Shunt active power filter based on multilevel inverter is used to compensate the power factor and to delete the harmonics. This one permits to reduce the inverse voltages applied to the filter switches and their switching frequencies. Nevertheless, the high number of used switches requires a complicated controller and increases the switching losses; where the necessity of finding another resolution system. In this work a new topology of multilevel inverter is proposed as a shunt active power filter using two IGBT transistors in series of opposite sense meticulously controlled by a parallel control algorithm, with the concept of reduced number of six switches which are able to create five levels of the output voltage. This system substute the classical system of eight switches. The harmonic currents identification is carried out using the instantaneous active and reactive power method. The simulation is performed using Matlab/Simulink. The obtained results show that the filtering performances are well enhanced.
Three Phase Twelve Pulse Controlled Rectifier with Reduced Output Current Har...paperpublications3
Abstract: The power conversion from AC to DC and vice versa is basic need for several industrial applications, single phase or three phase controlled or uncontrolled convertor is used for this purpose. In these types of convertors large lower order harmonics are present. A twelve pulse three phase rectifier is used for reducing harmonics in high power applications, but the (12m±1) order harmonics are still present in the system. For further reduction of harmonics this paper proposes a PI controller based synchronous twelve pulse generator used for gate triggering of controlled twelve pulse rectifier with DC motor as a load.
Closed Loop Non Linear Control of Shunt Hybrid Power Filter for Harmonics Mit...IAES-IJPEDS
In recent years, the amount of non-linear loads has increased considerably since there were improvements in power electronic equipment (such as adjustable speed drives or converter ac-dc, ac-ac, dc-ac and dc-dc) in industrial sectors which cause deterioration of the quality of the electric power supply through distortion of supply voltage and supply current. This has led to improvement of many stringent needs regarding generation of harmonic current, which are found in IEEE519 and IEC61000 standards. This paper proposes a non-linear function based closed loop control strategy (without load current extraction) for three-phase Shunt Active Power Line Conditioner and LC passive filter to compensate harmonics, power factor improvement and enhance the dynamic performance of Shunt Hybrid Power Filter (SHPF). By using a PI controller the DC bus voltage of the Shunt Active Power Filter is maintained constant. Results obtained from simulation shows the performance of expected hybrid filter in transient and steady state operation . This indicates that the controller is able to compensate even under severe load current imbalances.
Unified Power Quality Conditioner Model Based with Series and Shunt FiltersIAES-IJPEDS
With the increase of the complexion in the power distribution system, it is very possible that several kinds of power quality disturbances are happened in a power distribution system simultaneously.This paper proposes a unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) including a series and a shunt active power filter (APF) to compensate harmonics in both the distorted supply voltage and nonlinear load current. In the series APF control scheme, a proportional-integral (PI) controller, meanwhile a PI controller and are designed in the shunt APF control scheme to relieve harmonic currents produced by nonlinear loads. The DC voltage is maintained constant using Two degree of freedom proportional integral voltage controller (2DoFPI). The performance of the proposed UPQC is significantly improved compared to the conventional control strategy. The feasibility of the proposed UPQC control scheme is validated through the simulations.
Compensation of Harmonics of Fully Controlled Loads by Using SAHFIOSRJEEE
In this paper, Three Phase Shunt Active Harmonic Filter is used for harmonic compensation of fully Controlled loads by using new thyristorized Pulse Generator Circuits which generates 12 Pulses for two NonLinear three phase Loads. The three phase Non-Linear Loads are connected at the secondary of three phase Transformers with Three Phase Breakers having Transition time 5/60seconds. A new Pulse Generator topology is used for generating pulses for each of three phase non-linear loads. The Circuit used for Compensation of Harmonics having three phase IGBT based Inverter. The IGBT base d Shunt Active Harmonic Filter gets firing Pulses from PLL phase Locked Loop& Hysteresis Switching HS. The used PLL extracts the Fundamental component of load current which is then multiplied with same RMS gain for generating the Reference current for Hysteresis Current Controller. The used Hysteresis Current Controller compares the reference current
Performance and High Robustness DPC for PWM Rectifier under Unstable VDC BusIJPEDS-IAES
This paper proposes a strategy de controlling a static AC / DC converter
based on direct power control (DPC). The instantaneous active and reactive
power is controlled in such a way to ensure the PWM rectifier with a
sinusoidal current absorption. This control has proven effective in terms of
reduction of total harmonic distortion (THD) of current absorbed. Offers a
good control of active and reactive power with an operation at unitary power
factor. The test of robustness carried out and the results have proven DPC
good performance with strong possibility of de integrate it into the field of
high voltage and high power as electric traction.
Three Phase Twelve Pulse Controlled Rectifier with Reduced Output Current Har...paperpublications3
Abstract: The power conversion from AC to DC and vice versa is basic need for several industrial applications, single phase or three phase controlled or uncontrolled convertor is used for this purpose. In these types of convertors large lower order harmonics are present. A twelve pulse three phase rectifier is used for reducing harmonics in high power applications, but the (12m±1) order harmonics are still present in the system. For further reduction of harmonics this paper proposes a PI controller based synchronous twelve pulse generator used for gate triggering of controlled twelve pulse rectifier with DC motor as a load.
Closed Loop Non Linear Control of Shunt Hybrid Power Filter for Harmonics Mit...IAES-IJPEDS
In recent years, the amount of non-linear loads has increased considerably since there were improvements in power electronic equipment (such as adjustable speed drives or converter ac-dc, ac-ac, dc-ac and dc-dc) in industrial sectors which cause deterioration of the quality of the electric power supply through distortion of supply voltage and supply current. This has led to improvement of many stringent needs regarding generation of harmonic current, which are found in IEEE519 and IEC61000 standards. This paper proposes a non-linear function based closed loop control strategy (without load current extraction) for three-phase Shunt Active Power Line Conditioner and LC passive filter to compensate harmonics, power factor improvement and enhance the dynamic performance of Shunt Hybrid Power Filter (SHPF). By using a PI controller the DC bus voltage of the Shunt Active Power Filter is maintained constant. Results obtained from simulation shows the performance of expected hybrid filter in transient and steady state operation . This indicates that the controller is able to compensate even under severe load current imbalances.
Unified Power Quality Conditioner Model Based with Series and Shunt FiltersIAES-IJPEDS
With the increase of the complexion in the power distribution system, it is very possible that several kinds of power quality disturbances are happened in a power distribution system simultaneously.This paper proposes a unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) including a series and a shunt active power filter (APF) to compensate harmonics in both the distorted supply voltage and nonlinear load current. In the series APF control scheme, a proportional-integral (PI) controller, meanwhile a PI controller and are designed in the shunt APF control scheme to relieve harmonic currents produced by nonlinear loads. The DC voltage is maintained constant using Two degree of freedom proportional integral voltage controller (2DoFPI). The performance of the proposed UPQC is significantly improved compared to the conventional control strategy. The feasibility of the proposed UPQC control scheme is validated through the simulations.
Compensation of Harmonics of Fully Controlled Loads by Using SAHFIOSRJEEE
In this paper, Three Phase Shunt Active Harmonic Filter is used for harmonic compensation of fully Controlled loads by using new thyristorized Pulse Generator Circuits which generates 12 Pulses for two NonLinear three phase Loads. The three phase Non-Linear Loads are connected at the secondary of three phase Transformers with Three Phase Breakers having Transition time 5/60seconds. A new Pulse Generator topology is used for generating pulses for each of three phase non-linear loads. The Circuit used for Compensation of Harmonics having three phase IGBT based Inverter. The IGBT base d Shunt Active Harmonic Filter gets firing Pulses from PLL phase Locked Loop& Hysteresis Switching HS. The used PLL extracts the Fundamental component of load current which is then multiplied with same RMS gain for generating the Reference current for Hysteresis Current Controller. The used Hysteresis Current Controller compares the reference current
Performance and High Robustness DPC for PWM Rectifier under Unstable VDC BusIJPEDS-IAES
This paper proposes a strategy de controlling a static AC / DC converter
based on direct power control (DPC). The instantaneous active and reactive
power is controlled in such a way to ensure the PWM rectifier with a
sinusoidal current absorption. This control has proven effective in terms of
reduction of total harmonic distortion (THD) of current absorbed. Offers a
good control of active and reactive power with an operation at unitary power
factor. The test of robustness carried out and the results have proven DPC
good performance with strong possibility of de integrate it into the field of
high voltage and high power as electric traction.
A novel power converter that can perform both voltage and frequency conversion was proposed. Inappropriate power supply can damage sensitive sub-components and render the connected device inoperable. Henceforth, the proposed voltage–frequency converter acts as an interface to plug any electrical device directly into an electrical socket and provide the voltage and frequency required. The converter used a synchronous reference frame proportional–integral (SRFPI) controller to regulate the instantaneous output voltage and to improve steady state performance. Because the PI controller works together with the synchronous reference frame controller, it is difficult to tune the PI control parameters. To overcome this issue, a new meta heuristic optimization technique called lightening search algorithm (LSA) optimization was used to identify the optimum PI parameter values. A detailed description of the system operation and control strategy was presented. Finally, the performance of the converter was analyzed and verified by simulation and experimental results. The experimental result has shown that the proposed system has satisfactory output voltage and frequency under different input voltages.
Comparative Study of Three Phase Grid Connected Photovoltaic Inverter Using P...IJPEDS-IAES
A comparative study of three phase grid connected photovoltaic (PV)
inverter using Proportional-Integral (PI) controller and Fuzzy logic controller
(FLC) is presented in this paper. Proposed three phase inverter with single DC
source employing three phase transformer for grid connected PV system
controlled by using space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) technique.
PI and FLC are used as current controller for regulating the current. Perturb and
observe maximum power point technique (MPPT) is used for tracking of
maximum power from the PV panel. Finally total harmonic distortion (THD)
comparison made between two controllers for validation of results.
Furthermore swithing losses of inverter are also presented. The simulation
results are obtained using MATLAB simulink.
