Predictive-Control-For-Harmonic-And-Unbalance-Compensation-Using-Active-Power-Filter

International Journal of Electrical Electronics Computers & Mechanical Engineering (IJEECM)
ISSN: 2278-2808
www.ijeecm.org Volume 2 Issue 6 ǁ Dec. 2015 ǁ
IJEECM journal of Electrical Engineering (ijeecm-jee)
ijeecm.org
Synchronous Reference Scheme for Harmonic
and Unbalance Compensation Using Active
Power Filter
NallamothuVenkataGowtam, NaraboinaSambasivaRao
Electrical & Electronics Department,
NRI Institute Of Technology,Vijayawada, A.P
gowtam.venkat@gmail.com
Abstract— This paper suggestsan active power
filter implemented with a four leg voltage-source
inverter using DQ (synchronous reference
frame) based Current Reference Generator
scheme is presented. The use of a four-leg
voltage-source inverter allows the compensation
of current harmonic components, as well as
unbalanced current generated by single-phase
nonlinear loads.The grid interfacing can thus be
utilized as:1)power converter to inject power
generated from rest the grid, and 2)shunt APF
to current unbalance, load current harmonics
and load reactive power demand. The
compensation performance of the proposed
active power filterand the associated control
scheme under steady state and transient
operating conditions is demonstrated through
simulations results.
Keywords— Active power filter, Current
control, Predictive control, Four-leg converters,
I. INTRODUCTION
The widespread use of non-linear loads
is leading to a variety of undesirable
phenomena in the operation of power
systems. The harmonic components in
current and voltage waveforms are the
most important among these.
Conventionally, passive filters have been
used to eliminate line current harmonics.
However, they introduce resonance in the
power system and tend to be bulky. So
active power line conditioners have
become popular than passive filters as it
compensates the harmonics and reactive
power simultaneously. The active power
filter topology can be connected in series
or shunt and combinations of both. Shunt
active filter is more popular than series
active filter because most of the industrial
applications require current harmonics
compensation. Different types of active
filters have been proposed to increase the
electric system quality; a generalized block
diagram of activepower filter is presented
in [2]. The classification is based on
following criteria.
a) Power rating and speed of
response required in compensated system.
b. System parameters to be
compensated (e.g. current harmonics,
power factor, voltage harmonics)
c. Technique used for estimating
the reference current/voltage.
Current controlled voltage source
inverters can be utilized with appropriate
control strategy to perform active filter
functionality. The electrical grid will
include a very large number of small
producers that use renewable energy
sources, like solar panels or wind
generators. One of the most common
problems when connecting small
renewable energy systems to the electric
grid concerns the interface unit between
the power sources and the grid, because it
can inject harmonic components that may
detoriate the power quality [1],[2].
However, the extensive use of power
electronics based equipment and non-
linear loads at PCC generate harmonic

