This document discusses different methods for switching data in communication networks. It describes circuit switching, packet switching, message switching, and fast packet switching. Circuit switching establishes a dedicated connection for transmission. Packet switching divides data into packets that are routed independently. Message switching stores data at switches before transmission. Fast packet switching reduces overhead to increase throughput. The document provides details on the characteristics and advantages and disadvantages of each switching method.
Introduction, Virtual and Datagram networks, study of router, IP protocol and addressing in the Internet, Routing algorithms, Broadcast and Multicast routing
Illustration 2
Assume that the direct material inventory of Saron Furniture Factory amounts to Br. 248,000 at the beginning of the year i.e., as of July 1, 2014. Purchases of direct materials amounting Br. 440,000 was made and freight cost of Br. 3,200 is incurred during the year, and the amount of direct materials inventory at the end of the year is Br. 234,900.
Compute the direct materials used
Assume further that Saron Furniture Factory has beginning work in process of Br. 220,000 and ending work in process of Br. 263,200. The direct labor cost incurred in the year is Br. 875,000 and the different manufacturing overhead costs incurred during the year are given below:
Indirect labor
Br. 98, 600
Depreciation on factory equipment
44,600
Light and power
43,600
Depreciation of factory building
12,000
Insurance expense on factory properties
9,500
Property tax
19,500
Factory supplies
9,900
Total Manufacturing overhead cost
Br. 237, 700
Compute the cost of goods manufactured.
Assume also that the finished goods inventory at the beginning of the year was Br. 314,000 and the ending inventory of finished goods is Br. 364,000 for Saron Furniture Factory.
Compute the cost of goods sold
Illustration 2
Assume that the direct material inventory of Saron Furniture Factory amounts to Br. 248,000 at the beginning of the year i.e., as of July 1, 2014. Purchases of direct materials amounting Br. 440,000 was made and freight cost of Br. 3,200 is incurred during the year, and the amount of direct materials inventory at the end of the year is Br. 234,900.
Compute the direct materials used
Assume further that Saron Furniture Factory has beginning work in process of Br. 220,000 and ending work in process of Br. 263,200. The direct labor cost incurred in the year is Br. 875,000 and the different manufacturing overhead costs incurred during the year are given below:
Indirect labor
Br. 98, 600
Depreciation on factory equipment
44,600
Light and power
43,600
Depreciation of factory building
12,000
Insurance expense on factory properties
9,500
Property tax
19,500
Factory supplies
9,900
Total Manufacturing overhead cost
Br. 237, 700
Compute the cost of goods manufactured.
Assume also that the finished goods inventory at the beginning of the year was Br. 314,000 and the ending inventory of finished goods is Br. 364,000 for Saron Furniture Factory.
Compute the cost of goods sold
Illustration 2
Assume that the direct material inventory of Saron Furniture Factory amounts to Br. 248,000 at the beginning of the year i.e., as of July 1, 2014. Purchases of direct materials amounting Br. 440,000 was made and freight cost of Br. 3,200 is incurred during the year, and the amount of direct materials inventory at the end of the year is Br. 234,900.
Compute the direct materials used
Assume further that Saron Furniture Factory has beginning work in process of Br. 220,000 and e
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Introduction, Virtual and Datagram networks, study of router, IP protocol and addressing in the Internet, Routing algorithms, Broadcast and Multicast routing
Illustration 2
Assume that the direct material inventory of Saron Furniture Factory amounts to Br. 248,000 at the beginning of the year i.e., as of July 1, 2014. Purchases of direct materials amounting Br. 440,000 was made and freight cost of Br. 3,200 is incurred during the year, and the amount of direct materials inventory at the end of the year is Br. 234,900.
Compute the direct materials used
Assume further that Saron Furniture Factory has beginning work in process of Br. 220,000 and ending work in process of Br. 263,200. The direct labor cost incurred in the year is Br. 875,000 and the different manufacturing overhead costs incurred during the year are given below:
Indirect labor
Br. 98, 600
Depreciation on factory equipment
44,600
Light and power
43,600
Depreciation of factory building
12,000
Insurance expense on factory properties
9,500
Property tax
19,500
Factory supplies
9,900
Total Manufacturing overhead cost
Br. 237, 700
Compute the cost of goods manufactured.
Assume also that the finished goods inventory at the beginning of the year was Br. 314,000 and the ending inventory of finished goods is Br. 364,000 for Saron Furniture Factory.
Compute the cost of goods sold
Illustration 2
Assume that the direct material inventory of Saron Furniture Factory amounts to Br. 248,000 at the beginning of the year i.e., as of July 1, 2014. Purchases of direct materials amounting Br. 440,000 was made and freight cost of Br. 3,200 is incurred during the year, and the amount of direct materials inventory at the end of the year is Br. 234,900.