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
The study made in this paper concerns the use of the voltage-oriented control (VOC) of three-phase pulse width modulation (PWM) rectifier with constant switching frequency. This control method, called voltage-oriented controlwith space vector modulation (VOC-SVM). The proposed control scheme has been founded on the transformation between stationary (α-β) and and synchronously rotating (d-q) coordinate system, it is based on two cascaded control loops so that a fast inner loop controls the grid current and an external loop DC-link voltage, while the DC-bus voltage is maintained at the desired level and ansured the unity power factor operation. So, the stable state performance and robustness against the load’s disturbance of PWM rectifiers are boths improved. The proposed scheme has been implemented and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The control system of the VOC-SVM strategy has been built based on dSPACE system with DS1104 controller board. The results obtained show the validity of the model and its control method. Compared with the conventional SPWM method, the VOC-SVM ensures high performance and fast transient response.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Asymmetrical Cascaded Multi Level Inverter using Control Freedom Pulse width ...IAES-IJPEDS
In this paper, the suggested topologies are gained by cascading a full bridge inverter with dissimilar DC sources. This topology has several new patterns adopting the fixed switching frequency, multicarrier control freedom degree with mixture conceptions are established and simulated for the preferred three-phase cascaded multilevel inverter. In outstanding switching arrangement terminations, there are convinced degrees of freedom to produce the nine level AC output voltages with terminated switching positions for producing altered output voltages. These investigations focus on asymmetrical cascaded multilevel inverter engaging with carrier overlapping pulse width modulation (PWM) topologies. These topologies offer less amount of harmonics present in the output voltage and superior root mean square (RMS) values of the output voltages associated with the traditional sinusoidal pulse width modulation. This research studies carries with it MATLAB/SIMULINK based simulation and experimental results obtained using appropriated prototype to prove the validity of the proposed concept.
Control of inverters to support bidirectional power flow in grid connected sy...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This paper presents a grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) interface for delivering both active and reactive powers. The PV interface employs H-bridge topology DC-DC converter and inverter with analog control technology. The power flow is controlled solely by the adjustable DC output voltage of the DC to DC converter. In order to evaluate the PV interface system’s performances, it is tested by delivering power to the grid with low pawer factor. The experimental results show that at 300W active load, the inverter could deliver the reactive power of 400VAR. The PV interface could also produce very low harmonic voltage and current distorsions. The laboratory measurements show that the total harmonic distortions of inverter output voltage and current are 0.46% and 0.05%, respectively.
Power System Harmonic Compensation Using Shunt Active Power FilterIJERA Editor
This paper shows the method of improving the power quality using shunt active power filter. The proposedtopic comprises of PI controller, filter hysteresis current control loop, dc link capacitor. The switching signal generation for filter is fromhysteresis current controller techniques. With the all these element shunt active power filter reduce the total harmonic distortion. Thispaper represents the simulation and analysis of the using three phase three wire system active filter to compensate harmonics .Theproposed shunt active filter model uses balanced non-linear load. This paper successfully lowers the THD within IEEE norms and satisfactorily works to compensatecurrent harmonics.
Intelligent controlled UPQC for power quality improvement of grid supply conn...IJERA Editor
The issue of power quality has gained popularity in the recent years because of the widespread use of power electronic devices, larger inter-connected load networks and widespread use of non-conventional source of electrical energy like wind power, solar power etc. in the power system. The deterioration of the power quality may cause unwanted losses in the system, poor efficiency, interference with the communication lines, and faulty operation of devices and even may cause fault in some devices. In this paper the power quality issue because of the presence of non-linear load connected to the electric grid is discussed and an effort has been made to improve the power quality of the system using a device known as Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC). For this the intelligent controlled UPQC is developed and used with the Grid supply connected to the Non-linear load and percentage Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) of voltage and current waveforms is measured in order to determine the power quality at different locations in the system. The intelligent controlled method has been found to have superior performance over the conventional Proportional Integral (PI) controlled UPQC. The results obtained verified using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study and Simulation of Seven Level - Ten Switch Inverter TopologyMohd Esa
Compared to conventional two-level inverter, multilevel inverter
performance is high because of their reduced harmonic distortion, less
electromagnetic interference, reduced common mode voltage and higher dc link
voltages. However complex pulse width modulation control, balancing of
capacitor voltages & increased number of switches are main drawbacks of
multilevel inverter.This paper focuses on study and simulation of single phase
seven level inverter topology using only ten switches. This paper also presents
two different control techniques for seven level-ten switch inverter topology.Rload
is connected to inverter and simulation is performed using
MATLAB/Simulink Software.
In recent research, there has been an extensive increase in interest to multilevel power
conversion. The introduction of new inverter topologies & unique modulation
techniques was involved in recent research studies. However, the most commonly
used multi-level inverter topologies are multi-cell inverter [1], diode clamped inverter
[2]-[5] and capacitor clamped inverter [6]. Some applications for these inverters
include industrial drives, flexible ac transmission systems [7], traction applications in
the transport industry and grid integration of non-conventional energy sources.
The seven level-ten switch topology is a symmetrical topology since the values of
all voltage sources are the same. However, there are several asymmetrical topologies
that need voltage sources of different values. This asymmetry results in the need of dc
voltage sources having a specific relation between them and also the difference in
rating of the semiconductor switches. This paper, presents study and simulation of a
new multilevel inverter topology named reversing voltage (RV) [8]. This topology
requires less number of components compared to conventional topologies. It is also
more efficient since the inverter has a component which operates the switching power
devices at line frequency. Therefore, there is no need for all switches to work in high
frequency which leads to simpler and more reliable control of the inverter. Two
different control techniques are used in this paper to drive the inverter .The simulation
results of the seven level-ten switch inverter topology are presented.
Simulation and Design of SRF based Control Algorithm for Three Phase Shunt Ac...idescitation
Active power filters are effective in mitigating line
current harmonics and compensating for the reactive power
in the line. There are basically two types of Active Power
Filters (APFs): shunt type and series type. Shunt active power
filters (SAPFs) represent the most important and most widely
used filters in industrial purposes, this is due not only to the
fact that eliminate the harmonic current but also they are
suitable for a wide range of power ratings. In this paper,
Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) theory is employed to
calculate compensating currents while the three phase source
is feeding a highly non-linear load. The main objective is to
study and investigate the performance of Shunt active power
filter using SRF theory. The algorithm is simulated under
M ATLAB
7.8
environment
using
Simulinkand
SimPowerSystems toolbox. The results shown are within the
IEEE Standard 512-1992.
An ANN Based Capicitor Voltage Balancing Method For Neutral Point Clamped Mul...IJERA Editor
Multi-level inverters are became popular for usage in medium voltage, low voltage power applications due to
flexibility in control and better performance characteristics in terms of harmonic regulation. Neutral point
clamped are popular as they require less number of sources as their input when compared with their counter
parts i.e. cascaded multi-level inverters and found to be reliable when compared with flying capacitor based
multi-level inverters. But when neutral clamped technologies are used for generation of three-phase voltages,
the capacitors that are connected at input side experiences imbalance in their voltages, this makes neutral point
clamped multi-level inverters less reliable. In the proposed work an attempt is made to study circuits that
balances the capacitor voltages and a scheme is investigated for balancing the capacitor voltages. Method
proposed in [1] uses PID controller for balancing the capacitor voltages. In this project PI based control scheme
and artificial neural network (ANN) based control scheme for the front end circuit shown in [1] are designed for
achieving balance among the capacitor voltages. The proposed control scheme is simulated with the help of
Simpowersystems block set and neural network toolbox of MATLAB software for different load conditions.
Results obtained from ANN based controller and PI controller are presented.
H bridge multilevel inverter organized krunal gamit
: In this paper mainly focused on the design and implementation of new topology in a single phase five
level cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter by using only a five switches and two DC power source. The main
objective of this paper is to increase number of levels with a low number of switches and sources at the output
without adding any complexity to the power circuit. The main merit of the new topology is to reduce the lower
total harmonic distortion, lower electromagnetic interference generation and high output voltage. In this paper,
various carrier pulse width modulation techniques are proposed, which can minimize the total harmonic
distortion and enhances the output voltages from proposed work of five level inverter. The various switching
topologies of single-phase five level cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverters have been analyzed in this paper. It
is justified that the new topology can be recommended to single phase five level Cascaded H-bridge inverter for
better performance in comparison with conventional method. The simulation is done by Mat Lab 8.0 version
software.
Fuzzy Logic Controller Based High Frequency Link AC-AC Converter For Voltage ...IJTET Journal
Abstract—In this paper, an advanced high frequency link AC-AC Push-pull cycloconverter for the voltage compensation is proposed in order to maintain the power quality in electric grid. The proposed methodology can be achieve arbitrary output voltage without using large energy storage elements. So that the system is more steadfast and less costly compared with the conventional inverter topology. Additionally, the proposed converter does not contain any line frequency transformer, which reduces the cost further. The control scheme for the push pull cycloconverter employs the fuzzy logic controller based sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) to accomplish better performance on voltage compensation, like unbalanced voltage harmonics elimination. The simulation results are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed high frequency link AC-AC converter and fuzzy logic controller based SPWM technology
Single-phase transformerless inverter topologies at different levels for a p...IJECEIAES
In this paper, we have studied the topologies of single-phase transformerless inverters with different levels using a proportional-integral-resonant (PIR) AC controller, and the multi-level cascade inverter topology with sinusoidal pulse with modulation (SPWM) control in an open and closed loop. To ensure that these photovoltaic inverters can inject a defined amount of reactive power into the grid according to international regulations. Therefore, precise monitoring of the mains voltage vector by a phase-locked loop (PLL) system is applied to ensure the proper functioning of this system. For inverter topologies with less than three levels, the simulation results show that the highly efficient and reliable inverter concept (HERIC) topology performance is better than that of H5 and H6. On the other hand, the performance of the topology H6 ameliorate is superior to those of H4, H5, and HERIC in currents of leakage. On the other hand, for the control of cascaded multi-level closed-loop inverters, we notice that there is an improvement in the spectra and the elimination of all frequency harmonics, close to that of the fundamental, and a reduction in the rate of harmonic current distortion.
