The document provides an overview of the TCP/IP protocol suite, detailing its layers: the application, transport, network, data link, and physical layers. Each layer's functions and protocols, such as HTTP, FTP, and TCP/IP, are described, with emphasis on error detection, data routing, and transmission reliability. It highlights the roles of different protocols in ensuring effective communication and data transfer across networks.

1. Shubham KhedekarShubham Khedekar

2. Introduction TCP/IPIntroduction TCP/IP
 The Internet Protocol Suite (commonly known
as TCP/IP) is the set of communications
protocols used for the Internet and other similar
networks.
 It is named from two of the most important protocols
in it:
 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and
 Internet Protocol (IP), which were the first two
networking protocols defined in this standard.

4. APPLICATION LAYER
 This layer is comparable to the application,
presentation, and session layers of the OSI model all
combined into one.
 It provides a way for applications to have access to
networked services.
 It is widely-known layer for the exchange of user
information

5.  The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is used to
transfer files that make up the Web pages of the
World Wide Web.
 The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is used for
interactive file transfer.
 The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is used
for the transfer of mail messages and attachments.

6.  Presentation Layer does Encryption-Decryption and
Compression-Decompression of Data.
 This layer allows a process to add checkpoints which
are considered as synchronization points into stream of
data.

8. TRANSPORT LAYER
 This layer acts as the delivery service used by the
application layer.
 Two protocols used are TCP and UDP.
 The choice is made based on the application's
transmission reliability requirements.
 The transport layer also handles all error detection
and recovery.

9.  It uses checksums, acknowledgements, and timeouts
to control transmissions and end to end verification.
 Unlike the OSI model, TCP/IP treats reliability as an
end-to-end problem
 TCP provides a one-to-one, connection-oriented,
reliable communications service.
 UDP provides a one-to-one or one-to-many,
connectionless, unreliable communications service.

10.  A message is divided into segments; each segment
contains sequence number, which enables this layer
in reassembling the message.

11.  Message is reassembled correctly upon arrival at the
destination and replaces packets which were lost in
transmission.
 Connection Control : It includes 2 types :
1. Connectionless Transport Layer : Each segment is
considered as an independent packet and delivered
to the transport layer at the destination machine.
2. Connection Oriented Transport Layer : Before
delivering packets, connection is made with
transport layer at the destination machine.

12. NETWORK LAYER
 This layer is also known as Internet Layer. The main
purpose of this layer is to organize or handle the
movement of data on network.
 By movement of data, we generally mean routing of
data over the network.
 This layer is responsible for addressing, packaging,
and routing functions.

13.  The core protocols of the Internet layer are IP, ARP,
ICMP, and IGMP.
 The Internet Protocol (IP) is a routable protocol
responsible for IP addressing, routing, and the
fragmentation and reassembly of packets.
 The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is
responsible for the resolution of the Internet layer
address to the Network Interface layer address such
as a hardware address.

14.  The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is
responsible for providing diagnostic functions and
reporting errors due to the unsuccessful delivery of IP
packets.
 The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) is
responsible for the management of IP multicast
groups.

15.  It translates logical network address into physical
address. Concerned with circuit, message or packet
switching.
 Routers and gateways operate in the network layer.

17. DATA LINK LAYER
 Data link layer is most reliable node to node delivery
of data.
 It forms frames from the packets that are received
from network layer and gives it to physical layer.
 It also synchronizes the information which is to be
transmitted over the data. Error controlling is easily
done.

18.  Protocols of this layer determine which of the devices
has control over the link at any given time, when two
or more devices are connected to the same link.

19.  Error control is achieved by adding a trailer at the end
of the frame.
 Duplication of frames are also prevented by using this
mechanism.
 Frames are the streams of bits received from the
network layer into manageable data units.
 This division of stream of bits is done by Data Link
Layer.

20.  Switch and Bridge are used in this layer

21. PHYSICAL LAYER
 Physical layer is the lowest layer of all. It is
responsible for sending bits from one computer to
another.
 This layer is not concerned with the meaning of the
bits and deals with the physical connection
 This layer defines electrical and physical details
represented as 0 or a 1.

22.  This layer defines the rate of transmission which is
the number of bits per second.
 It deals with the synchronization of the transmitter
and receiver. The sender and receiver are
synchronized at bit level.
 Devices must be connected using the following
topologies: Mesh, Star, Ring and Bus.

23.  Physical Layer defines the direction of transmission
between two devices: Simplex, Half Duplex, Full
Duplex

24.  Deals with baseband and broadband transmission.
 Hubs and Repeater are used in this layer