Synchronous reference scheme for harmonic and unbalance.......
currents, which may detoriate the quality
power. In [3] an inverter operates as active
inductor at a certain frequency to absorb
the harmonic current. A similar approach
in which a shunt active filter acts as active
conductance to damp out the harmonics in
distribution network is proposed in[4],[5]
.
II. FOUR-LEG CONVERTER MODEL
The proposed system consists of
RES connected to the dc-link of a grid-
interfacing inverter as shown in Fig. 1. The
voltage source inverter is a key element of
a DG system as it interfaces the renewable
energy source to the gridand delivers the
generated power. The RES may be a DC
source or an AC source with rectifier
coupled to dc-link. Usually, the fuel cell
and photovoltaic energy sources generate
power at variable low dc voltage, while the
variable speed wind turbines generate
power at variable ac voltage. Thus, the
power generated from these renewable
sources needs power conditioning (i.e.,
dc/dc or ac/dc) before connecting on dc-
link [6]–[8]. The dc-capacitor decouples
the RES from grid and also allows
independent control of converters on either
side of dc-link.
Fig.1.Schematic diagram of renewable based
distributed generation system
The four-leg PWM converter
topology is shown in Fig. 3. This converter
topology is similar to the conventional
three phase converter with the fourth leg
connected to the neutral bus of the system.
The fourth leg increases switching states
from 8 (23) to 16 (24), improving control
flexibility and output voltage quality, and
is suitable for current unbalanced
compensation.
Figure 2. Two-level four-leg PWM-VSI topology
The voltage in any leg x of the converter,
measured from the negative point of the
dc-voltage (N), can be expressed in terms
of switching states, as follows:
The mathematical model of the filter,
derived from the equivalent circuit shown
in Fig. 1, is:
Where Reqand Leq are the 4L-VSI output
parameters, expressed as Thevenin
impedances at the converter output
terminals, Zeq. Therefore, the Thevenin
equivalent impedanceis determined by a
series connection of the ripple filter
impedance Zfand a parallel arrangement
between the system equivalent impedance
Zsand the load impedance ZL (3).
For this model, it is assumed that ZL >>Zf
, that the resistive part of the system’s
equivalent impedance is neglected, and
that the series reactance is in the range of
3-7% p.u., which is an acceptable
approximation of the real system. Finally,
inequation (2) Req = Rf and Leq = Ls + Lf
III. CURRENT REFERENCE GENERATION

Adq-based current reference
generator scheme[9]-[14] is used to obtain
the active power filter current reference
signals. This scheme presents a fast and
accurate signal tracking capability. This
characteristic avoids voltage fluctuations
thatdeteriorate the current reference signal
affecting compensation performance. The
current reference signals are obtained from
the corresponding load currents as shown
in Fig. 3. This module calculates the
reference signal currents required by the
converter to compensate reactive power,
current harmonic and current imbalance.
The displacement power factor (sin(L))and
the maximum total harmonic distortion of
the load (THD(L))defines the relationships
between the apparent power required by
the active power filter, with respect to
theload, as shown in below equation.
where the value of THD(L) includes the
maximum compensable harmonic current,
defined as double the sampling frequency
fs. The frequency of the maximum current
harmoniccomponent that can be
compensated is equal to two times
theconverter switching frequency.
The dq-based scheme operates in a
rotating reference frame[15]-
[17];therefore, the measured currents must
be multiplied by thesin(wt) and cos(wt)
signals. By using dq-transformation, thed
current component is synchronized with
the correspondingphase-to-neutral system
voltage and the q current component
isphase-shifted by 90◦. The sin(wt) and
cos(wt) synchronizedreference signals are
obtained from a Synchronous Reference
Frame (SRF) PLL. The SRF-PLL
generates a puresinusoidal waveform even
when the system voltage is
severelydistorted. Tracking errors are
eliminated, since SRF-PLLs aredesigned
to avoid phase voltage unbalancing,
harmonics (i.e.less than 5% and 3% in 5th
and 7th respectively), and offsetcaused by
the nonlinear load conditions and
measurement errors. Below equation
shows the relationship between thereal
currents iLx(t) (x = u, v,w) and the
associated dqcomponents (id and iq).
A low-pass filter (LFP) extracts the
dc component of the phase-currents id to
generate the harmonic reference
components id. The reactive reference
components of the phasecurrents are
obtained by phase-shifting the
corresponding AC and dc components of
iq by 180◦. In order to keep the dcvoltage
constant, the amplitude of the converter
reference current must be modified by
adding an active power reference signal
(ie) with the d-component. The resulting
signals i∗
d, and i∗
q are transformed back to
a three-phase system by applying the
inverse Park and Clark transformation, The
cutoff frequency of the LPF used in this
paper is 20 Hz.
The current that flows through the
neutral of the loadis compensated by
injecting the same instantaneous
valueobtained from the phase-currents,
phase-shifted by 180◦, asshown in below
One of the major advantages of the
dq-based current referencegenerator
scheme is that allows the implementation
ofa linear controller in the dc-voltage
control loop. However,one important
disadvantage of the dq-based current
referenceframe algorithm used to generate
the current reference is thata second order
harmonic component is generated in id and
iqunder unbalanced operating conditions.
The amplitude of thisharmonic depends on