A novel power converter that can perform both voltage and frequency conversion was proposed. Inappropriate power supply can damage sensitive sub-components and render the connected device inoperable. Henceforth, the proposed voltage–frequency converter acts as an interface to plug any electrical device directly into an electrical socket and provide the voltage and frequency required. The converter used a synchronous reference frame proportional–integral (SRFPI) controller to regulate the instantaneous output voltage and to improve steady state performance. Because the PI controller works together with the synchronous reference frame controller, it is difficult to tune the PI control parameters. To overcome this issue, a new meta heuristic optimization technique called lightening search algorithm (LSA) optimization was used to identify the optimum PI parameter values. A detailed description of the system operation and control strategy was presented. Finally, the performance of the converter was analyzed and verified by simulation and experimental results. The experimental result has shown that the proposed system has satisfactory output voltage and frequency under different input voltages.
Comparative Study of Three Phase Grid Connected Photovoltaic Inverter Using P...IJPEDS-IAES
A comparative study of three phase grid connected photovoltaic (PV)
inverter using Proportional-Integral (PI) controller and Fuzzy logic controller
(FLC) is presented in this paper. Proposed three phase inverter with single DC
source employing three phase transformer for grid connected PV system
controlled by using space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) technique.
PI and FLC are used as current controller for regulating the current. Perturb and
observe maximum power point technique (MPPT) is used for tracking of
maximum power from the PV panel. Finally total harmonic distortion (THD)
comparison made between two controllers for validation of results.
Furthermore swithing losses of inverter are also presented. The simulation
results are obtained using MATLAB simulink.
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
The study made in this paper concerns the use of the voltage-oriented control (VOC) of three-phase pulse width modulation (PWM) rectifier with constant switching frequency. This control method, called voltage-oriented controlwith space vector modulation (VOC-SVM). The proposed control scheme has been founded on the transformation between stationary (α-β) and and synchronously rotating (d-q) coordinate system, it is based on two cascaded control loops so that a fast inner loop controls the grid current and an external loop DC-link voltage, while the DC-bus voltage is maintained at the desired level and ansured the unity power factor operation. So, the stable state performance and robustness against the load’s disturbance of PWM rectifiers are boths improved. The proposed scheme has been implemented and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The control system of the VOC-SVM strategy has been built based on dSPACE system with DS1104 controller board. The results obtained show the validity of the model and its control method. Compared with the conventional SPWM method, the VOC-SVM ensures high performance and fast transient response.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Asymmetrical Cascaded Multi Level Inverter using Control Freedom Pulse width ...IAES-IJPEDS
In this paper, the suggested topologies are gained by cascading a full bridge inverter with dissimilar DC sources. This topology has several new patterns adopting the fixed switching frequency, multicarrier control freedom degree with mixture conceptions are established and simulated for the preferred three-phase cascaded multilevel inverter. In outstanding switching arrangement terminations, there are convinced degrees of freedom to produce the nine level AC output voltages with terminated switching positions for producing altered output voltages. These investigations focus on asymmetrical cascaded multilevel inverter engaging with carrier overlapping pulse width modulation (PWM) topologies. These topologies offer less amount of harmonics present in the output voltage and superior root mean square (RMS) values of the output voltages associated with the traditional sinusoidal pulse width modulation. This research studies carries with it MATLAB/SIMULINK based simulation and experimental results obtained using appropriated prototype to prove the validity of the proposed concept.
Control of inverters to support bidirectional power flow in grid connected sy...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This paper presents a grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) interface for delivering both active and reactive powers. The PV interface employs H-bridge topology DC-DC converter and inverter with analog control technology. The power flow is controlled solely by the adjustable DC output voltage of the DC to DC converter. In order to evaluate the PV interface system’s performances, it is tested by delivering power to the grid with low pawer factor. The experimental results show that at 300W active load, the inverter could deliver the reactive power of 400VAR. The PV interface could also produce very low harmonic voltage and current distorsions. The laboratory measurements show that the total harmonic distortions of inverter output voltage and current are 0.46% and 0.05%, respectively.
Power System Harmonic Compensation Using Shunt Active Power FilterIJERA Editor
This paper shows the method of improving the power quality using shunt active power filter. The proposedtopic comprises of PI controller, filter hysteresis current control loop, dc link capacitor. The switching signal generation for filter is fromhysteresis current controller techniques. With the all these element shunt active power filter reduce the total harmonic distortion. Thispaper represents the simulation and analysis of the using three phase three wire system active filter to compensate harmonics .Theproposed shunt active filter model uses balanced non-linear load. This paper successfully lowers the THD within IEEE norms and satisfactorily works to compensatecurrent harmonics.
Intelligent controlled UPQC for power quality improvement of grid supply conn...IJERA Editor
The issue of power quality has gained popularity in the recent years because of the widespread use of power electronic devices, larger inter-connected load networks and widespread use of non-conventional source of electrical energy like wind power, solar power etc. in the power system. The deterioration of the power quality may cause unwanted losses in the system, poor efficiency, interference with the communication lines, and faulty operation of devices and even may cause fault in some devices. In this paper the power quality issue because of the presence of non-linear load connected to the electric grid is discussed and an effort has been made to improve the power quality of the system using a device known as Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC). For this the intelligent controlled UPQC is developed and used with the Grid supply connected to the Non-linear load and percentage Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) of voltage and current waveforms is measured in order to determine the power quality at different locations in the system. The intelligent controlled method has been found to have superior performance over the conventional Proportional Integral (PI) controlled UPQC. The results obtained verified using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study and Simulation of Seven Level - Ten Switch Inverter TopologyMohd Esa
Compared to conventional two-level inverter, multilevel inverter
performance is high because of their reduced harmonic distortion, less
electromagnetic interference, reduced common mode voltage and higher dc link
voltages. However complex pulse width modulation control, balancing of
capacitor voltages & increased number of switches are main drawbacks of
multilevel inverter.This paper focuses on study and simulation of single phase
seven level inverter topology using only ten switches. This paper also presents
two different control techniques for seven level-ten switch inverter topology.Rload
is connected to inverter and simulation is performed using
MATLAB/Simulink Software.
In recent research, there has been an extensive increase in interest to multilevel power
conversion. The introduction of new inverter topologies & unique modulation
techniques was involved in recent research studies. However, the most commonly
used multi-level inverter topologies are multi-cell inverter [1], diode clamped inverter
[2]-[5] and capacitor clamped inverter [6]. Some applications for these inverters
include industrial drives, flexible ac transmission systems [7], traction applications in
the transport industry and grid integration of non-conventional energy sources.
The seven level-ten switch topology is a symmetrical topology since the values of
all voltage sources are the same. However, there are several asymmetrical topologies
that need voltage sources of different values. This asymmetry results in the need of dc
voltage sources having a specific relation between them and also the difference in
rating of the semiconductor switches. This paper, presents study and simulation of a
new multilevel inverter topology named reversing voltage (RV) [8]. This topology
requires less number of components compared to conventional topologies. It is also
more efficient since the inverter has a component which operates the switching power
devices at line frequency. Therefore, there is no need for all switches to work in high
frequency which leads to simpler and more reliable control of the inverter. Two
different control techniques are used in this paper to drive the inverter .The simulation
results of the seven level-ten switch inverter topology are presented.
Simulation and Design of SRF based Control Algorithm for Three Phase Shunt Ac...idescitation
Active power filters are effective in mitigating line
current harmonics and compensating for the reactive power
in the line. There are basically two types of Active Power
Filters (APFs): shunt type and series type. Shunt active power
filters (SAPFs) represent the most important and most widely
used filters in industrial purposes, this is due not only to the
fact that eliminate the harmonic current but also they are
suitable for a wide range of power ratings. In this paper,
Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) theory is employed to
calculate compensating currents while the three phase source
is feeding a highly non-linear load. The main objective is to
study and investigate the performance of Shunt active power
filter using SRF theory. The algorithm is simulated under
M ATLAB
7.8
environment
using
Simulinkand
SimPowerSystems toolbox. The results shown are within the
IEEE Standard 512-1992.
An ANN Based Capicitor Voltage Balancing Method For Neutral Point Clamped Mul...IJERA Editor
Multi-level inverters are became popular for usage in medium voltage, low voltage power applications due to
flexibility in control and better performance characteristics in terms of harmonic regulation. Neutral point
clamped are popular as they require less number of sources as their input when compared with their counter
parts i.e. cascaded multi-level inverters and found to be reliable when compared with flying capacitor based
multi-level inverters. But when neutral clamped technologies are used for generation of three-phase voltages,
the capacitors that are connected at input side experiences imbalance in their voltages, this makes neutral point
clamped multi-level inverters less reliable. In the proposed work an attempt is made to study circuits that
balances the capacitor voltages and a scheme is investigated for balancing the capacitor voltages. Method
proposed in [1] uses PID controller for balancing the capacitor voltages. In this project PI based control scheme
and artificial neural network (ANN) based control scheme for the front end circuit shown in [1] are designed for
achieving balance among the capacitor voltages. The proposed control scheme is simulated with the help of
Simpowersystems block set and neural network toolbox of MATLAB software for different load conditions.
Results obtained from ANN based controller and PI controller are presented.
H bridge multilevel inverter organized krunal gamit
: In this paper mainly focused on the design and implementation of new topology in a single phase five
level cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter by using only a five switches and two DC power source. The main
objective of this paper is to increase number of levels with a low number of switches and sources at the output
without adding any complexity to the power circuit. The main merit of the new topology is to reduce the lower
total harmonic distortion, lower electromagnetic interference generation and high output voltage. In this paper,
various carrier pulse width modulation techniques are proposed, which can minimize the total harmonic
distortion and enhances the output voltages from proposed work of five level inverter. The various switching
topologies of single-phase five level cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverters have been analyzed in this paper. It
is justified that the new topology can be recommended to single phase five level Cascaded H-bridge inverter for
better performance in comparison with conventional method. The simulation is done by Mat Lab 8.0 version
software.
