The Literature and Study Review and Ethical Concern
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This document discusses the literature review and ethical concerns related to social research methods. It defines key terms like "related literature" and "study". It describes the purpose of reviewing related literature, including identifying gaps and avoiding duplicating previous work. Sources of literature are classified as primary, secondary or tertiary. Characteristics of effective literature include recency, objectivity, and relevance. The conclusion reiterates that a literature review evaluates and integrates previous research to position a study in a field of inquiry. Ethical concerns in social research involve informed consent, privacy, and truthfully collecting and reporting data.
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The Literature and Study Review and Ethical Concern
- 1. The Literature and Study Review and Ethical Concerns FDM 20 Methods of Social Research PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY Graduate School Urdaneta City Campus Prepared by: Maria Clarisa P. Lachica & Michael John D. Sison MDM students Presented to: Josefina B. Bitonio, DPA Professor
- 2. Topics at glance Purposes Sources Definition Related Literature and Ethical Concerns Characteristics
- 3. What does “related” means? “Related” means connected in some way, in the same family, or belonging to the same group because of shared characteristics, qualities, etc. (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/related, Retrieved August 15, 2014).
- 4. What does “literature” means? “Literature” means the writings of a period of a country, especially valued for their excellence; of style or form; all the books or articles on a subject; any printed matter (Webster’s Universal English Dictionary, 2006).
- 5. What is “related literature”? The “Related literature” (RL) are taken from published articles, books, journals, magazines, novels, poetry, and many others which have bearing to the present study. The presentation of related literature is from present to past. An explanation of every RL is a must. It is unscientific if RL is presented but no explanation on the relevance to the present study (Calmorin & Calmorin, 2007).
- 6. What does “study” means? “Study” means to observe and investigate (e.g. phenomena) closely; to learn (e.g. a language); to scrutinize; to follow a course (at college, etc.) (Webster’s Universal English Dictionary, 2006).
- 7. What does “study” means? “Related study” are findings of published and unpublished researches which are related to the present study are presented in this section. An explanation for every finding of the related studies is a must to determine its similarities and differences to the present study. They are arranged chronologically from present to past (Calmorin & Calmorin, 2007).
- 8. In a nutshell… The italicized words “Review of Related Literature and Studies,” are emphasized intentionally to stress what needs stressing. They describe precisely what the related literature section does. Its function is to “look again” (review) literatures which are identical with, but collateral to, your own area of study (Ariola, 2006).
- 9. b. Characteristics of Materials cited 1. The surveyed materials must be as recent as possible. 2. Materials reviewed must be objective and unbiased. 3. Materials surveyed must be relevant to the study. 4. Surveyed materials must based upon genuinely original and true facts or data to make them valid and reliable. 5. Reviewed materials must not be few or too many. (Based on Reyes, 2014)
- 10. c. Sources of Related Literature and Studies Sources are generally described as primary, secondary, or tertiary (Barad, 2013): Tertiary • Tertiary sources synthesize and explain the work of others and might be useful early in your research, but they are generally weak support for your own arguments… at times they are a challenge in your argument! Secondary • Books and articles in which other researchers report the results of their research based on (their) primary data or sources. Primary • Materials that you are directly writing about, the raw materials of your own research.
- 11. c. Sources of Related Literature and Studies (Based on Reyes, 2014) 1. Book, encyclopedias, almanacs, and other similar references. 2. Articles published in professional journals, magazines, periodicals, newspapers, and other publications.
- 12. c. Sources of Related Literature and Studies (Based on Reyes, 2014) 3. Manuscripts, monographs, memoirs, speeches, letters, and diaries. 4. Unpublished theses and dissertations. 5. The Constitution, and laws, and statutes of the land.
- 13. c. Sources of Related Literature and Studies 6. Bulletins, circulars, memorandum, orders, and official reports emanating from government offices, departments, and agencies or any other public entities. (Based on Reyes, 2014)
- 14. c. Sources of Related Literature and Studies (Based on Reyes, 2014) 7. Records from different organizations: business entities, civil-society groups, and NGOs/POs and reports of their activities. 8. Account or reports from seminars, forum, trainings and symposium
- 15. d. Purposes of Review of Related Literature and Studies Why conduct literature review (Barad, 2013)? a. to identify gaps in the research area; b. to avoid reinventing the wheel; c. to carry on from where others have already completed; d. to identify other people working in the same fields; e. to fathom the depth of knowledge of your subject area;
- 16. d. Purposes of Review of Related Literature and Studies Why conduct literature review (Barad, 2013)? f. to identify opposing views and to put your work into wider perspective; g. to identify methods that could be relevant to your project and to identify seminal works in your area; and h. to provide the intellectual context for your own work, enabling you to position your project in relation to other work.
