Abstract: The power conversion from AC to DC and vice versa is basic need for several industrial applications, single phase or three phase controlled or uncontrolled convertor is used for this purpose. In these types of convertors large lower order harmonics are present. A twelve pulse three phase rectifier is used for reducing harmonics in high power applications, but the (12m±1) order harmonics are still present in the system. For further reduction of harmonics this paper proposes a PI controller based synchronous twelve pulse generator used for gate triggering of controlled twelve pulse rectifier with DC motor as a load.
Turnkey Solutions – the key to successful projects
----------------------------------------------------------------
EPC Solutions has all it takes to design, construct, and operate turnkey electrical substation solutions that efficiently support the reliable supply of electrical power on all voltage levels: decades of practical experience as a contractor and equipment manufacturer and a vast number of successfully completed projects all over the world, unparalleled expertise in all transmission processes, and proven excellence in project management. A distinguished tradition of innovation in power engineering, customized financing solutions, and outstanding quality standards in all production facilities worldwide round out the picture.
EPCS turnkey solutions for high-voltage substations incorporate the strong performance of one of the world’s leading engineering companies and one-stop supplier of power transmission products, solutions, and services. The scope of services comprises consulting, project management, system planning, engineering, commissioning, and comprehensive after-sales support. Centers of competence and branches all over the world create local value and ensure that EPCS experts are within close reach of every project.Customers worldwide benefit from numerous advantages of high-voltage substations from EPCS:
>One-stop approach comprising all technical, financial, and ecological aspects of the station’s entire life cycle
>Customized solutions based on proven EPCS technologies, even for the most challenging demands
>Freedom from coordination efforts and minimized financial and technical risk
Reactive Power : Problems and SolutionsAbhinav Dubey
Reactive power supplies stored energy in reactive elements and must be supplied to magnetic equipment like motors and transformers. Problems with reactive power include excess heat from reactive current, inaccurate utility billing that doesn't account for reactive power, and potential equipment issues if not properly handled. Solutions include fixed capacitors/inductors to produce or limit reactive power, static VAR compensators to provide reactive power on transmission networks using automated impedance matching, and static compensators using synchronous voltage sources to generate or absorb reactive power.
The document discusses selective coordination in electrical systems and circuit breakers. It begins with definitions of selective coordination from the National Electrical Code. It then outlines requirements for selective coordination in the NEC, including for health care facilities, elevators, emergency systems, and legally required standby systems. The document presents the challenges of achieving selective coordination with circuit breakers due to tolerances in instantaneous trip settings. It describes circuit breaker principles for time-current curves and selective override functions. The goal is to provide guidelines for selectively coordinating circuit breakers to meet NEC requirements.
Engineering review on AC Power.
Presentation lecture for energy engineering class.
Course: MS in Renewable Energy Engineering, Oregon institute of technology
This document discusses electromagnetic interference (EMI) in power electronics. It defines EMI and describes how it is generated internally in power electronic circuits and transmitted through electrical conduction, electromagnetic induction, and radiation. The document outlines international standards for EMI, sources of EMI, and methods for suppressing EMI, including EMI filters, active harmonic compensation, and proper design of circuit components.
This document discusses power system fundamentals and the per-unit system used for power system analysis. It begins with an introduction to power systems and covers topics like synchronous machines, transmission lines, power flow, and stability. It then describes the per-unit system for expressing voltages, currents, powers and impedances on a common base. Examples are provided for calculating per-unit values and transforming between bases. The per-unit equivalent circuits are developed for one-phase circuits and transformers.
1) Voltage collapse is a major cause of recent blackouts due to increased reliance on remote generation and lack of transmission expansion. As transmission lines trip, reactive power losses increase, reducing voltage.
2) Generators provide reactive power (VARs) to support system voltage through their automatic voltage regulators (AVRs). During low voltage events, AVRs and generator protection systems may not be able to maintain stable operation.
3) Undervoltage load shedding is used to prevent total system collapse by automatically removing certain loads if voltage drops below a threshold for a set time period. This helps restore the balance between generation and load.
This document discusses Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) which use power electronics-based devices to improve control of the electric grid and increase power transfer capacity. It covers the history and types of FACTS controllers including series, shunt, and combined configurations. Series controllers inject voltage in series with transmission lines while shunt controllers inject current. FACTS provide benefits like improved power flow control, voltage regulation and transient stability while also involving high costs. Their applications include power flow control, reactive power compensation and improving transmission capability.
Turnkey Solutions – the key to successful projects
----------------------------------------------------------------
EPC Solutions has all it takes to design, construct, and operate turnkey electrical substation solutions that efficiently support the reliable supply of electrical power on all voltage levels: decades of practical experience as a contractor and equipment manufacturer and a vast number of successfully completed projects all over the world, unparalleled expertise in all transmission processes, and proven excellence in project management. A distinguished tradition of innovation in power engineering, customized financing solutions, and outstanding quality standards in all production facilities worldwide round out the picture.
EPCS turnkey solutions for high-voltage substations incorporate the strong performance of one of the world’s leading engineering companies and one-stop supplier of power transmission products, solutions, and services. The scope of services comprises consulting, project management, system planning, engineering, commissioning, and comprehensive after-sales support. Centers of competence and branches all over the world create local value and ensure that EPCS experts are within close reach of every project.Customers worldwide benefit from numerous advantages of high-voltage substations from EPCS:
>One-stop approach comprising all technical, financial, and ecological aspects of the station’s entire life cycle
>Customized solutions based on proven EPCS technologies, even for the most challenging demands
>Freedom from coordination efforts and minimized financial and technical risk
Reactive Power : Problems and SolutionsAbhinav Dubey
Reactive power supplies stored energy in reactive elements and must be supplied to magnetic equipment like motors and transformers. Problems with reactive power include excess heat from reactive current, inaccurate utility billing that doesn't account for reactive power, and potential equipment issues if not properly handled. Solutions include fixed capacitors/inductors to produce or limit reactive power, static VAR compensators to provide reactive power on transmission networks using automated impedance matching, and static compensators using synchronous voltage sources to generate or absorb reactive power.
The document discusses selective coordination in electrical systems and circuit breakers. It begins with definitions of selective coordination from the National Electrical Code. It then outlines requirements for selective coordination in the NEC, including for health care facilities, elevators, emergency systems, and legally required standby systems. The document presents the challenges of achieving selective coordination with circuit breakers due to tolerances in instantaneous trip settings. It describes circuit breaker principles for time-current curves and selective override functions. The goal is to provide guidelines for selectively coordinating circuit breakers to meet NEC requirements.
Engineering review on AC Power.
Presentation lecture for energy engineering class.
Course: MS in Renewable Energy Engineering, Oregon institute of technology
This document discusses electromagnetic interference (EMI) in power electronics. It defines EMI and describes how it is generated internally in power electronic circuits and transmitted through electrical conduction, electromagnetic induction, and radiation. The document outlines international standards for EMI, sources of EMI, and methods for suppressing EMI, including EMI filters, active harmonic compensation, and proper design of circuit components.