Fuzzy Logic Controller Based High Frequency Link AC-AC Converter For Voltage ...IJTET Journal
Abstract—In this paper, an advanced high frequency link AC-AC Push-pull cycloconverter for the voltage compensation is proposed in order to maintain the power quality in electric grid. The proposed methodology can be achieve arbitrary output voltage without using large energy storage elements. So that the system is more steadfast and less costly compared with the conventional inverter topology. Additionally, the proposed converter does not contain any line frequency transformer, which reduces the cost further. The control scheme for the push pull cycloconverter employs the fuzzy logic controller based sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) to accomplish better performance on voltage compensation, like unbalanced voltage harmonics elimination. The simulation results are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed high frequency link AC-AC converter and fuzzy logic controller based SPWM technology
Single-phase transformerless inverter topologies at different levels for a p...IJECEIAES
In this paper, we have studied the topologies of single-phase transformerless inverters with different levels using a proportional-integral-resonant (PIR) AC controller, and the multi-level cascade inverter topology with sinusoidal pulse with modulation (SPWM) control in an open and closed loop. To ensure that these photovoltaic inverters can inject a defined amount of reactive power into the grid according to international regulations. Therefore, precise monitoring of the mains voltage vector by a phase-locked loop (PLL) system is applied to ensure the proper functioning of this system. For inverter topologies with less than three levels, the simulation results show that the highly efficient and reliable inverter concept (HERIC) topology performance is better than that of H5 and H6. On the other hand, the performance of the topology H6 ameliorate is superior to those of H4, H5, and HERIC in currents of leakage. On the other hand, for the control of cascaded multi-level closed-loop inverters, we notice that there is an improvement in the spectra and the elimination of all frequency harmonics, close to that of the fundamental, and a reduction in the rate of harmonic current distortion.
A novel fuzzy based controller to reduce circulating currents in parallel int...IJECEIAES
This paper exhibits suppression strategy of low frequency circulating current components for parallel inter-leaved converters. Here inverters are parallelized by magnetically coupled inductors. Traditionally, carrier interleaved technique was used to get lower distorted output voltage, but it gives a higher circulating currents to flow through the Two-VSC‘s. The mutual inductance of the coupled inductors (CI) is utilized for minimizing circulating currents of high frequency components. Nevertheless, CI can‘t have capability to riddle the components generated by low frequency. When these circulating currents extremely increases may leads to CI saturation, elevated switching losses and diminishes the entire performance of system. Here author identified a novel control technique for a grid-connected parallel inter-leaved converter depending on approach of energy shaping control (ECS). This controller diminishes the value of the low frequency components of circulating current (LFCC). The performance of the proposed circuit is evaluated in simulation mode and correlated with the conventional proportional integral control (PIC) and the linear quadratic control (LQC). The Fuzzy controller is also included in this work to enhance the converter performance effectively and to diminish the circulating currents along with the healthy harmonic performance analysis.
An inclination towards renewable energy resources has been increased due to the requirement of clean environment and to satisfy the increasing power demand for the long run. A grid connected system requires the availability of a transformer in its power conversion stages that provides galvanic isolation between the grid and the power system. But inclusion of transformer results in making the system bulky and more expensive. In this paper different transformer-less PV inverter topologies are analyzed by comparing their efficiency, leakage current and THD of load current using MATLAB/Simulink environment. In order to achieve maximum power, maximum power point tracking (P&O algorithm) is used. From the simulation results, modified HB-ZVR is found to have minimum leakage current and constant common mode voltage with higher efficiency. Also, the hardware results are obtained for modified HB-ZVR topology.
ZVZCS Based High Frequency Link Grid Connected SVM Applied Three Phase Three ...IAES-IJPEDS
This article proposes a newly proposed highly effective Zero Voltage and Zero Current switching based Front end converter with a High Frequency Transformer with a Three Phase Three Level Diode Clamped Inverter in photovoltaic applications. The switching scheme is implemented in MATLAB/ Simulink condition. ZVZCS condition is achieved. This type of converter shows high efficiency and very negligible switching loss. Finally ZVZCS based High Frequency Link Diode Clamped Inverter is connected to Grid. An MCI optimized Current controller is used with SVM switching technique. In This article, responses with three types of controllers (I, PI, PID) have been examined and compared. Simulation results show the effectiveness, and validity of this technique.
A new closed loop AC to DC ĈUK converter is presented in this paper. The conventional ĈUK AC to DC converter has no feedback circuit. Thereby, the output voltage of the converter changes while changing the load. The proposed closed loop converter can regulate voltage with the variation of load over a wide range. Moreover, the power factor and Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) of the supply side current found quite satisfactory from this closed loop ĈUK converter. The converter operates in four steps with a different combination of voltage polarities and switching states. The feedback path consists of a voltage control loop and a current control loop. The closed loop ĈUK converter in this study is compared with the open loop version. Additionally, the comparison is made with the conventional converter of the same topology. The effectiveness in terms of power factor and THD of the proposed converter is verified using simulation results.
This paper presents the simulation design of dc/dc interleaved boost converter with zero-voltage switching (ZVS). By employin the interleaved structure, the input current stresses to switching devices were reduced and this signified to a switching conduction loss reduction. All the parameters had been calculated theoretically. The proposed converter circuit was simulated by using MATLAB/Simulink and PSpice software programmes. The converter circuit model, with specifications of output power of 200 W, input voltage range from 10~60 V, and operates at 100 kHz switching frequency was simulated to validate the designed parameters. The results showed that the main switches of the model converter circuit achieved ZVS conditions during the interleaving operation. Consequently, the switching losses in the main switching devices were reduced. Thus, the proposed converter circuit model offers advantages of input current stress and switching loss reductions. Hence, based on the designed parameters and results, the converter model can be extended for hardware implementation.
[7] a generalized parameter tuning method of proportional resonant controller...Ngoc Dinh
Phuong Vu, Ngoc Dinh, Nam Hoang, Quan Nguyen, Minh Tran; “A Generalized Parameter Tuning Method of Proportional-Resonant Controllers for Dynamic Voltage Restorers”; International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive System (IJPEDS).
Temporary voltage swells and sags appear with high frequency in electric power systems, and they significantly affect sensitive loads such as industrial manufacturing or communication devices. This paper presents a strategy to design proportional-resonant controllers for three full-bridge voltage-source converters with a common DC-link in dynamic voltage restorer systems. The proposed controllers allow the system to quickly overcome temporary unbalanced voltage sags. Simulation results carried out in MATLAB/Simulink and experimental results implemented in a Typhoon HIL402 device demonstrate the ability of the proposed design method. The results show that the system with the proposed controllers can ride-through single-phase or double-phase voltage sags up to 55% and three-phase voltage sags up to 70% in a duration less than one grid-voltage cycle.
High gain dc-dc step up converters have been used in renewable energy systems, for example, photovoltaic grid connected system and fuel cell power plant to step up the low level dc voltage to a high level dc bus voltage. If the conventional boost converter is to meet this demand, it should be operated at an extreme duty cycle (duty cycle closes to unity), which will cause electromagnetic interference, reverse recovery problem and conduction loss at the power switches. This paper proposes a class of non-isolated dc-dc step up converters which provide very high voltage gain at a small duty cycle (duty cycle < 0.5). Firstly, the converter topologies are derived based on active switched inductor network and combination of active and passive switched inductor networks; secondly, the modes of operation of proposed active switched inductor converter and combined active and passive switched inductor converter are illustrated; thirdly, the performance of the proposed converters are analyzed mathematically in details and compared with conventional boost converter. Finally, the analysis is verified by simulation results.
Input switched closed-loop single phase SEPIC controlled rectifier with impro...IJECEIAES
DC power supply has become the driving source for some essential modern applications. Thereby, DC power conditioning has become a significant issue for engineers. Typically used rectifiers associated with a bridge structure is nonlinear in nature. Thereby, the current at input side of the rectifier contains harmonics, which also flow through the power line. The presence of harmonics causes several interruptions and reduce power quality. In this regard, a new close loop SEPIC controlled rectifier is proposed in this paper. The conventional scheme is arranged with a rectifier connected to a DC-DC converter, which is an open loop system. Consequently, such system cannot regulate voltage at load varying condition. The proposed SEPIC controlled rectifier can regulate voltage under load varying condition for a wide range. Additionally, the performance in terms of total harmonic distortion (THD) of input current and power factor at AC side are also within satisfactory range for the closed loop configuration. The controlled rectifier has four operating phases associated with switching states and input voltage polarity. The close loop configuration also incorporates a current and a voltage loop at the feedback path. The comparative studies have been performed among the proposed closed loop construction, the open-loop structure as well as the conventional construction. The effectiveness of the proposed controlled rectifier is verified in terms of THD and input power factor considering the results obtained from simulation.
A Shunt Active Power Filter for 12 Pulse Converter Using Source Current Detec...IAES-IJPEDS
A shunt Active Power Filter (APF) with current detection at the source side
is considered as a closed-loop system from the view of the whole power
distribution system, which is expected with better harmonics filtering
performance compared with conventional current detection methods such as
load current detection and open loop control. This paper introduces an
efficient source current detection method (direct) control scheme to mitigate
the grid current harmonics generated by the twelve pulse converter. The
proposed system uses Control Rectifier (12 –pulse converter) which
efficiently regulates the DC voltage by varying the angle of each 6 pulse
converter. Moreover, the proposed system uses three winding transformer
which eliminates the harmonics during equal angles switching at each six
pulse converter which in turn simplifies the operation of the SAPF. The
proposed system is simulated in MATLAB SIMULINK to evaluate the
performance of the proposed system.
Simulation of 3-phase matrix converter using space vector modulationIJECEIAES
This paper illustrates the simulation of 3-phase matrix converter using Space Vector Modulation (SVM). Variable AC output voltage engendered using matrix converter with bidirectional power switches controlled by appropriate switching pulse. The conventional PWM converter engenders switching common mode voltage across the load system terminals, which cause to common mode current and its leads to bearing failure in load drive. These problems can be rectified using SVM and which minimize the effect on the harmonic fluctuation in AC output voltage and stress on the power switch is reduced using bidirectional switch for proposed 3-phase matrix converter. The simulation results have been presented to validate the proposed system using matlab / simulink.