Compute the direct materials used
Assume further that Saron Furniture Factory has beginning work in process of Br. 220,000 and ending work in process of Br. 263,200. The direct labor cost incurred in the year is Br. 875,000 and the different manufacturing overhead costs incurred during the year are given below:
Indirect labor
Br. 98, 600
Depreciation on factory equipment
44,600
Light and power
43,600
Depreciation of factory building
12,000
Insurance expense on factory properties
9,500
Property tax
19,500
Factory supplies
9,900
Total Manufacturing overhead cost
Br. 237, 700
Compute the cost of goods manufactured.
Assume also that the finished goods inventory at the beginning of the year was Br. 314,000 and the ending inventory of finished goods is Br. 364,000 for Saron Furniture Factory.
Compute the cost of goods sold
Illustration 2
Assume that the direct material inventory of Saron Furniture Factory amounts to Br. 248,000 at the beginning of the year i.e., as of July 1, 2014. Purchases of direct materials amounting Br. 440,000 was made and freight cost of Br. 3,200 is incurred during the year, and the amount of direct materials inventory at the end of the year is Br. 234,900.
Compute the direct materials used
Assume further that Saron Furniture Factory has beginning work in process of Br. 220,000 and e
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
1. BECE3, BEEE 3E, BEEE3 & BETE3
Data Communication Networks
ELE-DCN-321
Lesson 7 : Data Elements Switching
E. Chiwaya, Staff Associate in Computer Engineering
2. Last Lesson Review
In the last lesson, we:
• explained the transmission modes and channel configuration;
• discussed the data terminal and circuit terminating equipment as
applied in data computer networks; and
• explained the process of transforming data signals for ease of
transmission.
8/1/2023 2
3. Intended Learning Outcomes
• On completion of this lesson, the student should be able to:
• explain how switching is utilised in a data communication network
• discuss the types of data switching methods
8/1/2023 3
4. References
• Chadza, T. (2013). Data Communication Networks Lecturer Notes,
Blantyre: MUBAS
• Namaona, T. (2017). Data Communication Networks Lecturer Notes,
Blantyre: MUBAS
8/1/2023 4
5. Outline
• Introduction
• Data switching methods
• Circuit switching
• Packet switching
• Message switching
• Fast packet switching
• Lesson summary
• Next lesson
8/1/2023 5
6. Introduction
• A network is a set of connected devices.
• Problem with having multiple devices:
• how to connect them to make one-to-one communication possible
• Solution: make a point-to-point connection between each pair of devices (a
mesh topology) or between a central device and every other device (a
star topology)
• Shortfall: impractical and wasteful when applied to very large networks
• Better solution: switching
8/1/2023 6
7. • A switched network consists of a series of interlinked nodes, called
switches.
• Switches are devices capable of creating temporary connections between
two or more devices linked to it.
• Some of the nodes are connected to the end systems, and some not.
8/1/2023 7
9. Data switching methods
• There is also fast packet switching!!
8/1/2023 9
Fig 2: Switching Methods
10. Circuit Switching
• There is a dedicated communication path between two stations.
• That path is a connected sequence of links between network nodes.
• Each link is normally divided into n channels by using FDM or TDM.
• On each physical link, a logical channel is dedicated to the
connection.
• Common example is the telephone network.
8/1/2023 10
11. • Three circuit switching phases:
• Circuit establishment:
• Dedicated connection must be established before signal transmission of end-to-end
(station-to-station).
• Data transfer:
• Transmission may be analog or digital, depending on the nature of the network.
• No addressing involved.
• Switches route the data based on their occupied band (FDM) or time slot (TDM).
8/1/2023 11
12. •Three circuit switching phases cont’d:
• Circuit disconnection:
• After some period of data transfer, the connection is
terminated, usually by the action of one of the two stations.
• Signals must be propagated to nodes to de-allocate the
dedicated resources.
8/1/2023 12
13. Advantages:
• Ideal for smooth network traffic e.g. telephone.
• Delay at node is negligible as data is never stored at any point.
• No overhead bits after call setup.
8/1/2023 13
14. Disadvantages:
• Channel capacity is dedicated for the duration of a connection, even
if no data are being transferred.
• Delay prior to signal transfer for call establishment.
• Fixed bandwidth.
8/1/2023 14
15. Packet Switching
• Data is divided into smaller segments, called packets, prior to
transmission through the network.
• Also known as hold-and-forward network, as a packet can be held in
memory at a switch for a short period of time.
• Each packet need to have control information as well source and
destination address for it to be recognized by the receiver as
belonging to a particular stream.
• There is no resource reservation; resources are allocated on
demand.
8/1/2023 15
16. Advantages over circuit switching
• Great Line efficiency
• A link can be dynamically shared by many packets over time.