This document discusses power system fundamentals and the per-unit system used for power system analysis. It begins with an introduction to power systems and covers topics like synchronous machines, transmission lines, power flow, and stability. It then describes the per-unit system for expressing voltages, currents, powers and impedances on a common base. Examples are provided for calculating per-unit values and transforming between bases. The per-unit equivalent circuits are developed for one-phase circuits and transformers.
1) Voltage collapse is a major cause of recent blackouts due to increased reliance on remote generation and lack of transmission expansion. As transmission lines trip, reactive power losses increase, reducing voltage.
2) Generators provide reactive power (VARs) to support system voltage through their automatic voltage regulators (AVRs). During low voltage events, AVRs and generator protection systems may not be able to maintain stable operation.
3) Undervoltage load shedding is used to prevent total system collapse by automatically removing certain loads if voltage drops below a threshold for a set time period. This helps restore the balance between generation and load.
This document discusses Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) which use power electronics-based devices to improve control of the electric grid and increase power transfer capacity. It covers the history and types of FACTS controllers including series, shunt, and combined configurations. Series controllers inject voltage in series with transmission lines while shunt controllers inject current. FACTS provide benefits like improved power flow control, voltage regulation and transient stability while also involving high costs. Their applications include power flow control, reactive power compensation and improving transmission capability.
This document provides an overview of motor acceleration studies, including:
- The purpose of motor acceleration studies is to ensure motors can start under voltage drops and are adequately sized.
- Common motor types include synchronous, induction, and wound rotor motors.
- Motor acceleration is modeled either statically using locked rotor impedance or dynamically using characteristic curves.
- Starting devices like auto-transformers, resistors, and reactors can be modeled to study their effect on motor starting.
Power System Analysis was a core subject for Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Based On Anna University Syllabus. The Whole Subject was there in this document.
Share with it ur friends & Follow me for more updates.!
This document summarizes key concepts about three-phase systems. It defines a three-phase system as having three sinusoidal voltages differing in phase by 120 degrees. The voltages can form a positive or negative sequence. Three-phase systems are commonly used for power generation, transmission, and distribution due to their ability to transmit more power with less material. Formulas are provided for calculating line voltages, currents, and power in balanced and unbalanced three-phase systems. Advantages of three-phase systems like constant torque and easier starting of motors are also discussed.
This presentation provides an overview of power quality, including definitions of power quality, common power quality disturbances like sags, swells, harmonics and interruptions. It discusses the increased sensitivity of modern electronic equipment to power quality issues. Real-time power quality monitoring systems are described that can identify issues, locate their sources, and help utilities and customers mitigate problems to reduce costs and equipment damage. The benefits of power quality monitoring include improved reliability, preventative maintenance, and identification of sensitive equipment needing protection.
The document contains 10 problems related to symmetrical components analysis of three-phase electrical circuits:
1. Compute polar forms of complex expressions.
2. Determine line voltages and currents for a Y-connected resistor bank connected to a Δ-Y transformer.
3. Find symmetrical components of three phase voltages.
The problems involve calculating symmetrical components of voltages and currents, determining line quantities from symmetrical components, drawing sequence networks, and solving circuits using symmetrical components analysis.
This document discusses power system protection settings. It begins by introducing the functions of protective relays and the information needed to calculate settings, such as line parameters, transformer parameters, fault studies results, and CT and VT ratios. It then describes the protection settings process and functional elements of protective relays. The document discusses the operating characteristics of overcurrent, directional, and distance protection elements. It explains concepts like current grading, time grading, and directional elements as they relate to achieving selectivity in protection schemes. Finally, it provides more details on distance protection principles and operating characteristics.
The document discusses inrush current in transformers. It defines inrush current as the maximum, instantaneous input current drawn by an electrical device when first turned on. When a transformer is energized, inrush current occurs as both a source-free response and a forced response to the applied AC voltage. The magnitude of inrush current depends on factors like the residual flux in the transformer core and the phase of the AC voltage wave when the switch is closed. Inrush current can be several times the normal full-load current and decays within 5-10 cycles but may exceed 25 times the full-load rating initially.
This document summarizes various protection schemes for power transformers, including:
1. Differential protection compares currents entering and leaving the transformer to detect internal faults.
2. Buchholz relay detects incipient faults by sensing gases produced from insulation breakdown, and can indicate the fault type.
3. Restricted earth fault protection detects high-resistance winding-to-core faults not seen by differential relays.
4. Overcurrent protection trips for overloads or external faults not isolated by other schemes.
5. Overfluxing protection monitors the voltage-to-frequency ratio to prevent damage from sustained overvoltages.
This document discusses voltage drop calculation in cable lines. It provides information on the data required to start calculations, including cable parameters, load characteristics, installation scheme, and maximum allowed voltage drop. It then covers calculations for simple radial lines under conditions of constant current and constant power. For constant current, the voltage drop is calculated based on cable resistance and reactance, line length, and load current. For constant power, an iterative method is used to calculate the voltage at the end of the line based on load power and reactive power. Sample calculations are shown for both cases.
The following topics are covered: components of power distribution systems, fuses, padmounted transformers, pole mounted transformers, vault installed transformers, transformer stations protection, transformer connections, thermometers, pressure relief devices, restricted ground faults, differential protection current transformers connections, overexcitation, inrush current, percentage differential relays, gas relays, characteristics of CTs.
This document provides an overview of the Gauss-Seidel and Newton-Raphson power flow solution methods. It begins by describing the Gauss-Seidel iterative method for solving nonlinear power flow equations using a scalar example. It then discusses applying Gauss-Seidel to vector power flow problems and provides an example of solving a two bus system. The document next describes the Newton-Raphson method, extending it to multidimensional problems using Taylor series approximations and defining the Jacobian matrix. It concludes with brief discussions of advantages and disadvantages of each method.
A simple, economic, pure sine wave dc/ac inverter applicable up to 500VA output power.
Easily repairable.
Designed by Subarna Giri (electrical systems control technologist)
Be free from IC-type model
Be eco-friendly
This document provides an introduction to medium voltage (MV) equipment, including key concepts such as:
- Voltage levels including operating voltage, rated voltage, insulation levels, and derating factors
- Current levels including operating current, short circuit current, and thermal withstand current
- Frequency standards of 50Hz and 60Hz
- Types of MV switchgear including air insulated switchgear, metal enclosed, compartmented, and block types
- Standards that MV switchgear must comply with such as IEC 62271
- Main functions of switchgear including protection, isolation, and control
- Comparison of SF6 and vacuum circuit breaker technologies
The document concisely covers the essential electrical concepts and specifications
Electrical fault is the deviation of voltages and currents from nominal values or states. Under normal operating conditions, power system equipment or lines carry normal voltages and currents which results in a safer operation of the system.