Harmonic Compensation for Non Linear Load Using PWM Based Active Filteridescitation
In this paper the elimination of the current harmon-
ics of injected by nonlinear loads is investigated. The active
power filter proposed in this study is a Single phase voltage
source inverter (VSI) connecting to the AC mains. The dspic
controller is used to control the operation of the switches of
the inverter. Active filtering is achieved through PWM in-
verter connected next to a given nonlinear load or at the point
of the common coupling (PCC). The simulation results show
that how well the filter eliminates the harmonics of the source
current.
Modulation Index Variation Effect on Harmonic Behavior of Fifteen Multilevel ...IJECEIAES
The Market for photovoltaic cells (PV) has grown fast due to a higher demand on PV applications. However, there are still the transport and connection problems of the PV systems to the grid because of the difference in the current form. To assure the adequate connection between the PV sources and the network, the conversion of direct current (DC) to an alternative current (AC) is required and provided by an electronic device known as the inverter. In this last years, the conventional inverter structure reached its limits in power level and conversion performance. The multilevel inverter (MLI) structure was introduced and widely used in high power and high voltage applications to solve the conventional inverter limitation problem. In this paper, the Neutral-Point-Clamped (NPC) topology of the MLI was simulated to evaluate the effect of modulation index variation of the control technique on the harmonic behavior of the fifteen-level NPC. The simulation results were useful for the optimization of the MLI control technique toward the decrease of the harmonic (THD) effect on the NPC MLI.
Modified T-type topology of three-phase multi-level inverter for photovoltaic...IJECEIAES
In this article, a three-phase multilevel neutral-point-clamped inverter with a modified t-type structure of switches is proposed. A pulse width modulation (PWM) scheme of the proposed inverter is also developed. The proposed topology of the multilevel inverter has the advantage of being simple, on the one hand since it does contain only semiconductors in reduced number (corresponding to the number of required voltage levels), and no other components such as switching or flying capacitors, and on the other hand, the control scheme is much simpler and more suitable for variable frequency and voltage control. The performances of this inverter are analyzed through simulations carried out in the MATLAB/Simulink environment on a threephase inverter with 9 levels. In all simulations, the proposed topology is connected with R-load or RL-load without any output filter.
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42 30 nA Comparative Study of Power Semiconductor Devices for Industrial PWM ...IAES-IJPEDS
The growing demand of energy translates into efficiency requirements of
energy conversion systems and electric drives. Both these systems are based
on Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Inverter. In this paper we firstly present
the state of art of the main types of semiconductors devices for Industrial
PWM Inverter. In particular we examine the last generations of Silicon
Carbide (SiC) MOSFETs and Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs)
and we present a comparison between these devices, obtained by SPICE
simulations, both for static characteristics at different temperatures and for
dynamic ones at different gate resistance, in order to identify the one which
makes the PWM inverter more efficient.
Modeling and State Feedback Controller Design of Tubular Linear Permanent Mag...IAES-IJPEDS
In this paper a state feedback controller for tubular linear permanent magnet
synchronous motor (TLPMSM) containing two gas springs, is presented.
The proposed TLPMSM controller is used to control reciprocating motions
of TLPMSM. The analytical plant model of TLPMSM is a multi-input
multi-output (MIMO) system which is decoupled to some sub single-input
single-output (SISO) systems, then, the sub SISO systems are converted to
sub-state space models. Indeed, the TLPMSM state space model is decoupled
to some sub-state spaces, and then, the gains of state feedback are calculated
by linear quadratic regulation (LQR) method for each sub-state space
separately. The controller decreases the distortions of the waveforms.
The simulation results indicate the validity of the controller.
Analysis of Harmonics and Ripple Current in Multi-Module Converters with Incr...IAES-IJPEDS
Controlled rectifiers are considered as the most important hardware part in
the field of HVDC systems in transmission lines and can be used for a
number of power electronics based system operation, control and utility
applications. In this paper, a brief design of a 12-pulse, 24-pulse, 36-pulse
and a 48-pulse converter connected to the grid is presented along with the
harmonic and ripple current analysis with its comparison statistics and thus
providing a justification for the suitable ones. The performance of the
12, 24, 36 and 48-pulse converters are compared for their effectiveness in
both quantitatively as well as qualitatively. Further, comparison of the
48-pulse converter on its THD and current ripple which is connected towards
the grid with simple pulse width modulation technique is also proposed. It
combines all features of the low switching concepts and DC current reinjection
techniques. Some basic topological explanation of the controlled
rectifiers and simulation results using MATLAB are also presented in this
paper in order to justify the harmonic analysis. The simulation results along
with the quantitative results shows the effectiveness of the proposed scheme
for the cancelation or the elimination of the harmonics result in maximum
harmonic mitigation, for high power utility applications, the 48-pulse
converter is most fitting to improve the conversion efficiency, low di/dt
and dv/dt and active and reactive power controllability.
Comparative Study of Various Adjustable Speed Drives during Voltage SagIAES-IJPEDS
This Paper compares the sensitivity of various adjustable speed drives to
voltage sag for the process control applications. Three phase voltage sag of
type B caused due to SLG fault is considered and four topologies of ASD’s
are compared in this paper. The comparison is done especially in speed,
voltage, current and torque of the ASDs. Diode rectifier without z source
inverter, diode rectifier with z source inverter, single phase two leg Vienna
rectifier and single phase neutral linked Vienna with z source inverter are
compared and the best one is highlighted. The circuits of various ASD’s are
simulated using Matlab /Simulink.
Modified Distribution Transformer for Enhancing Power Quality in Distribution...IAES-IJPEDS
The percentage of non-linear loads in the power distribution sector is increasing
day by day. Harmonics injected by these non-linear loads circulate in the delta
windings of the conventional distribution transformer thereby increasing the
temperature and losses. This reduces the efficiency and life of the transformers.
In a modified distribution transformer configuration proposed recently, called
star-star-delta_utilized configuration (YYD_utilized), the harmonics circulating
in the delta winding was utilized and the drainage power thus recovered was
used to power auxiliary loads. This paper presents the experimental studies
conducted on YYD_utilized distribution transformer. When compared to
conventional star-star, delta-star and star-star-delta transformers, the new
configuration of YYD_utilized transformer has shown considerable
improvement in transformer efficiency. The results obtained show that when
the power from the circulating harmonics is recovered and utilized, it not only
improves transformer efficiency but also improves the power factor
and reduces the harmonic distortions at the primary side of the transformer.
The results obtained also suggest the existence of maximum power point or an
optimum loading for the recovered harmonic power.
Modelling of Virtual Synchronous Converter for Grid-Inverter Synchronization ...IAES-IJPEDS
In this paper, virtual synchronous converter (VSCon) is been developed
which mimic the behavior of synchronous generator as in order to have fast
synchronization between the inverter with the grid. This synchronization is
important before can sent the power among inverter-grid connection. This
technique can also been applied at the distributed generated sources when are
connected to the local microgrids. Here, the frequency and voltage
synchronization also can be controlled at the same time some improvement
on synchronous generator mathematical model that is suitable to be
implemented into the inverter control. The whole unit of VSCon is operated
and simulated in Matlab/Simulink in order to observe all consequences
during synchronizing the voltage, frequency and phase-angle. It has been
verified by the simulation circuit where, the power converter can be
synchronized with the microrids without using a PLL unit for self
synchronization. This VSCon technique has proven that, by applying the
concept of the synchronous generator model in inverter control, it can cause
the inverter to behave as generator system, which does not required any
phase information from the grid in order to be synchronized.
Enhanced Crowbar Protection for Fault Ride through Capability of Wind Generat...IAES-IJPEDS
Due to increasing demand in power, the integration of renewable sources like
wind generation into power system is gaining much importance nowadays.
The heavy penetration of wind power into the power system leads to many
integration issues mainly due to the intermittent nature of the wind and the
desirability for variable speed operation of the generators. As the wind power
generation depends on the wind speed, its integration into the grid has
noticeable influence on the system stability and becomes an important issue
especially when a fault occurs on the grid. The protective disconnection of a
large amount of wind power during a fault will be an unacceptable
consequence and threatens the power system stability. With the increasing
use of wind turbines employing Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)
technology, it becomes a necessity to investigate their behavior during grid
faults and support them with fault ride through capability. This paper
presents the modeling and simulation of a doubly fed induction generator
according to grid code compatibility driven by a wind turbine connected to
the grid. This paper analyses the voltage sag due to a three-phase fault in the
wind connected grid. A control strategy including a crowbar circuit has been
developed in MATLAB/SIMULINK to bypass the rotor over currents during
grid fault to enhance the fault ride through capability and to maintain system
stability. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed control
strategies in DFIG based grid connected wind turbine system.
An Improved of Multiple Harmonic Sources Identification in Distribution Syste...IAES-IJPEDS
This paper introduces an improved of multiple harmonic sources
identification that been produced by inverter loads in power system using
time-frequency distribution (TFD) analysis which is spectrogram.
The spectrogram is a very applicable method to represent signals in
time-frequency representation (TFR) and the main advantages
of spectrogram are the accuracy, speed of the algorithm and use low memory
size such that it can be computed rapidly. The identification of multiple
harmonic sources is based on the significant relationship of spectral
impedances which are the fundamental impedance (Z1) and harmonic
impedance (Zh) that extracted from TFR. To verify the accuracy of the
proposed method, MATLAB simulations carried out several unique cases
with different harmonic producing loads on IEEE 4-bus test feeder cases. It is
proven that the proposed method is superior with 100% correct identification
of multiple harmonic sources. It is envisioned that the method is very
accurate, fast and cost efficient to localize harmonic sources in distribution
system.
Performance and Energy Saving Analysis of Grid Connected Photovoltaic in West...IAES-IJPEDS
The paper presents performance and energy saving analysis of 1.25 kWp grid
connected photovoltaic system under difference weather condition in West
Sumatera. The measured data were performed during weather data that often
occur in West Sumatra i.e. sunny, overcast, raining and cloudy.