- 17. d. Purposes of Review of Related Literature and Studies Writing a literature review lets you gain and demonstrate skills in two areas (Barad, 2013): 1.information seeking the ability to scan the literature efficiently, using manual or computerized methods, to identify a set of useful articles and books 2. critical appraisal the ability to apply principles of analysis to identify unbiased and valid studies
- 18. Elements of Writing: 1. Unity – Unity or oneness of ideas, tense, voice, etc. Ideas should follow one light of thought. Details should support a central idea or topic sentence. 2. Cohesion – Presentation of ideas, whether logical, chronological or spatial order. It is an orderly progression of thought such that a sentence leads to the next sentence.
- 19. 3. Emphasis – The treatment of the more important details to get reader’s attention. That is, to give more importance to sentences that discuss important ideas and fewer for less important ones. Repetition of key words/phrases may help. Also, position is a matter of emphasis. Usually, the most important parts can be placed in the beginning or end of the paragraph.
- 20. How to Write the Introduction of a Review of Related Literature: • Identify the general topic of the sources under discussion. Thus, you will provide the context of your review of related literature; • Discuss what was already presented about the topic of your paper: conflicts in a theory, conclusions, gaps in research and scholarship, etc. • Explain why the literature used is worth reviewing. Source: http://4humbeline.wordpress.com/2011/11/04/ writing-chapter-2-review-of-related-literature/ Retrieved Aug. 09, 2014)
- 21. • Group the sources according to their common dominators (approaches, objectives or any specific chronologies); • Give the examples of how to sort out these groups. Use quotations, evidences, data, etc. They will make your review of related literature more valid. (Source: http://4humbeline.wordpress.com/2011/11/04/ writing-chapter-2-review-of-related-literature/ Retrieved Aug. 09, 2014)
- 22. How to Write the Conclusion of a Review of Related Literature: • Summarize the contributions of the literature sources made to the area of study you investigate. Maintain the central focus in the Introduction; • Give a kind of insight into the relationship between the topic of your review and a larger study area (e.g. a discipline, a scientific endeavor, etc. (Source: http://4humbeline.wordpress.com/2011/11/04/writing-chapter- 2-review-of-related-literature/ Retrieved Aug. 09, 2014)
- 23. What is ‘not’ Literature Review? 1. Not - chronological catalog of all of the sources, but an evaluation, integrating the previous research together, But - it is to explain how it integrates into the proposed research program. All sides of an argument must be clearly explained, to avoid bias, and areas of agreement and disagreement should be highlighted (Barad, 2013)
- 24. What is ‘not’ Literature Review ? 2. Not - collection of quotes and paraphrasing from other sources, But - good literature review should also have some evaluation of the quality and findings of the research.
- 25. Some Hindrances to Scientific Inquiry (Errors in Personal Judgment as based on Methods of Research and Thesis Writing): 1. Authority. This is accepting without question, an opinion about a certain subject which is given by someone who is considered an authority on the subject.
- 26. Errors in Personal Judgment (cont.): 2. Overgeneralization. This is establishing a pattern out of a few instances. I therefore conclude… WHAT THE?!
- 27. 3. Made-up information. This is making up information to explain away confusion. Made-up information is, also, wrongly interpreting the findings of a research material. Indeed, illogical… Very unreasonable!
- 28. 4. Dogmatism. This is an unwritten policy of certain institutions and governments prohibiting the study of topics that are believed to run counter to the established doctrines of such institutions or governments.
- 29. Things to consider in conducting social and behavioral research (Imperial): Informed Consent Withholding information Access to benefits or services Privacy and Confidentiality
- 30. Ethical and truthful collection of reliable data (Imperial): Ethical data collection collected data are not collecting data in a way that does not harm or injure someone manipulated or altered in any way that might impact or falsely influence results Truthful data collection
- 31. Ask yourself questions (Barad, 2013): What is the scope of my literature review? What types of publications am I using (e.g., journals, books, government documents, popular media)? What discipline am I working in (e.g., Engineering, Psychology, Humanities, Pharmacy, Management)? How good was my information seeking? Has my search been wide enough to ensure I've found all the relevant material? Has it been narrow enough to exclude irrelevant material? Is the number of sources I've used appropriate for the length of my paper?