This document discusses power factor correction. It defines power factor and explains that most loads are inductive, requiring capacitors to be added in parallel to cancel out the reactive power and improve the power factor. It provides an example showing that a generator supplying the same real power but at a lower power factor must supply more current, requiring larger, more expensive equipment. Power factor correction using capacitors brings benefits like reduced transmission losses and avoiding fines from utilities.
Objectives: This course will provide a comprehensive overview of power system stability and control problems. This includes the basic concepts, physical aspects of the phenomena, methods of analysis, the integration of MATLAB and SINULINK in the analysis of power system .
Course Content: 1. Power System Stability: Introduction
2. Stability Analysis: Swing Equation
3. Models for Stability Studies
4. Steady State Stability
5. Transient Stability
6. Multimachine Transient Stability
7. Power System Control: Introduction
8. Load Frequency Control
9. Automatic generation Control
10. Reactive Power Control
The document discusses electrical drives and their components. An electrical drive uses an electric motor as the prime mover. The basic components of an electrical drive are the power source, motor, power processing unit, control unit, and mechanical load. The power processing unit enables flexible control of the motor speed and torque using power electronic converters. Dynamic conditions in a drive system occur during transients like starting, braking, and speed reversal. Steady-state stability is achieved when the motor torque equals the load torque at a given operating speed.
An Enhanced Message Digest Hash Algorithm for Information Securitypaperpublications3
Abstract: Information is an important commodity in the world of Electronic communication. To achieve a secure communication between communicating parties, the protection of authenticity and integrity of information is necessary. Cryptographic hash functions play a central role in cryptology. A cryptographic hash function takes an input of arbitrary large size and returns a small fixed size hash value. It satisfies three major cryptographic properties: preimage resistance, second preimage resistance and collision resistance. Due to its cryptographic properties hash function has become an important cryptographic tool which is used to protect information authenticity and integrity. This thesis presents a review of cryptographic hash functions. The thesis includes various applications of hash functions. It gives special emphasis on dedicated hash functions MD5.
Recent breakthroughs in cryptanalysis of standard hash functions like SHA-1 and MD5 raise the need for alternatives. In the past few years, there have been significant research advances in the analysis of hash functions and it was shown that none of the hash algorithm is secure enough for critical purposes whether it is MD5 or SHA-1. Nowadays scientists have found weaknesses in a number of hash functions, including MD5, SHA and RIPEMD. So the purpose of this thesis is combination of some function to reinforce these functions and also increasing hash code of message digest of length up to 160 that makes stronger algorithm against collision and brute force attacks.
Abstract: A low-cost high-performance fuel cell inverter for nominal 48 V dc to 120 V ac conversion is described. The inverter topology eliminates the need for a dc intermediate voltage by using an ac-link output inverter. The design minimizes overall system cost – including energy storage and management. The design provides low-ripple current-controlled interfacing to the fuel-cell stack, an intermediate-voltage battery energy storage buffer, and an ac-link output inverter. The circuit is based on square-wave cycloconverter technology, combined with a simple approach modulation process. Number of stages and magnetic elements low while providing galvanic isolation. Either SCRs or IGBTs can be used as output devices, which provides an unusual cost/performance trade-off possibility. Gate drives and other control elements are also simplified. The design provides excellent performance with a minimum of filter components and a simple control.
This document provides an overview of motor acceleration studies, including:
- The purpose of motor acceleration studies is to ensure motors can start under voltage drops and are adequately sized.
- Common motor types include synchronous, induction, and wound rotor motors.
- Motor acceleration is modeled either statically using locked rotor impedance or dynamically using characteristic curves.
- Starting devices like auto-transformers, resistors, and reactors can be modeled to study their effect on motor starting.
Power System Analysis was a core subject for Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Based On Anna University Syllabus. The Whole Subject was there in this document.
Share with it ur friends & Follow me for more updates.!
This document summarizes key concepts about three-phase systems. It defines a three-phase system as having three sinusoidal voltages differing in phase by 120 degrees. The voltages can form a positive or negative sequence. Three-phase systems are commonly used for power generation, transmission, and distribution due to their ability to transmit more power with less material. Formulas are provided for calculating line voltages, currents, and power in balanced and unbalanced three-phase systems. Advantages of three-phase systems like constant torque and easier starting of motors are also discussed.
This presentation provides an overview of power quality, including definitions of power quality, common power quality disturbances like sags, swells, harmonics and interruptions. It discusses the increased sensitivity of modern electronic equipment to power quality issues. Real-time power quality monitoring systems are described that can identify issues, locate their sources, and help utilities and customers mitigate problems to reduce costs and equipment damage. The benefits of power quality monitoring include improved reliability, preventative maintenance, and identification of sensitive equipment needing protection.
The document contains 10 problems related to symmetrical components analysis of three-phase electrical circuits:
1. Compute polar forms of complex expressions.
2. Determine line voltages and currents for a Y-connected resistor bank connected to a Δ-Y transformer.
3. Find symmetrical components of three phase voltages.
The problems involve calculating symmetrical components of voltages and currents, determining line quantities from symmetrical components, drawing sequence networks, and solving circuits using symmetrical components analysis.
This document discusses power system protection settings. It begins by introducing the functions of protective relays and the information needed to calculate settings, such as line parameters, transformer parameters, fault studies results, and CT and VT ratios. It then describes the protection settings process and functional elements of protective relays. The document discusses the operating characteristics of overcurrent, directional, and distance protection elements. It explains concepts like current grading, time grading, and directional elements as they relate to achieving selectivity in protection schemes. Finally, it provides more details on distance protection principles and operating characteristics.
The document discusses inrush current in transformers. It defines inrush current as the maximum, instantaneous input current drawn by an electrical device when first turned on. When a transformer is energized, inrush current occurs as both a source-free response and a forced response to the applied AC voltage. The magnitude of inrush current depends on factors like the residual flux in the transformer core and the phase of the AC voltage wave when the switch is closed. Inrush current can be several times the normal full-load current and decays within 5-10 cycles but may exceed 25 times the full-load rating initially.
This document summarizes various protection schemes for power transformers, including:
1. Differential protection compares currents entering and leaving the transformer to detect internal faults.
2. Buchholz relay detects incipient faults by sensing gases produced from insulation breakdown, and can indicate the fault type.
3. Restricted earth fault protection detects high-resistance winding-to-core faults not seen by differential relays.
4. Overcurrent protection trips for overloads or external faults not isolated by other schemes.
5. Overfluxing protection monitors the voltage-to-frequency ratio to prevent damage from sustained overvoltages.
This document discusses voltage drop calculation in cable lines. It provides information on the data required to start calculations, including cable parameters, load characteristics, installation scheme, and maximum allowed voltage drop. It then covers calculations for simple radial lines under conditions of constant current and constant power. For constant current, the voltage drop is calculated based on cable resistance and reactance, line length, and load current. For constant power, an iterative method is used to calculate the voltage at the end of the line based on load power and reactive power. Sample calculations are shown for both cases.