The synchronizing process successfully done even bad weather conditions
when sunlight was low automatically. Photovoltaic in average start
producing power from 7:00 AM to 6:00 PM for normal or clear sky, however
under overcast, raining and cloudy weather, the PV power decreased and
disconnected earlier before sunset. During intermittent raining, overcast and
cloud covered the PV power output show an irregular profile. The PV energy
saving performed for three residential connection cases: 1300 VA, 900 VA
with subsidized and 900 VA without subsidized. The solar PV installation
have more benefits and energy saving for 1300 VA, 900 VA without
subsidized with payback period around 8.5 years. However, the 900 VA with
subsidized take longer 20.8 years, but still in PV lifespan 25 years. In the
future, household subsidies may be reduced or eliminated, the solar energy
will be viable alternative of energy resources when it can produce electricity
at a cost equivalent to utility grid PLN rate.
An Improved Constant Voltage Based MPPT Technique for PMDC MotorIAES-IJPEDS
Stand-alone photovoltaic (SAPV) systems are being used in remote areas
and are being seen as one of the promising solution in this regard. The SAPV
system as presented in the paper consists of solar PV panel, a DC-DC
converter, a controller and a PMDC motor. The current-voltage and powervoltage
characteristics being nonlinear, the SAPV system require maximum
power point techniques (MPPT) control techniques to extract maximum
power available from the PV cell. A voltage based MPPT technique which is
capable of tracking MPP has been selected because of numerous advantages
it offers such as: simple and low cost of implementation. The limitation of
constant voltage method is that its efficiency is low as the PV panel has to be
disconnected from the load for measurement of the open circuit voltage
(Voc). In the presented paper, the authors have removed this limitation by
using a pilot PV panel for measurement of Voc. A proportional-integrator (PI)
based controller is used in implementation of constant voltage MPP
technique and the modeling is done in MATLAB®/SIMULINK simulation
environment. The simulation results are presented and discussed in the paper,
the results shows that the efficiency of the system has increased.
A Discrete PLL Based Load Frequency Control of FLC-Based PV-Wind Hybrid Power...IAES-IJPEDS
The sun and wind-based generation are considered to besource of green
power generation which can mitigate the power demand issues. As solar and
wind power advancements are entrenched and the infiltration of these
Renewable Energy Sources (RES) into to network is expanding dynamically.
So, as to outline a legitimate control and to harness power from RES the
learning of natural conditions for a specific area is fundamental. Fuzzy Logic
Controller (FLC) based Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) controlled
boost converter are utilized for viable operation and to keep DC voltage
steady at desired level. The control scheme of the inverter is intended to keep
the load voltage and frequency of the AC supply at aconstant level regardless
of progress in natural conditions and burden. A Simulink model of the
proposed Hybrid system with the MPPT controlled Boost converters
and Voltage regulated Inverter for stand-alone application is developed in
MATLAB R2015a, Version 8.5.0. The ongoing information of Wind Speed
and Solar Irradiation levels are recorded at BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
the performance of the voltage regulated inverter under constant and varying
linearAC load is analyzed. The investigation shows that the magnitude of
load voltage and frequency of the load voltage is maintained at desired level
by the proposed inverter control logic.
An Adaptive Virtual Impedance Based Droop Control Scheme for Parallel Inverte...IAES-IJPEDS
This paper presents an adaptive virtual impedance based droop control
scheme for parallel inverter operation in low voltage microgrid. Because it is
essential to achieve power sharing between inverters in microgrid, various
droop control schemes have been proposed. In practice, the line impedance
between inverters and the point of common coupling (PCC) in microgrid are
not always equal. This imbalance in line impedance often results in a reactive
power mismatch among inverters. This problem has been solved by
introducing a virtual impedance loop in the conventional droop control
scheme. However, the reactive power sharing performance of this method is
still deteriorated when the line impedances change during operation. To
overcome such a problem, a new control scheme that is based on a virtual
impedance loop and an impedance estimation scheme is proposed.
To monitor the changes in line impedances, the impedance estimator is
implemented by using the output voltages and currents of inverters as well as
the voltages at the PCC. To compensate for the reactive power mismatch due
to the line impedance changes, the estimated line impedance is fed to the
virtual impedance loop in which it adjusts the virtual impedance value.
Comparative simulation results with the conventional ones verify the
effectiveness of the proposed adaptive virtual impedance based droop control
scheme.
Open-Switch Fault-Tolerant Control of Power Converters in a Grid-Connected Ph...IAES-IJPEDS
This paper presents the study of an open switch fault tolerant control of a
grid-connected photovoltaic system. The studied system is based on the
classical DC-DC boost converter and a bidirectional 6-pulse DC-AC
converter. The objective is to provide an open-switch fault detection method
and fault-tolerant control for both of boost converter and grid-side converter
(GSC) in a grid-connected photovoltaic system. A fast fault detection method
and a reliable fault-tolerant topology are required to ensure continuity of
service, and achieve a faster corrective maintenance. In this work, the mean
value of the error voltages is used as fault indicator for the GSC, while, for
the boost converter the inductor current form is used as fault indicator. The
fault-tolerant topology was achieved by adding one redundant switch to the
boost converter, and by adding one redundant leg to the GSC. The results of
the fault tolerant control are presented and discussed to validate the proposed
approach under different scenarios and different solar irradiances.
Photovoltaic System with SEPIC Converter Controlled by the Fuzzy LogicIAES-IJPEDS
In this work, a fuzzy logic controller is used to control the output voltage of a
photovoltaic system with a DC-DC converter; type Single Ended Primary
Inductor Converter (SEPIC). The system is designed for 210 W solar
photovoltaic (SCHOTT 210) panel and to feed an average demand of 78 W.
This system includes solar panels, SEPIC converter and fuzzy logic
controller. The SEPIC converter provides a constant DC bus voltage and its
duty cycle controlled by the fuzzy logic controller which is needed to
improve PV panel’s utilization efficiency. A fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is
also used to generate the PWM signal for the SEPIC converter.
An Approach to Voltage Quality Enhancement by Introduction of CWVM for Distri...IAES-IJPEDS
This paper presented with problems related with voltage flicker in power
system networks. Several international standard issued to control the voltage
flicker are briefly described and some important methods to analyse
electrical circuits with sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal waveforms are
introduced and evaluated. One of these methods-Cockcroft Walton Voltage
Multiplier (CWVM) has been used to increase the voltage of a filter, which is
also described in this paper as a practical application. The filter can
compensate for harmonic currents, power factor, and unbalance voltage.The
simulation results using Multisimare presented, showing that good dynamic
and steady-state response can be achieved with this approach.
Electric Power Converter with a Wide Input Voltage RangeIAES-IJPEDS
The electric power converter for downhole telemetry systems of oil-well
pumps include a downhole block connected to the pump that contains
electronic circuits required for the operation of the motor pump sensors
and transmission of data about their condition to the surface are described.
A few methods of electric power conversion for this purpose are considered.
The circuit contained two steps of voltage converting are proposed.
The electrical scheme of this method is considered in the article. Proposed
decisions are simulated and verified experimentally. The input high supply
voltage range (200-4200 V) without loss of efficiency (even temporary) was
obtained. The results of simulation and experimental studies have shown
very close results.
Design and Implementation of Real Time Charging Optimization for Hybrid Elect...IAES-IJPEDS
Electric vehicle (EV) has gained incredible interest from the past two decade
as one of the hopeful greenhouse gasses solution. The number of Electric
Vehicle (EV) is increasing around the world; hence that making EVs user
friendly becomes more important. The main challenge in usage of EV is the
charging time required for the batteries used in EV. As a consequence, this
subject matter has been researched in many credentials where a wide range
of solutions have been proposed. However those solutions are in nature due
to the complex hardware structure. To provide an unswerving journey
an Android application based charging optimization is proposed.
This application is aimed at giving relevant information about the EV’s
battery state of charge (SOC), accurate location of the EV, booking of the
charging slots using token system and route planner. At emergency
situations, an alternative service is provided by mobile charging stations.
Route planner indicates the temperature by which prediction of reaching the
destination can be done. In addition to that nearest places such as parks,
motels are indicated. The estimated time and distance between the electric
vehicle and the charging station is calculated by the charging station server
according to which the parking lot is allocated. Vehicle to charging station
communication is established for the time estimation of charging. This will
help the EV users to know about charge status and charging station, which
support fast charging method and availability of the station on the go
and also when to charge their EV. The Arduino UNO board has been used
for the hardware part. The hardware results are confirming the conceptual of
the proposed work.
Performance Analysis of Photovoltaic Induction Motor Drive for Agriculture Pu...IAES-IJPEDS
This paper presents water pumping system using renewable source (solar)
without the use of chemical storage batteries. In this converter-inverter
circuit is used to drive Induction motor. The Converter used here is Two
Inductor boost converter (TIBC), which consists of a resonant tank, voltage
doubler rectifier and a snubber circuit. TIBC is designed to drive the three
phase induction motor from PV energy. TIBC converter is also known as
current fed multi resonant converter having high voltage gain and low input
current ripple. Converter switches are controlled through hysteresis controller
and ZCS resonant topologies. Solar PV power fluctuates according to
irradiation level of sunlight and hence tracking of maximum power at all
time is mandatory. SPWM control with third harmonic injection is used to
trigger the IGBT’s in the inverter. The development is oriented to achieve a
more efficient, reliable, maintenance free and cheaper solution than the
standard ones, that uses DC motors or low voltage synchronous motors.
The proposed method is verified with MATLAB/SIMULINK and the system
simulation confirms the performance of the proposed system.
