. it covers Shanon fano coding which are used in communication of data over transmission medium. it is useful for engineering students & also for the candidates who want to master data communication & computer networking.
Data Communication & Computer Networks : LZW compression methodDr Rajiv Srivastava
These slides cover the fundamentals of data communication & networking. it covers LZW compression method which are used in communication of data over transmission medium. it is useful for engineering students & also for the candidates who want to master data communication & computer networking.
These slides cover the fundamentals of data communication & networking. it covers LZ algorithms which are used in communication of data over transmission medium. it is useful for engineering students & also for the candidates who want to master data communication & computer networking.
Data communication & computer networking: Huffman algorithmDr Rajiv Srivastava
These slides cover the fundamentals of data communication & networking. it covers Huffman algorithm. it is useful for engineering students & also for the candidates who want to master data communication & computer networking.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
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In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
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Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...
Topic Packet switching
1. Introduction to Data communication
Topic: Packet Switching
Lecture #7
Dr Rajiv Srivastava
Director
Sagar Institute of Research & Technology (SIRT)
Sagar Group of Institutions, Bhopal
http://www.sirtbhopal.ac.in
3. PACKET SWITCHINGPACKET SWITCHING
Packet switching is a method for sending data wherein the data
is divided in packets.
Each packet is given a header containing information of the
destination. Each packet is forwarded through the network to
the destination using this information.
At the destination the data has to be reassembled from the
received packages.
It uses packets of fixed or variable size.
Each packet contains header with source & destination
addresses
The size of the packet is determined by the network and the
governing protocol.
Individual packets take different routes to reach the destination
it uses two methods for transmission
1. Datagram Approach
2. Virtual Circuit Approach
4.
5. • In a datagram network, each packet is treated independently
of all others.
• Packets in this approach are referred to as datagrams.
• each packet is separately addressed & treated as
independent
• Switches devices route for each packet independently, each
intermediate node defines next route for this packet
• No dedicated connection is established between sender &
receiver
• Resources are not allocated for any packet so there is no
reserved bandwidth or no scheduled processing time for each
packet
DATAGRAM PACKET SWITCHING
6. • When a switch receives a packet, it has to
wait if there are any other packets being
processed. This increases delay.
• Packet transfer processing takes place at
network layer. These packets are called as
Datagram
• Figure explains the theory of datagram
transmission clearly.
7. A Datagram network with four switches (Routers)
4 3 2 1
1
4
3
2
1
1
2
3
4
432 1
8. • The datagram networks are also referred as
connectionless networks, which means it need
to keep track of connections status.
• There are no tear down phases as circuit
switching
• Each packet is treated the same by a switch
regardless of its source or destination.
9. Figure Routing table in a datagram network
Since there are no set up
or teardown phases, so to
maintain status of packet a
routing table is required.
A switch in a datagram
network uses a routing
table that is based on the
destination address
10. Destination address
• Every packet in the datagram network carries
a header that contains destination address
along with some other information. This
address is used to route the packet to its
destination
• The destination address in the header of the
packet remains unchanged throughout its
journey in the network.
11. Efficiency
• the efficiency of the datagram network is
better than that of circuit switched network
• Resources are allocated only when the
packets are to be transferred
• If a source sends a packet & there is a delay
of few minutes before another packet can
be sent then the resources can be
reallocated during these minutes for other
packets from other resources.
12. Delay
• There may be greater delay in datagram
network than virtual circuit network
• There are no setup & tear down phases
• Each packet may experience delay at a switch
before it is forwarded
• Since all packets travel through different
routes/switches so delay is also not identical.
13. Delays in a datagram network
Total Delay = 3 T + 3 + w1 + w2
Where 3T : 3 transmission time
3 :3 propagation delays
w1+w2 : 2 waiting times
14. 2nd
Approach
Virtual Circuit Network
• Virtual circuit network is implemented at the
data link layer
• a circuit switch network is implemented at
physical layer
• datagram is implemented at network layer.
• A virtual circuit network is a cross between a
circuit switched network & a datagram network.
It has some characteristics of both.
15. • Similarities with circuit switch:
– Setup & tear down phases
– Resources allocation during setup phase
– All packet follow the same path established during
connection
• Similarities with datagram approach:
– Resources may be allocated on demand
– Data are packetized & each packet carries an
address in the header. However, address in the
header has local jurisdiction, not end to end
jurisdiction
20. Addressing in Virtual Circuit Network
• Global Addressing
• Local (virtual Circuit Identifier) VCI
– VCI – it is actual identifier used for data transfer
– It is a small number that has only switch scope
– It is used by frame between two switches
– When a frame arrives at a switch it has different
VCI & when it leaves switch it has another VCI
22. Thank You
Dr Rajiv Srivastava
Director
Sagar Institute of Research & Technology (SIRT)
Sagar Group of Institutions, Bhopal
http://www.sirtbhopal.ac.in