The following topics are covered: components of power distribution systems, fuses, padmounted transformers, pole mounted transformers, vault installed transformers, transformer stations protection, transformer connections, thermometers, pressure relief devices, restricted ground faults, differential protection current transformers connections, overexcitation, inrush current, percentage differential relays, gas relays, characteristics of CTs.
This document provides an overview of the Gauss-Seidel and Newton-Raphson power flow solution methods. It begins by describing the Gauss-Seidel iterative method for solving nonlinear power flow equations using a scalar example. It then discusses applying Gauss-Seidel to vector power flow problems and provides an example of solving a two bus system. The document next describes the Newton-Raphson method, extending it to multidimensional problems using Taylor series approximations and defining the Jacobian matrix. It concludes with brief discussions of advantages and disadvantages of each method.
A simple, economic, pure sine wave dc/ac inverter applicable up to 500VA output power.
Easily repairable.
Designed by Subarna Giri (electrical systems control technologist)
Be free from IC-type model
Be eco-friendly
This document provides an introduction to medium voltage (MV) equipment, including key concepts such as:
- Voltage levels including operating voltage, rated voltage, insulation levels, and derating factors
- Current levels including operating current, short circuit current, and thermal withstand current
- Frequency standards of 50Hz and 60Hz
- Types of MV switchgear including air insulated switchgear, metal enclosed, compartmented, and block types
- Standards that MV switchgear must comply with such as IEC 62271
- Main functions of switchgear including protection, isolation, and control
- Comparison of SF6 and vacuum circuit breaker technologies
The document concisely covers the essential electrical concepts and specifications
Electrical fault is the deviation of voltages and currents from nominal values or states. Under normal operating conditions, power system equipment or lines carry normal voltages and currents which results in a safer operation of the system.
This document discusses power factor correction. It defines power factor and explains that most loads are inductive, requiring capacitors to be added in parallel to cancel out the reactive power and improve the power factor. It provides an example showing that a generator supplying the same real power but at a lower power factor must supply more current, requiring larger, more expensive equipment. Power factor correction using capacitors brings benefits like reduced transmission losses and avoiding fines from utilities.
Objectives: This course will provide a comprehensive overview of power system stability and control problems. This includes the basic concepts, physical aspects of the phenomena, methods of analysis, the integration of MATLAB and SINULINK in the analysis of power system .
Course Content: 1. Power System Stability: Introduction
2. Stability Analysis: Swing Equation
3. Models for Stability Studies
4. Steady State Stability
5. Transient Stability
6. Multimachine Transient Stability
7. Power System Control: Introduction
8. Load Frequency Control
9. Automatic generation Control
10. Reactive Power Control
The document discusses electrical drives and their components. An electrical drive uses an electric motor as the prime mover. The basic components of an electrical drive are the power source, motor, power processing unit, control unit, and mechanical load. The power processing unit enables flexible control of the motor speed and torque using power electronic converters. Dynamic conditions in a drive system occur during transients like starting, braking, and speed reversal. Steady-state stability is achieved when the motor torque equals the load torque at a given operating speed.
An Enhanced Message Digest Hash Algorithm for Information Securitypaperpublications3
Abstract: Information is an important commodity in the world of Electronic communication. To achieve a secure communication between communicating parties, the protection of authenticity and integrity of information is necessary. Cryptographic hash functions play a central role in cryptology. A cryptographic hash function takes an input of arbitrary large size and returns a small fixed size hash value. It satisfies three major cryptographic properties: preimage resistance, second preimage resistance and collision resistance. Due to its cryptographic properties hash function has become an important cryptographic tool which is used to protect information authenticity and integrity. This thesis presents a review of cryptographic hash functions. The thesis includes various applications of hash functions. It gives special emphasis on dedicated hash functions MD5.
Recent breakthroughs in cryptanalysis of standard hash functions like SHA-1 and MD5 raise the need for alternatives. In the past few years, there have been significant research advances in the analysis of hash functions and it was shown that none of the hash algorithm is secure enough for critical purposes whether it is MD5 or SHA-1. Nowadays scientists have found weaknesses in a number of hash functions, including MD5, SHA and RIPEMD. So the purpose of this thesis is combination of some function to reinforce these functions and also increasing hash code of message digest of length up to 160 that makes stronger algorithm against collision and brute force attacks.
Abstract: A low-cost high-performance fuel cell inverter for nominal 48 V dc to 120 V ac conversion is described. The inverter topology eliminates the need for a dc intermediate voltage by using an ac-link output inverter. The design minimizes overall system cost – including energy storage and management. The design provides low-ripple current-controlled interfacing to the fuel-cell stack, an intermediate-voltage battery energy storage buffer, and an ac-link output inverter. The circuit is based on square-wave cycloconverter technology, combined with a simple approach modulation process. Number of stages and magnetic elements low while providing galvanic isolation. Either SCRs or IGBTs can be used as output devices, which provides an unusual cost/performance trade-off possibility. Gate drives and other control elements are also simplified. The design provides excellent performance with a minimum of filter components and a simple control.
Abstract: RFID based museum guide (Electronic hand held device) is designed to replace tourist guides to an extent. It’s a voice powered device that speaks out as the tourist is travelling from one monument to another monument (museum).This is achieved by placing a RFID receiver with the tourist (palm device). As soon as the electronic hand held device comes in the local area id the microcontroller receives the RF tag unique id from the receiver and compete it with its own data. If there is similarity occurs the microcontroller will play an audio clip related to that statue/painting. An RFID module basically comprises a tag and a reader. A RFID system comprises of an antenna, a transceiver and a transponder.
Abstract: Haptics is the science of applying touch sensation and control for interaction with virtual or physical application. In this project, our aim is to make a robotic arm that will copy the actual movements of a human hand. Motion of the hand will vary the potentiometer resistance which is placed on the human arm. This change in resistance produces an equivalent output voltage which is given to the microcontroller. The microcontroller converts this analog signal to digital and produces corresponding PWM signals which are required for the servomotors on the robotic arm to run. Servomotors are connected to the receiver microcontroller. PWM pulses are sent to the receiver controller. The hardware of this project is very user friendly, portable, easy to handle and also very light in weight. It has a very simple design and also very easy to assemble. We have used 5 Degrees of Freedom i.e. Shoulder, Elbow, Wrist and Finger
This document discusses performance analysis of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbine system. It begins with an introduction to DFIG wind turbines and their advantages over other wind turbine systems. It then discusses several emerging issues with DFIG systems, such as frequency regulation, harmonic control, fault ride through capability, and maximum power point tracking. It also reviews various control strategies that have been proposed and implemented to address these issues, such as using battery energy storage systems, resonant controllers, dynamic braking resistors, and maximum power point tracking algorithms. In general, the document provides an overview of challenges with DFIG wind turbines and reviews past research on control methods to improve their performance and integration with power grids.