Comparison of Sine and Space Vector Modulated Embedded Z-Source Inverter fed ...IAES-IJPEDS
This paper deals with performance of photovoltaic powered Embedded
Z-Source Inverter (EZSI) fed Induction motor drive. The DC output from the
PV-Panel is boosted and converted into AC using Embedded Z-Source
Inverter. EZSI system based on the concept of Z-Source Inverter (ZSI),
which provides single stage power conversion. The EZSI also produce same
voltage gain as that of the ZSI based system. In EZSI the DC source is
embedded within the X-shaped LC impedance network, due to this EZSI has
the added advantage of inherent source filtering capability, this can be
achieved without any extra passive filter. EZSI can produce the AC output
voltage which is greater than the DC link voltage. EZSI system also provides
ride-through capability under voltage sags. In this paper the performance of
space vector modulated EZSI fed Induction Motor Drive is compared with
sinusoidal PWM controlled EZSI fed Drive system. The PV powered EZSI
fed three phase Induction Motor System is designed, modeled and simulated
using MAT LAB-SIMULINK and the corresponding results are presented.
This drive system has advantages like voltage boosting ability and reduced
harmonic content.
Single-Phase Multilevel Inverter with Simpler Basic Unit Cells for Photovolta...IAES-IJPEDS
This paper presents a single-phase multilevel inverter (MLI) with simpler
basic unit cells. The proposed MLI is able to operate in two modes, i.e.
charge mode to charge the batteries, and inverter mode to supply AC power
to load, and therefore, it is inherently suitable for photovoltaic (PV) power
generation applications. The proposed MLI requires lower number of power
MOSFETs and gate driver units, which will translate into higher cost saving
and better system reliability. The power MOSFETs in the basic unit cells
and H-bridge module are switched at near fundamental frequency, i.e. 100
Hz and 50 Hz, respectively, resulting in lower switching losses. For low total
harmonic distortion (THD) operation, a deep scanning method is employed
to calculate the switching angles of the MLI. The lowest THD obtained is
8.91% at modulation index of 0.82. The performance of the proposed MLI
(9-level) has been simulated and evaluated experimentally. The simulation
and experimental results are in good agreement and this confirms that the
proposed MLI is able to produce an AC output voltage with low THD.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
2. IJPEDS ISSN: 2088-8694
A New Multilevel Active Power Filter Using Switches Meticulously Controlled (Zahzouh Zoubir)
169
semiconductor characteristics. Consequently, a negative impact on the energy quality appears on the
waveform of both supply voltage and current.
Multilevel inverters structures permit to reduce the problems by producing a hatched output voltage
composed of many levels [10]-[12]. The use of this sort of topology helps to limit the stress in inverse
voltage supported by switches via dividing the continue voltage bus DC. Each switch, in locked state,
supports a part of the full continue voltage DC. The multiplication of levels permits to reduce the amplitude
of each part increasing or decreasing the output voltage.
These sorts of multilevel inverters must operate with exact control algorithms to turn on/off the
power switches in optimal time. The algorithm permits also to suppress some higher order harmonics, and
consequently, to improve the output current and voltage frequency spectrums [13], [14]. Nevertheless, the
number of semiconductors can be higher; it requires a very complex controller that engenders switching
losses of each switch. This can have a negative impact on the robustness of the multilevel inverter.
Several techniques are used to detect disturbances in the electrical networks. Frequency detection
techniques are carried out by the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) which can be used to analyze the voltage
or current non-sinusoidal signals. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and Discrete Recursive (TFDR) [15], [16]
represent well efficient computational methods. However, the direct application of these methods requires a
significant computation time which delays the filter control response. Nevertheless, there are other
techniques, such as Notch filter [17]. The Artificial Neuron Network (ANN) technique has been developed to
the optimal identification of the harmonic signals [18], [19] and the instantaneous power method [20],[21]
which is the constantly used one.
Current studies are focused on the determination of a robust control strategy for different filter
topologies, such as sliding mode technique [22]. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) control technique applied
for multi–level and the Fuzzy controller [23], [24] are able to create the logic signals which are sent to the
electronic components. Hysteresis [25] or three-dimensional space vector modulation [26] can also be used to
control the inverters.
In this paper, a new topology of five-level inverter using two IGBT transistors in series of opposite
sense meticulously controlled by a parallel control algorithm, is proposed as a shunt active power filter
(SAPF). This topology has a small number of power switches (six IGBT transistors + zero Diodes for neutral
point clamped) able to generate five levels of output voltage. Classical systems of the NPC inverter require
eight power switches (eight IGBT transistors + zero Diodes for neutral point clamped).
It can improve the filtering performances and answer better to the industrial requirements [27]-[30].
It can also minimize the power losses in the inverter by a reduced number of switching pulses. This filter
permits to maintain the switch characteristics by reducing the inverse voltage applied to semiconductors.
The identification of these harmonic currents is made with the instantaneous active and reactive
power method. These techniques make the supply current under the sinusoidal waveform with a power factor
closer to unity. The control of the filter switches is made by a PDPWM (phase disposition Pulse Width
Modulation) operating with four triangular carriers of low switching frequency equal to 5000 Hz in the first
time and equal to 15000 Hz in the second Time in order to eliminate the ripples appearing on the current
waveform (high frequency distortions). We are also, interested to regulate the injected current by using the
fuzzy-controller technique. The numerical simulation is developed and performed by using Matlab/Simulink.
The obtained results show that the proposed 5L-SAPF with two switches in series of opposite sense improves
the filtering performances. This improvement in the first or in the second time (5000&15000 Hz) shows a
reduction of the total harmonic distortions of the currents (THD<5%) conform to the permissible limits in
accordance to IEEE norms [31]. The proposed system made the supply current under a sinusoidal waveform
and in phase with the supply voltage. Furthermore, the three phase voltages have the same amplitudes,
sinusoidal waveforms and phases balance.
2. SYSTEM PROCESSED DESCRIPTION
Figure 1 shows the new topology of the multilevel inverter connected to the three-phase electrical
network. It is composed of three identical structures which operate independently at each phase.
In a single phase each structure is composed of two capacities C1 and C2 and six bipolar switches
Sw1, Sw2, Sw3, Sw4, Sw5 and Sw6 (Figure 2). The two first are meticulously controlled, connected in anti-
series between the points O (center of the C1 and C2) and n (neutral). They generate the voltage levels Vdc/2,
0, -Vdc/2 and ensure the bidirectional for the current and the voltage across the ground and the middle of the
DC bus. To generate the 5 levels of the output voltage -Vdc, -Vdc/2, 0, +Vdc/2, +Vdc , we have chosen to
dispose two capacitors (C1, C2), that ensure a continuous supply of the DC bus, each one has an amplitude
equal to Vdc/2.
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170
Figure 1. New 5L-SAPF linked at the electrical
network
Figure 2. Modified model for a single phase
The states of opening and closing for all SAPF switches of this new topology are summarized in
Table 1.
Table 1. Switching table for proposed system
Sw1 Sw2 Sw3 Sw4 Sw5=Sw6 van
1 0 0 1 0 Vdc
1 0 0 0 1 Vdc/2
1 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 1 -Vdc/2
0 1 1 0 0 -Vdc
3. INSTANTANEOUS ACTIVE AND REACTIVE POWER IDENTIFICATION METHOD
The three phase voltages and currents values instantaneous in α-β space can be expressed by:
∝
√ √ √
1
0
√ √
(1)
∝
√ √ √
1
0
√ √
(2)
The instantaneous active and reactive powers in this space are calculated by:
∝
∝
∝ ̅
(3)
From the expression (3), we have:
∝ ∝
∝
̅
(4)
To extract the reference currents expression in function of instantaneous power in the α-β space, this is given
by:
∝ ∝
∝
̅
0
∝
∝
0 ∝
∝
(5)
4. IJPEDS ISSN: 2088-8694
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171
To compensate the reactive power and harmonic currents generated by the nonlinear load simultaneously, the
reference currents must include , as followings:
∝ ∝
∝
0 ∝
∝
∝
∝
(6)
The reference currents in the a-b-c space are given by:
1 0
√
√
∝
(7)
The model of the instantaneous powers method has been implemented in Matlab / Simulink to extract the
reference currents of the Equation (7) shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3. Algorithm for extraction of reference currents in Matlab/simulink
4. CONTROL STRATEGY
The injected harmonic current by the SAPF is obtained through the control of IGBT switches. This
is achieved by the phase disposition pulse width modulation (PDPWM), this technique is mainly based on the
comparison between the reference current signal (Iref) and the four identical triangular carriers (Up1, Up2, Up3,
Up4) as shown in Figure 4. This one sends 6 logical signals simultaneously, 0 or 1 for each one; transmited to
the switches (Sw1, Sw2, Sw3, Sw4, Sw5, and Sw6).
The two carriers Up1 and Up2 allow generating the levels Vdc and Vdc/2 respectively. By symmetry,
the levels –Vdc/2 and -Vdc are created by the carriers Up3 and Up4 respectively. The level Vdc=0 is obtained
when the reference signal is located between the carriers Up2 and Up3.
0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Figure 4. Phase Disposition PWM with four identical Triangular Carriers
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172
The simulation model explains in detail the control of the switches (Figure 5), the new parallel
algorithm makes simultaneously the comparison between Iref with 4 carriers, and this method can quickly
generate the signals sent to the switches of the proposed model at the right time.
5 levels of the SAPF output voltage (Van) respect 5 conditions performed simultaneously (in
parallel) as follows:
a. If Iref ≥ Up1, Sw1=1, Sw2=0, Sw3=0, Sw4=1, Sw5=0, Sw6=0 & van=vdc.
b. If Up1> Iref ≥Up2, Sw1=1, Sw2=0, Sw3=0, Sw4=0, Sw5=1, Sw6=1 & van=vdc/2.
c. If Up2> Iref ≥Up3, Sw1=1, Sw2=0, Sw3=1, Sw4=0, Sw5=0, Sw6=0 & van=0.
d. If Up3> Iref ≥Up4, Sw1=0, Sw2=1, Sw3=0, Sw4=0, Sw5=1, Sw6=1 & van=-vdc/2.
e. If Up4>Iref, Sw1=0, Sw2=1, Sw3=1, Sw4=0, Sw5=0, Sw6=0 & van=vdc.