• Packets are queued up and transmitted as rapidly as possible over the link.
• Perform data-rate conversion
• Two stations of different data rates can exchange packets because each
connects to its node at its proper data rate.
8/1/2023 16
17. Advantages over circuit switching cnt’d
• No blocking
• When traffic becomes heavy on a circuit-switching network, some calls are
blocked.
• Packets are still accepted, but delivery delay increases.
• Priorities used
• A node can transmit the higher-priority packets first.
• These packets will therefore experience less delay than lower-priority packets
8/1/2023 17
18. Disadvantages:
• Requires complex and expensive switching arrangements and
complicated protocols.
• Has overhead bits in each packet.
8/1/2023 18
20. Datagram Network
• Packets are referred to as datagrams.
• All packets:
• treated independently, with no reference to packets that have gone before.
• can take different path through the network.
• may not arrive at the receive end at the same time or in the order of transmission.
• routed using routing tables to their destinations.
• No setup or teardown phases.
8/1/2023 20
22. Advantages
• Call setup phase is avoided
• if a station wishes to send only one or a few packets, datagram delivery will
be quicker.
• More flexible
• If congestion develops in one part of the network, incoming datagrams can
be routed away from the congestion.
• More reliable
• If a node fails, subsequent packets may find an alternate route that bypasses
that node.
8/1/2023 22
23. Virtual Circuit Networks
• Preplanned route is established before any packets are sent.
• All the packets between a pair of communicating parties follow this
same route through the network.
• A cross between a circuit-switched network and a datagram
network.
- Has some characteristics of both.
8/1/2023 23
24. • As in a circuit-switched network, there are setup and teardown
phases in addition to the data transfer phase.
• Resources can be allocated during the setup phase, as in a circuit-
switched network, or on demand, as in a datagram network.
• As in a datagram network, data are packetized and each packet
carries an address in the header.
• However, the address in the header has local jurisdiction (it defines what
should be the next switch and the channel on which the packet is being
carried).
8/1/2023 24
25. • As in a circuit-switched network, all packets follow the same path
established during the connection.
• Normally implemented in the data link layer, while a circuit-switched
network is implemented in the physical layer and a datagram
network in the network layer
8/1/2023 25
27. Addressing
• Global
• An address that can be unique in the scope of the network or
internationally.
• Local (virtual-circuit identifier (VCI))
• A small number that has only switch scope; it is used by a frame between
two switches.
• When a frame arrives at a switch, it has a VCI; when it leaves, it has a
different VCl.
8/1/2023 27
Fig 5: Virtual circuit identifier
28. • Advantages
• Network may provide services related to the virtual circuit, including
sequencing and error control.
• Sequencing: all packets follow the same route therefore arrive in the original order.
• Error control: assures that not packets arrive correctly and in proper sequence.
• Packets transit the network more rapidly
• not necessary to make a routing decision for each packet at each node.
8/1/2023 28
29. Packet Size
• There is a significant relationship between packet size and transmission time.
• By breaking the message up into packets, each intermediate node can begin
transmission even sooner and the savings in time is greater.
• However, using more and smaller packets eventually results in increased, rather
than reduced delay.
- More packets mean more headers.
- Processing and queuing delays at each node increase.
8/1/2023 29
31. Message switching
• Also known as store-and-forward switching.
• Data, including source and destination identification codes, are
transmitted into the network and stored in a switch.
• Each switch within the network has message storage capabilities.
• Network transfers the data from switch to switch when it is
convenient to do so.
8/1/2023 31
32. Advantages:
• Traffic congestion can be reduced, because messages may be temporarily
stored.
• Message priorities can be established due to store-and-forward
technique.
• Has a dynamic bandwidth.
• Source and destination data terminal equipment do not need to be
compatible.
8/1/2023 32
33. Disadvantages
• Store-and-forward devices are expensive, because they must have
large disks to hold potentially long messages.
• Has overhead bits in each message.
• Slower than packet /circuit switching, as messages are stored for
variable times between nodes.
• Data is not transferred in real time; there can be a delay at each
switch.
8/1/2023 33
34. Fast packet switching
• A generic term for improved packet-switching technologies.
• Splits data into small sections called packets and sends them
separately by available channels until they reach destination but
eliminates overhead hence increasing throughput.
• Bypasses some error-checking protocols and flow control in the
network layer of an OSI model.
• A connection is established between two end points before the
actual data exchange
8/1/2023 34
35. Advantages
• Fast since it performs little or no error checking.
• No/less overhead bits in each packet.
8/1/2023 35
38. Summary
• In this lesson, we have:
• explained how switching is utilised in a data communication network; and
• discussed the types of data switching methods.
8/1/2023 38
39. Next Lesson
• In the next lesson, we will:
• discuss the network classifications; and
• describe the topologies used in networks
8/1/2023 39