1) The document describes a robotic arm system that allows physically handicapped individuals to write using speech recognition. The system uses a microphone to capture spoken words, which are processed by an ARM2148 processor and used to control stepper motors that move a pen in three axes to write on paper.
2) The system was tested on 18 words with a single user and showed some errors differentiating similar sounding words. When tested with 3 users, recognition success rates ranged from 67-94% depending on the word.
3) The processor receives the recognized word and uses unique control signals to move the stepper motors accordingly in X, Y, and Z axes to write individual letters or characters on the paper. Several examples are
A Java-Compatible Multi-Thread Middleware for an Experimental Wireless Sensor...paperpublications3
Abstract: The software development for the Wireless Sensor Networks is complicated. Mainly by the programming languages and tools existing for it, which are unconventional to the well-known for the PC system developments. However, the use of middleware helps to this activity, increasing the abstraction level existing in the platform and making possible only think about the software requirements to the programmer. The present work describes the implementation of a multi-thread middleware which adopts the Java programming language and its standard class library for the threads programming. Helped by a Java RT kernel which complies with the Java Real-Time Specification Group. Also is reported the optimization for a better performance in the Java byte code interpretation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document presents a study comparing a conventional electronic load controller (ELC) using a 6-pulse rectifier to a proposed ELC using a 24-pulse rectifier for isolated pico-hydropower generation. The 24-pulse rectifier ELC is shown to improve power quality by reducing harmonic distortion in the generated voltage and current. MATLAB simulations are conducted for both ELCs, showing the 24-pulse ELC maintains constant voltage, frequency and power with negligible distortion under changing loads, while the 6-pulse ELC exhibits more distortion. Harmonic analysis finds the 24-pulse ELC reduces harmonic distortion in current from 8.28% to 0.42% and voltage from 11.3% to 0.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Efficient Power Factor Correction For Multipulse Bridgeless Active Boost Conv...IRJET Journal
This document presents a modified power factor correction boost converter with a bridgeless active boost converter for a three-phase AC-DC converter system. The proposed design improves upon a conventional 24-pulse rectifier by using a bridgeless topology where the inductor current flows through only two semiconductor devices rather than three. Simulation results show that the proposed bridgeless boost 24-pulse converter improves the power factor from 0.715 to 0.982 compared to the conventional 24-pulse rectifier design.
Analysis of symmetrical & asymmetrical pwm based three phase ac to ac con...eSAT Journals
Abstract
A Three phase bidirectional AC to AC buck converter circuit using power MOSFET operating in high frequency chopping mode is simulated and analyzed for electrical parameters such as output phase voltage, input line current, input power factor, harmonic profile and efficiency using MATLAB/simulink software package. The various PWM techniques such as symmetrical ramp-DC PWM (SRDPWM), asymmetrical ramp-triangular PWM (ARTPWM), asymmetrical sinusoidal PWM type-1 [ASPWM1] and asymmetrical sinusoidal PWM type-2 [ASPWM2] techniques are adopted to analyze the harmonic profile, input power factor and efficiency of the converter. The rms value of the output phase voltage, output line current and source current can be significantly increased by varying the duty ratio K in case of symmetrical PWM control strategy and modulation index MI in case of asymmetrical PWM control strategies independent of variation in switching frequency. It is observed from the simulation results that the ASPWM1 switching strategy gives more output phase voltage, input power factor, efficiency by increasing modulation index MI and reduced low order harmonics of output voltage and source current by increasing the number of pulses per half cycle P compared to other PWM techniques rendering easy and economical filteration.
Keywords: Three phase AC chopper, symmetrical ramp-DC PWM, asymmetrical ramp-triangular PWM, asymmetrical sinusoidal PWM technique, harmonic profile, power factor, efficiency
Analysis of symmetrical & asymmetrical pwm based three phase ac to ac con...eSAT Journals
Abstract
A Three phase bidirectional AC to AC buck converter circuit using power MOSFET operating in high frequency chopping mode is simulated and analyzed for electrical parameters such as output phase voltage, input line current, input power factor, harmonic profile and efficiency using MATLAB/simulink software package. The various PWM techniques such as symmetrical ramp-DC PWM (SRDPWM), asymmetrical ramp-triangular PWM (ARTPWM), asymmetrical sinusoidal PWM type-1 [ASPWM1] and asymmetrical sinusoidal PWM type-2 [ASPWM2] techniques are adopted to analyze the harmonic profile, input power factor and efficiency of the converter. The rms value of the output phase voltage, output line current and source current can be significantly increased by varying the duty ratio K in case of symmetrical PWM control strategy and modulation index MI in case of asymmetrical PWM control strategies independent of variation in switching frequency. It is observed from the simulation results that the ASPWM1 switching strategy gives more output phase voltage, input power factor, efficiency by increasing modulation index MI and reduced low order harmonics of output voltage and source current by increasing the number of pulses per half cycle P compared to other PWM techniques rendering easy and economical filteration.
Keywords: Three phase AC chopper, symmetrical ramp-DC PWM, asymmetrical ramp-triangular PWM, asymmetrical sinusoidal PWM technique, harmonic profile, power factor, efficiency
SINGLE PHASE SYMMETRICAL MULTILEVEL INVERTER DESIGN FOR VARIOUS LOADSelelijjournal
This paper presents a single phase symmetrical multilevel inverter with various loads. This proposed
topology is connected with R-load, RL-load and induction motor drive with unipolar Phase disposition
PWM technique. Among the four modulation technique it gives reduced harmonic. This proposed topology
has less number of switches than the conventional one. In conventional cascaded multilevel inverter have
twelve switches and the proposed topology have eight switches. Totally the four switches have been
reduced from the conventional one. It is designed to produce a seven level output. The simulation analysis
has been done by a MATLAB/SIMULINK model.
A New Multilevel Active Power Filter Using Switches Meticulously ControlledIAES-IJPEDS
Shunt active power filter based on multilevel inverter is used to compensate the power factor and to delete the harmonics. This one permits to reduce the inverse voltages applied to the filter switches and their switching frequencies. Nevertheless, the high number of used switches requires a complicated controller and increases the switching losses; where the necessity of finding another resolution system. In this work a new topology of multilevel inverter is proposed as a shunt active power filter using two IGBT transistors in series of opposite sense meticulously controlled by a parallel control algorithm, with the concept of reduced number of six switches which are able to create five levels of the output voltage. This system substute the classical system of eight switches. The harmonic currents identification is carried out using the instantaneous active and reactive power method. The simulation is performed using Matlab/Simulink. The obtained results show that the filtering performances are well enhanced.