5. FUZZY-CONTROLLER APPLICATION
To inject an optimal harmonic current by the proposed model, the fuzzy logic controller was chosen
to regulate the switches control signals through the parallel control algorithm. In this work, a model
established in Matlab/Simulink is shown in Figure 6. The operation here consists to replace the classical PI
regulator by a fuzzy controller. This technique allows correcting the error between the reference current (Iref)
and the injected one (Iinj). The error and its derivative are defined by three sub-sets: negative N, zero ZE and
positive P, knowing that the membership functions are Gaussian type. The output signal Cde depends on the
input states defined by five sub-sets, large negative LN, negative N, zero ZE, positive P and large positive
LP. In this case, the membership functions are triangular type. Fuzzy controller should follow the
fuzzification steps that use the "minimum" operator, and the inference mechanism that contains five rules.
Finally by the help of the defuzzification of the fuzzy output, the barycentric method is applied. Fuzzy rules
are based on the error variation sense (e), the algebraic sign, as well as its derivative "de/dt". So, the
controller Cde, will be given according to the following state conditions:
1. If e is ZE then Cde is ZE
2. If e is P, then Cde is LP
3. If e is N, then Cde is LN
4. If e is ZE and "de/dt" is P, then Cde is N
5. If e is ZE and "de/dt" is N, then Cde is P
After having the corrected signal (Cde) at the bloc output of the fuzzy controller, it will be
intersected with the four triangular carriers to generate logic signals sent to the IGBT switches of the
proposed model.
5
Sw5
4
Sw4
3
Sw3
2
Sw2
1
Sw1
Up4
Up3
Up2
Up1
Sum of
Elements
<
>=
Relational
Operator6
<
Relational
Operator5
>=
Relational
Operator4
<
Relational
Operator3
>=
Relational
Operator2
>=
Relational
Operator11
<
Relational
Operator1
Product4
Product3
Product2
Product1
Product
AND
Logical
Operator2
AND
Logical
Operator1
AND
Logical
Operator
(1 0 1 0 0)
F6
(1 0 0 1 0)
F5
(0 1 1 0 0)
F4
(0 1 0 0 1)
F2
(1 0 0 0 1)
F1
1
Iref
6
Sw6
Figure 5. Logical signals of parallel control
algorithm
Figure 6. Scheme bloc of fuzzy controller
6. IJPEDS ISSN: 2088-8694
A New Multilevel Active Power Filter Using Switches Meticulously Controlled (Zahzouh Zoubir)
173
6. SIZING OF THE DC BUS CAPACITORS
An approach has been proposed in the literature [32], to size capacitors that feed the active filter.
The transient variations in the instantaneous power absorbed by the load engender fluctuations in voltage Vdc
across the capacitors. The amplitude of these fluctuations can be controlled by a judicious choice of the
equivalent capacity value C which is expressed by 12. . .⁄ . IFA is the maximum
amplitude of the injected current. ΔVdc is the fluctuation equal to 5% of Vdc. fs is the switching frequency of
the carriers (ωs = 2.π.fs). In this case, IFA = 40 A with IFA (presented in the results), Vdc = 1000 V, Δ Vdc = 5%.
Vdc, fs = 15 kHz, C will equal to 32.42 ; then: C1 = C2 = 2.C = 64.84 ,Because C1 and C2 are connected
in series.
7. DC VOLTAGE REGULATION OF THE ACTIVE FILTER
Regulating the DC bus voltage of the proposed system can be improved by adjusting the small rate
of active power in capacitors. Thus, it compensates the losses by conduction and switching [33], [34]. The
regulation loop of the voltage is designated to be smaller than the current loop. The regulation circuit of the
DC voltage must be fast and that answer only for the steady state conditions. Transient variations in the DC
voltage are not permitted and are taken into consideration when selecting the appropriate value of the
capacitor. From the steady state, the fundamental component is not included in the reference current. For that,
a regulator of a low-pass first order filter is required to maintain DC voltage (Vdc) closer to the DC voltage
reference (Vdc-ref), the transfer function can be written as following:
.
(8)
With: Kc, τc gain and time constant of the low pass filter
The regulation loop of the DC voltage is expressed by the following transfer function:
. . . . .
(9)
8. MODEL AND SIMULATION PARAMETERS
For this simulation, a three phase diode bridge rectifier with RL load is used as the nonlinear load in
this work. Table 2 summarizes the simulation parameters. The study is done only in the phase a, knowing
that the two other phases (b and c) are delayed respectively by 120° and 240° relatively to the phase a.
Table 2. Simulation Parameters
Variable Values
Source voltage , inductance line, frequency Vs =220 V , Ls =3 .10-4
H , F=50 Hz
Non-linear load (Graëtz bridge 6 diodes + resistance + inductance) R=4Ω , L=0.001H
Capacitors voltage of multilevel inverter C1= C2 = 64,84 . 10-6
F
Reference Continuous supply DC bus Vdc-ref /2= 500 V
Inductance at output of the active filter Lf =1,2 . 10-3
H
9. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
9.1. Before Filtering
Figure 7 shows the supply voltage with the source current and its harmonic currents spectrum before
filtering.
Figure 7. Supply current and voltage waveforms and its harmonic currents spectrum before filtering
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The supply current obtained before filtering is completely distorted and its current Harmonic
Distortion (THD) is 23.45%. This value is higher than the international standard (THD<5%).
9.2. After Filtering
The simulation was made for two different frequencies of the triangular carriers
9.2.1. Results for fs=100.f
SAPF using two Transistors in series Clamped into Five-level Inverter is simulated in
MATLAB/SIMULINK and the output voltage waveform obtained between the neutral ‘‘n’’ and the phase
‘‘a’’ is shown in Figure 8.
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
-500
0
500
Time (s)
.
Figure 8. Output voltage waveform Van Figure 9. Active filter current with low switching
frequency
The filter injected current; the supply current sinusoidal waveform and its THD equal to 4.41% are
shown in Figure 9 and Figure 10.
Figure 10. Supply current and its harmonic spectrum after filtering with low switching frequency (5KHz)
9.2.2. Results for fs=300.f
After simulation, with this high carrier frequency (15 KHz), the filter injected current; sinusoidal
waveform of the supply current and its THD equal to 2.19% are shown in Figure 11 and Figure 12. These
Figures show that the filtering performances of the proposed system are improved with a power factor closer
to unity (Figure 13).
Figure 11. Active filter current with high switching frequency
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
-50
0
50
Time (s)
Iinj(A)
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
-100
-50
0
50
100
Time (s)
Vs(V)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
0
1
2
3
Harmonic order
Fundamental (50Hz) = 105.2 , THD= 4.41%
Mag(%ofFundamental)
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
-50
0
50
Time (s)
Iinj(A)
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175
Figure 12. Supply current and its harmonic spectrum after filtering with high switching frequency (15KHz)
At the steady state, Figure 14 illustrates the supply currents which have sinusoidal waveforms with
balanced phases a, b and c. Furthermore, the waveforms have the same amplitudes with the same frequencies.
Time(s)
Vs(V)
200
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
‐200
‐100
0
100
phase c
phase b
Phase a
Figure 13. Power factor Figure 14. 3-phase waveforms of the supply currents
after filtering
During the application of the modulator PDPWM, the switching frequency is imposed by the
triangular carriers. Indeed, the sum of the switching frequencies of the four switches SW1, SW2, SW3, SW4
is equal to the carrier frequency 15 kHz. Figure 15 and Figure 16 illustrate clearly the complementarities of
the switches: Sw2=1-Sw1 and Sw4=1-Sw3; these two conditions protect the filtering system against the short
circuit.
Figure 15. Switch pulses of the Sw1and Sw2 Figure 16. Switch pulses of the Sw3and Sw4
10. Conclusion
In this work, a new topology of five-level inverter with two IGBT transistors linked in series of
opposite sense, meticulously controlled by a parallel control algorithm limits the harmonic currents and
ensures the robustness of the converter in the electrical distribution network. The system model was
implemented in Matlab/Simulink and the simulations are carried out. The results are satisfactory and conform
to the permissible limits in accordance to IEEE norms. The harmonic currents identification was conducted
by the instantaneous active and reactive power method as a first step. The system is controlled by PDPWM
operating with four triangular carriers of switching frequency equal to 5000 Hz. On the other hand we are
interested on the regulation of the injected current by using the fuzzy-controller method. The results show
that the proposed filter enhances the filtering performances. It also improves the energy quality with a
reduction of switching pulses. The increase of the switching frequency up to 15000 Hz eliminates some
ripples appearing on the supply current waveform. A significant reduction in the total harmonic distortion
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
-100
-50
0
50
100
Time (s)
Vs(V)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
0
0.5
1
Harmonic order
Fundamental (50Hz) = 105.2 , THD= 2.19%
Mag(%ofFundamental)
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176
rate (THD) is observed and calculated through FFT analysis tool in MATLAB/SIMULINK. Good
compensation of the reactive power in the electrical distribution network is obtained with a power factor
closer to unity.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Zoubir ZAHZOUH was born in Drean, Algeria in 1973. He received the engineer diploma and
the Magister degree from the University of Annaba in electromechanical engineering in 1998
and 2001 respectively. He is actually working toward the Doctorate thesis. His area of research
includes power electronics, harmonics in power systems, power quality and active harmonics
filtering. Since December 2001, he is a lecturer teacher at the Department of Mechanical
Engineering (Option Electromechanical) and Process Engineering, at the Faculty of
Technology, University of Skikda, Algeria.
Lakhdar KHOCHMANE was born in Skikda, Algeria, 1958. He received his engineer degree
and Magister degree from the University of Annaba, Algeria in 1984 and 1990 respectively, and
received his Doctorate from Annaba University, Algeria 2006. He is currently a professor at
department of Faculty of Technology, Mechanical Engineering (Option Electromechanical) at
Skikda University. His areas of interest include power systems optimization, power quality and
power systems protection and renewable energies.
Ali HADDOUCHE was born in Oued Zenati, Algeria, in 1959. He received his Phd degree
from mines institute University, Moscow, USSR in 1988. Currently, he is a professor at the
electromechanical department of Annaba University, Algeria. His main research interests are
focused on power quality and power systems protection and renewable energies.