- 32. Ask yourself these questions (Barad, 2013): What is the specific thesis, problem, or research question that my literature review helps to define? What type of literature review am I conducting? Am I looking at issues of theory? methodology? policy? quantitative research (e.g. on the effectiveness of a new procedure)? qualitative research (e.g., studies )?
- 33. Ask yourself these questions (Barad, 2013): Have I critically analyzed the literature I use? Do I follow through a set of concepts and questions, comparing items to each other in the ways they deal with them? Instead of just listing and summarizing items, do I assess them, discussing strengths and weaknesses? Have I cited and discussed studies contrary to my perspective? Will the reader find my literature review relevant, appropriate, and useful?
- 34. Ask yourself these questions (Barad, 2013): Has the author formulated a problem/issue? Is it clearly defined? Is its significance (i.e. scope, severity, relevance) clearly established? Could the problem have been approached more effectively from another perspective? What is the author's research orientation (e.g., interpretive, critical science, combination)? What is the author's theoretical framework (e.g., psychological, developmental, feminist)?
- 35. Has the author evaluated the literature relevant to the problem/issue? Does the author include literature taking positions she or he does not agree with? In a research study, how good are the basic components of the study design (e.g., population, intervention, outcome)? How accurate and valid are the measurements? Is the analysis of the data accurate and relevant to the research question? Are the conclusions validly based upon the data and analysis?
- 36. Springboard Discussion Does the practice of not citing the source of an indirect quotation or paraphrasing an idea from someone may lead to plagiarism? What if you have had the same idea or thought with that of an author/writer, is it still a form of plagiarism? How about stating an information, that is, a common knowledge?
- 37. Research Misconduct Research misconduct means Fabrication, Falsification, or Plagiarism (FFP) in proposing, performing, or reviewing research, or in reporting research results. (a) Fabrication is making up data or results and recording or reporting them. (b) Falsification is manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes, or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record. (c) Plagiarism is the appropriation of another person's ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit. (d) Research misconduct does not include honest error or differences of opinion. http://www3.nd.edu/~pkamat/pdf/ethics.pdf
- 38. Reference: Books • Ariola, Mariano M. Principles and Methods of Research. Rex Book Store, Inc. 2006 • Calderon, Jose F. & Gonzales, Expectacion G. Methods of Research and Thesis Writing. (n.d.) • Calmorin, Laurentina P. & Calmorin, Melchor A. Research Methods and Thesis Writing (Second Edition). Rex Book Store, Inc. 2007 • Webster’s Universal English Dictionary. Geddes & Grosset REPRO Mumbai, India 2006
- 39. Web • Barad, Dilip. The Literature Review. http://www.slideshare.net/dilipbarad/literature-review-review-of- related-literature-research-methodologyAug. 24, 2013 Retrieved August 09, 2014 • Cornell University Library PSEC Documentation Committee. APA Citation Style. November 2002; Revised April 2011 https://www.library.cornell.edu/research/citation/apa Retrieved July 09, 2014 • Imperial, Reynaldo. Principles of Ethics in Research. College of Arts and Sciences UP Manila • Malijan, Roqui. RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES. http://www.slideshare.net/RoquiMalijan/group-3-28367418 Nov. 18, 2013 Retrieved August 09, 2014 • Reyes, Jheng. Chapter III R ELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES. http://www.slideshare.net/JhengReyes/chapter-iii-thesis-ni-gara July 24, 2014 Retrieved August 09, 2014 • Swenson, Jennifer. Thesis Writing: A Guide For Students http://www.sparrowpapers.com/resources/thesis_writing_articles/thesis_writing_a_guide_for_stude nts/ • ___________. APA.pdf Based on the Sixth Ed. of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. Updated September 19, 2012. Retrieved August 09, 2014 • ___________. Definition of related. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/related Retrieved August 15, 2014 • ____________.Writing Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature. http://4humbeline.wordpress.com/2011/11/04/writing-chapter-2-review-of-related-literature/ Retrieved August 09, 2014 • Research Ethics http://www3.nd.edu/~pkamat/pdf/ethics.pdf
- 40. Time to get related literature! THANK YOU! #RL&Ethics
Editor's Notes
- “Related literature” is composed of discussions of facts and principles to which the present study is related. For instance, if the present study deals with drug addiction, literature to be reviewed or surveyed should be composed of materials that deal with drug addiction (Malijan, 2013).