Diode Free T-Type Five Level Neutral Point Clamped Inverter for Low Voltage D...IJTET Journal
Abstract—The multilevel inverter is used as a solution to increase the inverter operating voltage above the voltage limits of classical semiconductors. A Diode Free T-Type Five Level NPC inverter for Low Voltage DC System is proposed in this paper. The T-Type inverter topology is more efficient and conventional than I-type inverter topology. Considerable suppression of the harmonic current is the ultimate goal of multilevel inverter. Losses like Semiconductor loss, conduction loss are mainly due to IGBT & diode in the current path. So the proposed system is designed with cool MOSFET without diode. The middle bidirectional switch is replaced by two pair of MOSFET. Hence the five level NPC inverter is more significant for low and medium power range DC source and for Renewable energy system.
Report On diode clamp three level inverterVinay Singh
three level diode clamp inverter. that converts any type of DC ( rectified, PV cell, battery etc.) to AC supply. we made by mosfet and ardiuno . in this ppt we present the Simulink model of a three-level inverter and the hardware reort of the inverter.
also discuss about other level inverter and there THD analysis, simulink model and detail. compression between another inverter.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Interleaved Boost Converter with Cumulative Voltage Unitpaperpublications3
Abstract: A boost converter is a DC to DC converter with an output voltage greater than the source voltage. But it produces large input current ripple. In order to improve the efficiency of the boost converter and reduce the ripple current, an interleaved boost converter is used. An interleaved boost converter consists of several boost converters connected in parallel with switching frequency and a phase shift of 180˚. A new interleaved high step-up DC-DC converter with the circuit of cumulative voltage unit (CVU) is presented in this work. This converter is suitable for the high gain applications. Only two switches are required to form the boosting path and the interleaved topology. Each CVU module can share common diodes to reduce the number of the components and step up the voltage gain. The interleaved structure in the input end can reduce the power loss in each current-owing component and the input current ripple. The interleaved boost converter with voltage summation unit can be verified by using MATLAB/SIMULINK.
Keywords: Cumulative voltage unit, Boost converter, Interleaved boost converter, Voltage Stress.
Title: Interleaved Boost Converter with Cumulative Voltage Unit
Author: Shyma H, Prof. Smitha Paulose, Prof. Leela Salim
ISSN 2349-7815
International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
Paper Publications
A Novel Power Factor Correction Rectifier for Enhancing Power QualityIJPEDS-IAES
In this paper, the disturbances in power system due to low quality of power
are discussed and a current injection method to maintain the sinusoidal input
current which will reduce the total current harmonic distortion (THD) as well
as improve the power factor nearer to unity is proposed. The proposed
method makes use of a novel controlled diode rectifier which involves the
use of bidirectional switches across the front-end rectifier and the operation
of the converter is fully analyzed. The main feature of the topology is low
cost, small size, high efficiency and simplicity, and is excellent for
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harmonics and a control algorithm for three-phase three-level unity PF
rectifier which draws high quality sinusoidal supply currents and maintains
good dc link- voltage regulation under wide load variation. The proposed
technique can be applied as a retrofit to a variety of existing thyristor
converters which uses three bidirectional switches operating at low frequency
and a half-bridge inverter operating at high frequency .The total power
delivered to the load is processed by the injection network, the proposed
converter offers high efficiency and not only high power factor but also the
Total Harmonic Distortion is reduced. Theoretical analysis is verified by
digital simulation and a hardware proto type module is implemented in order
to confirm the feasibility of the proposed system. This scheme in general is
suitable for the common variable medium-to high-power level DC load
applications.
This simulation summarizes a student's bachelor's thesis on solid state transformers using cascaded H-bridge converters. It describes a proposed 20kVA cascaded H-bridge converter based solid state transformer connecting to a 12kV distribution system. Key components include a cascaded AC/DC rectifier, dual active bridge converters with high frequency transformers, and a DC/AC inverter. The simulation models this design in NI Multisim, using IGBT switches and various control circuits to regulate the voltage and power flow between the primary and secondary sides. Simulation results demonstrate voltage regulation through phase control of the rectifiers and output voltage control of the SPWM inverters.
Modified Bidirectional Converter with Current Fed InverterIJPEDS-IAES
A bidirectional dc-dc converter with multiple outputs are concatenated with a
high frequency current source parallel resonant push pull inverter is
presented in this paper. The two outputs are added together and it is taken as
the input source for the inverter. The current source parallel resonant push
pull inverter implemented here with high frequency applications like
induction heating, Fluorescent lighting, Digital signal processing sonar. This
paper proposes a simple photovoltaic power system consists of a
bidirectional converter and a current fed inverter for regulating the load
variations. Solar power is used as the input source for the system. Simulation
of the proposed system is carried out in PSIM software and experimentally
verified the results.
Electrical Discharge Machining Flyback Converter using UC3842 Current Mode PW...IJPEDS-IAES
This paper presents a current mode Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) controlled Flyback converter using UC3842 for Electrical Discharge Machining current generator control circuit. Circuit simplicity and high efficiency can be achieved by a Flyback converter with current mode PWM controller. The behaviors of the system's operation is analyzed and discussed by varying the load resistance. Matlab sofware is used to simulate the Flyback converter where a prototype has been built and tested to verify its performance.
Development of a Novel Three Phase Grid-Tied Multilevel Inverter TopologyIAES-IJPEDS
The conventional line-commutated ac-to-dc converters/ inverters have square-shaped line current. It contains higher-order harmonics which generates EMI and it causes more heating of the core of distribution or power transformers. PWM based inverters using MOSFET/IGBT have higher switching losses, and the power handling capability and reliability are quite low in comparison to thyristors/ SCR. A thyristor based forced commutated inverters are not suitable for PWM applications due to the problems of commutation circuits. A pure sinusoidal voltage output or waveform with low harmonic contents is most desirable for ac load using dc to ac conversion. This paper presents a new multilevel inverter topology in which three phase ac- to-dc converter circuits are used in inversion mode by controlling the switching angle. Due to natural commutation, no separate circuit is required for synchronization. In this paper simulation and analysis are done for grid-tied three-phase 6-pulse, Two three-phase, 3-pulse and 12-pulse converter. These converters are analysed for different battery voltage and different switching angle combinations in order to reduce the total harmonic distortion (THD). Three-phase harmonic filters are further added to the grid side to reduce the harmonic content in the line current. A comparative study of these converters is also presented in this paper.
[7] a generalized parameter tuning method of proportional resonant controller...Ngoc Dinh
Phuong Vu, Ngoc Dinh, Nam Hoang, Quan Nguyen, Minh Tran; “A Generalized Parameter Tuning Method of Proportional-Resonant Controllers for Dynamic Voltage Restorers”; International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive System (IJPEDS).