the percent of unbalanced load
current(expressed as the relationship
between the negative sequencecurrent iL,2
and the positive sequence current iL,1 ).
Thesecond order harmonic cannot be
removed from id and iq,and therefore
generates a 3rd harmonic in the reference
currentwhen it is converted back to abc
frame. Figure 6 showsthe percent of
system current imbalance and the percent
of3rd harmonic system current, in function
of the percent ofload current
imbalance[18],[19]. Since the load current
does not havea 3rd harmonic, the one
generated by the active power filterflows
to the power system.
IV.SIMULATED RESULTS
A simulation model for the three-
phase four-leg PWMconverter with the
parameters shown in Table II has been
developedusing MATLAB-Simulink. The
objective is to verify thecurrent harmonic
compensation effectiveness of the
proposedcontrol scheme under different
operating conditions. A sixpulserectifier
was used as a non-linear load.
In the simulated results shown in
Fig.8-15, the active filter starts to
compensate at t =0.2. At this time, the
active powerfilter injects an output current
iou to compensate currentharmonic
components, current unbalanced, and
neutral currentsimultaneously. During
compensation, the system currents
(is)show sinusoidal waveform, with low
total harmonic distortion. At t =0.4, a
three-phase balanced load stepchange is
generated from 0.6 to 1.0 p.u. The
compensatedsystem currents remain
sinusoidal despite the change in theload
current magnitude. Finally, at t =0.6, a
single-phase loadstep change is introduced
in phase u from 1.0 to 1.3 p.u.,which is
equivalent to an 11% current imbalance.
As expectedon the load side, a neutral
current flow through the neutralconductor
(iLn), but on the source side, no neutral
currentis observed (isn). Simulated results
show that the proposedcontrol scheme
effectively eliminates unbalanced
currents.Additionally, Results shows that
the dc-voltage remains stablethroughout
the whole active power filter operation.
Fig.8. phase to neutral source voltage
Fig.9. Source currents
Fig.10. Source currents at 0<t<0.2

Fig.11. Source currents at 0.2<t<0.4
Fig.12. Source currents at 0.4<t<0.6
Fig.13. Load current
Fig.14. Load current at 0<t<0.4
Fig.15. Load current at 0.4<t<0.6
VI.Conclusion
Improved dynamic current
harmonics and a reactive power
compensation scheme for power
distribution systems with generation from
renewable sources has been proposed to
improve the current quality of the
distribution system. Advantages ofthe
proposed scheme are related to its
simplicity, modeling and implementation.
The MATLAB/SIMULINK simulation
model of the proposed system with the
connection of renewable energy sources is
shown and validated.The use of a dq-based
current reference generation scheme forthe
converter current loop proved to be an
effective solutionfor active power filter
applications,improving current
trackingcapability, and transient response.
Simulated results have proved that the
proposed control method is a good
alternative to classical linear control
methods. Simulated results have shown
thecompensation effectiveness of the
proposed active power filter.
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NallamothuVenkataGowtamgraduated
from the MenteyPadmanabham college
of engineering & technology,
Bhimavaram, in 2013.He is currently
pursing master of technology in NRI
institute of technology Vijayawada
Andhra Pradesh. His research interests
include converters, inverters and power
quality issues of electrical systems
Dr.NaraboinaSambasivaRao
received his B.Tech degree from the
GIET ,Rajhmundry, Andhra Pradesh,
India, in 1998, and his master degree
and PH.D from the University of
JNTUH, Hyderabad ,India. From
2002 to 2008 he worked as a
Associate Professor in DVR AND DR.HS MIC college
of technology Vijayawada Andhra Pradesh India. He is
currently a professor and Head Of Department with the
department of electrical & electronics, NRI InstituteOf
Technology Vijayawada Andhra Pradesh, India. His
research interests include power quality, microgrids, and
distributed generation systems.
.

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