Analysis of Multilevel Inverter using Bipolar and Unipolar Switching Schemes ...ijsrd.com
Cascaded H-bridge Multilevel Inverter (MLI) is most efficient topology for medium and high voltage DC-AC conversion, having less output harmonics and less commutation losses. Disadvantages are their complexity, more number of power devices, passive components and a complex control circuitry. Here a Cascaded Hybrid Multilevel Inverter is used to produce a three phase 9-level output voltages. Now a day inverter is also know as a DC-AC converter, is one of the most popular part of electrical device. This proposed inverter widely used in industries application such as speed control of induction motor. This thesis focus on three phase 9-level bipolar and unipolar switching inverter with characteristics like output voltage boosting ability and also we discus about the bipolar and unipolar switching scheme along with capacitor voltage control. The modified topology uses Cascaded H-bridge (CHB) with bidirectional and unidirectional switches producing boost up output voltage. Here a hybrid Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technique is applied to control the power devices. This modulation technique uses a sine wave and a repeating wave, these waves are combined and a complete reference wave is generated. There is comparative study between CHB and modified topology between number of power devices used and Total Harmonic Distortions (THD). THD of modified topology is reduced and analyzed by FFT window. The results are observed by MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
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2) The four-leg inverter topology allows compensation of single-phase nonlinear loads that cause unbalanced currents.
3) Simulation results demonstrate the compensation performance of the proposed active power filter and control scheme under steady-state and transient conditions.
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Three Phase Twelve Pulse Controlled Rectifier with Reduced Output Current Harmonics Using PI Controller
1. ISSN 2349-7815
International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (63-69), Month: January - March 2015, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 63
Paper Publications
Three Phase Twelve Pulse Controlled Rectifier
with Reduced Output Current Harmonics
Using PI Controller
Mahendra Singh Rajput1,
Arun Pachori2
1
Electrical Engineering Department, Jabalpur Engineering College, Jabalpur (M.P), India
2
Associat prof., Electrical Engineering Department, Jabalpur Engineering College, Jabalpur (M.P), India
Abstract: The power conversion from AC to DC and vice versa is basic need for several industrial applications,
single phase or three phase controlled or uncontrolled convertor is used for this purpose. In these types of
convertors large lower order harmonics are present. A twelve pulse three phase rectifier is used for reducing
harmonics in high power applications, but the (12m±1) order harmonics are still present in the system. For further
reduction of harmonics this paper proposes a PI controller based synchronous twelve pulse generator used for gate
triggering of controlled twelve pulse rectifier with DC motor as a load.
Keywords: power conversion, controlled or uncontrolled convertors, PI controller, harmonics.
1. INTRODUCTION
Most commonly used power conversion devices are consists on the diodes and thyristors for single phase and three phase
power conversion from AC to DC or DC to AC. Due to commutation or turn off of these rectifiers occur at zero crossing
of current, hence these are called as line commutated rectifiers. Since the commutation circuit is absent in these circuits
hence these are economical but draw reactive power from the source so the power quality of the system becomes poor. To
improve the power quality of the system and reduce the harmonics in the system passive linear filters can be employed [1-
3]. The three phase multi pulse rectifiers are used to overcome these issues by using different connection combination of
the three phase transformers [4-5]. The diode rectifiers are simplest and reliable but due to these filters they become large
and unwieldy.
Three phase pulse width modulated rectifiers are used for low and medium power drive applications where the
requirement of international standards should be satisfied [6-9]. These types of rectifiers are the most promising rectifiers
from a power quality viewpoint [10- 12] since they can present low harmonic distortion and unity power factor.
The series and /or parallel combination of a line commutated rectifier and a self commutated rectifier are used for the
rectification of three phase power in high power conversion system and is known as hybrid rectifiers. The line-
commutated rectifier operates at low frequency and has a higher output power rating. The active rectifier is designed to
operate with a small power rating and at a high switching frequency [13-16].
The circulation of current harmonics into the source impedance yields in harmonic polluted voltages at the point of
common coupling (PCC) and consequently resulting in undesired supply voltage conditions for costumers in the vicinity.
The value of current harmonic components which are injected into the grid by nonlinear loads such as DTCIMDs should
be confined within the standard limitations. The most prominent standards in this field are IEEE standard 519 [2] and the
International Electro technical Commission (IEC) 61000-3-2 [17].
A convertor of 12-pulse [1], [5], [13]–[15] consisting of two sets of six-pulse rectifiers is used for high-power
applications. This convertor diminishes the effect of fifth and seventh harmonic components produced by each of the two
2. ISSN 2349-7815
International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (63-69), Month: January - March 2015, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 64
Paper Publications
rectifiers, but the (12m 1) th (m: integer) harmonics still remain in the resultant input currents. It is usual to use passive
power filters tuned to harmonics 11 and 13, and an additional high-pass filter to eliminate the remaining harmonics.
2. PROPOSED 12-PULSE AC TO DC CONVERTOR
A 12-pulse rectified voltage can be made with two paralleled six-pulse three-phase (three-leg) controlled/uncontrolled-
bridge rectifiers. The phase shift between two supplying voltages should be 30 degrees which is provided through two
transformers of connections star-star and star-delta. The proposed 12-pulse convertor is shown in fig1.
=
Fig.1. Circuit configuration for 12 pulse convertor
Fig.2. Two sets of three-phase mains voltage supplied to two convertors
The following two sets of three-phase main voltage systems, e1 and e2, defines the two rectifier systems Rec1 and Rec2,
respectively. These are illustrated in Fig. 2.
ea1 =E ea2 =E
( )
( ) ( )
3. ISSN 2349-7815
International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (63-69), Month: January - March 2015, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 65
Paper Publications
Consider a time period, θ = α to θ = α + π/6 with θ = ωt. The commutation in Rec2 starts at θ =α from phase-a2 to phase-
b2, and it finishes instantaneously. Similarly other thyristors start conduction when the phase voltages of positive group
thyristors are maximum positive and negative group thyristors are maximum negative. The firings of thyristors are
controlled through PI controller.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PROPOSED RECTIFIER: The average dc output voltage VL0 and output power out of the
rectifier will be
VL0 =(
√
) Pout =(
√
) IL
If PI controller is not used, at light load, either Rec1 or Rec2 having a higher instantaneous dc voltage provides the dc
current to the load for a 30◦-period and the rest stops conducting the dc current, but at heavy load, both Rec1 and Rec2
provide the dc current simultaneously. If PI controller is used, Rec1 and Rec2 provide the dc current simultaneously, but
the current of extinguishing thyristor is reduced to zero at every commutation instant. The average dc voltage VL0 is
exactly proportional to because no current overlap occurs at thyristor commutation. Accordingly, the proposed
rectifier provides a slightly lower dc average voltage than a conventional 12-pulse rectifier.
3. SIMULATION DIAGRAM AND WORKING
The matlab simulation diagram of the proposed convertor is shown in fig.3. The two six pulse controlled convertors are
connected in cascade and the input given to both rectifiers from identical two sets of three phase voltage source and phase
displaced by 300
to each other. Assume that the dc output current of the rectifier circuit were triangular with a frequency
twelve times that of the utility having a dc component IL.
Fig.3. Simulation diagram of 12pulse controlled rectifier
A twelve pulse synchronized pulse generator is used to generate the twelve synchronized gate pulses for triggering the 12
thyristors used in 12- pulse convertor. The pulse generator is synchronized with the load current and the firing angle of the
thyristors. For this purpose a PI controller is used and the Transfer function of PI controller is given by
4. ISSN 2349-7815
International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (63-69), Month: January - March 2015, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 66
Paper Publications
Where Kp is the proportional constant and Ki is the integral constant.
Fig.4. Conventional PI controller
Imperfect adjustment of the delay angles in the two phase-shifted 6 pulse converters results in dc current imbalance. The
output current of the converter is compared with the reference current and is amplified by PI controller for obtaining
and then is added to or subtracted from its original reference value *.The reference value : for converter 1 is
while = . The constants of the PI controller therefore can be determined by applying the Ziegler-
Nichols method. A proportional gain of KP= 5 and an integration time constant of Ki = 1ms are chosen. Waveform and the
FFT analysis for output of the fig1 are shown in fig5. The 12-pulse thyristor converter with PI controller based
synchronized pulse generator contains less harmonic currents than that of a 36pulse thyristor converter.
4. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this chapter we carried out the simulation studies with the parameter listed in table no.1. The load of this simulation is
kept constant during the simulation study that is a DC motor at which load of 20N-m is applied.
Table1 PARAMETERS USED FOR SIMULATION
Rectifier output (DC motor load) 5HP
Line to line voltage in RMS 220volts
Frequency(Hz) 50
Transformer rating 1200VA, 50Hz
Transformer voltage ratio 400/100
DC motor 5HP,240volts,1750rpm and field 300volts
THD 5.7%
Matlab simulation is performed to confirm the validity of the novel PI controller design concept.Fig5 shows the output
current of the twelve pulse rectifier with PI controller. Fig.6 shows simulation result under the following conditions: DC
motor of rating 5HP, 240volts, 1750rpm and field of 300volts with mechanical load of torque 20N-m. Fig 6 shows the
FFT analysis of the output current of the rectifier. It is clearly seen that the 9th
, 11th
and 13th
and other odd harmonics are
reduced to negligible amount and the THD of the system reduced to 5.7%.The simulation result concludes that the use of
the PI controller based synchronized 12 pulse generator is extremely effective in reducing the current harmonics produced
by the parallel connected 12-pulse thyristor converter.Fig7 shows the current drawn by the DC motor. Although the
proposed method cannot perfectly cancel the 11th and 13th order harmonic currents, it is effective in reducing the output
current harmonics in a wide range up to the 37th harmonic current. However, the 12-pulse thyristor with the PI controller
does not always achieve the similar harmonic reduction to an ideal 36-pulse converter, when the operating and load
5. ISSN 2349-7815
International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (63-69), Month: January - March 2015, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 67
Paper Publications
conditions vary widely. The authors, however, realize that this is practically not problematic, because the proposed
method is the simplest way of providing a clean power utility interface under the normal operating and load conditions.
Fig.5. Output current waveform of the 12 pulse converter
Fig.6. FFT analysis of the output current waveform
6. ISSN 2349-7815
International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (63-69), Month: January - March 2015, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 68
Paper Publications
Fig.7. Current drawn by the dc motor
5. CONCLUSION
A 12-pulse phase controlled thyristor rectifier with PI controller is used for the reduction of current harmonics in this
paper. The PI controller used in this method of harmonic reduction is used to synchronize the gate pulses with load
current and firing for 12 pulse thyristor rectifier. This method of harmonic reduction is useful to reduce the 7th
and 11th
harmonics. This configuration enables one to reduce the harmonic distortion of the rectifier resultant input currents almost
equivalent to that of a phase-controlled 24-pulse rectifier.
The most important application of this above proposed method is that it can be used as a drive to operate an electrical
machine with reduced current harmonics. As a result with the help of reduction in current harmonics the efficiency and
performance of our electric drives is improved to much better as compared to other methods.
REFERENCES
[1] Siebert, A. Troedson, and S. Ebner, “AC to DC power conversion now and in the future,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl.,
vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 934–940, Jul./Aug. 2002
[2] D. E. Rice, “A detailed analysis of six-pulse converter harmonic currents,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 30, no. 2,
pp. 294–304,Mar./Apr. 1994.
[3] IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power Systems, IEEE Standard
519, 1992.
[4] A. Paice, Power Electronic Converter Harmonic Multipulse Methods for Clean Power. New York: IEEE Press,
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[5] J. R. Rodriguez, J. Pontt, C. Silva, E. P. Wiechmann, P. W. Hammond,F. W. Santucci, R. Alvarez, R. Musalem, S.
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[6] C. Rech and J. R. Pinheiro, “Line current harmonics reduction in multipulse connection of asymmetrically loaded
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[8] M. Rastogi, R. Naik, and N. Mohan, “Optimization of a novel DC link current modulated interface with 3-phase
utility systems to minimize line current harmonics,” in Proc. IEEE Power Electron. Spec. Conf., 1992,vol. 1, pp.
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[9] S. Kim, P. N. Enjeti, and P. Packebush, “A new approach to improve power factor and harmonics in a three-phase
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[10] L. Freitas,M. Simoes, C. Canesin, and L. Freitas, “Programable PFC based hybrid multipulse power rectifier for
ultra clean power application,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 959–966, Jul. 2006.
7. ISSN 2349-7815
International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (63-69), Month: January - March 2015, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 69
Paper Publications
[11] Al-Haddad and R. Parimelalagan, “A new modulation technique for reducing the input current harmonics of a three-
phase diode rectifier with capacitive load,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 1185–1193, Sep./Oct. 1997.
[12] S. Choi, C. Won, and G. Kim, “A new three-phase harmonic-free rectification scheme based on zero-sequence
current injection,” IEEE Trans.Ind. Appl., vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 627–633, Mar./Apr. 2005.
[13] M. Rashid, Power Electronics Handbook. New York: Academic, 2001.
[14] B. K. Bose, Power Electronics and AC Drives. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1986.
[15] R. W. Erickson and D. Maksimovic, Fundamentals of Power Electronics.Norwell, MA: Kluwer, 2001.
[16] S. Miyairi, S. Iida, and K. Nakata, “New method for reducing harmonics improved in input and output of rectifier
with interphase transformer,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. IA-22, no. 5, pp. 790–797, Sep./Oct. 1986.
[17] IEC Standard 61000-3-2:2004, Limits for harmonic current emissions, International Electromechanical Commission.
Geneva, 2004.