- 1. The surveyed materials must be as recent as possible. This is important because of the rapid social, economic, scientific, and technological change. Findings several years ago may be of little value today because of the fast changing life style of the people. There are exception, however. Treatises that deal on universals or things of more or less permanent nature may be still be good today. There are mathematical laws and formulas and statistical procedures that had been formulated a long, long time ago which are being use today with very, very little improvement. This is also true with natural and physical laws. Books on these, though written a long time ago, are still being cited today. Another exception is when a comparison or contrast is to be made between the conditions of today and those of a remote past, say ten or twenty years ago. Naturally, literature and studies about that remote past have to be surveyed and reviewed. 2. Materials reviewed must be objective and unbiased. Some materials are extremely or subtly one sided, either political, or religious, etc. Comparison with these materials cannot be made logically and validity. Distorted generalizations may result. 3. Materials surveyed must be relevant to the study. Only materials that have some bearing or similarity to the research problem at hand should be reviewed. 4. Surveyed materials must have been based upon genuinely original and true facts or data to make them valid and reliable. There are cases where fictitious data are supplied just to complete a research report (thesis or dissertation). Of course, this kind of deception is hard to detect and to prove. Thus, this is a real problem to honest researchers. 5. Reviewed materials must not be few or too many. They must only be sufficient enough to give insight into the research problem or to indicate the nature of the present investigation. The may also depend upon the availability of related materials. Sometimes there is a paucity of such materials. Ordinarily, form ten to fifteen related materials re needed for a master`s thesis and from fifteen to twenty-five for a doctoral dissertation depending their availability, as well as their depth and length of discussions. For an undergraduate thesis, from five to ten may do. The numbers, however, are only suggestive and not imperative nor mandatory. These are only the average numbers observed from theses and dissertation surveyed by this author.
- Reviewed literature and studies help or guide the researcher in the following ways: Items a to e: 1. They help or guide the researcher in searching for or selecting a better research problem or topic. By reviewing related materials, a replication of a similar problem may be found better than the problem already chosen. Replication is the study of research problem already conducted but in another place. 3. They ensure that there will be no duplication of other studies. There is duplication if an investigation already made is conducted again in the same locale using practically the same respondents. This is avoided if a survey of related literature and studies be made first.
- Items f to h: They help the investigator understand his topic for research better. Reviewing related literature and studies may clarify vague points about his problem. 4. They help and guide the researcher in locating more sources of related information. This is because the bibliography of a study already conducted indicate references about similar studies. 5. They help and guide the researcher in making his research design especially in: a. the formulation of specific questions to be researched on; b. the formulation of assumptions and hypotheses if there should be any; c. the formulation of conceptual framework; d. the selection and application of the methods of research; e. the selection and application of sampling techniques; f. the selection and/or preparation and validation of research instruments for gathering data; g. the selection and application of statistical procedures; h. The analysis, organization, presentation, and interpretation of data; i. The making of the summary of implications for the whole study; j. The formulation of the summary of findings, conclusions, and recommendation; and 6. They help and guide the researcher in making comparison between his findings of other researchers on similar studies with the end in view of formulating generalization or principles which are the contributions of the study to fund of knowledge.
- The second chapter should… • start with a brief introductory paragraph concerning the researcher’s exploration of related literature and studies on the research problem; • state the main coverage of said chapter and should be organized thematically to confirm to the specific problems; • should synthesize evidence from all studies reviewed to get an overall understanding of the state of the knowledge in the problem area; and • should include a clinching statement showing how the related materials had assisted the researchers in the present study at the last part. (Source: http://4humbeline.wordpress.com/2011/11/04/writing-chapter-2-review-of-related-literature/ Retrieved Aug. 09, 2014)
- The field of ethics, also called moral philosophy, involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior (Imperial).
- Items f to h: They help the investigator understand his topic for research better. Reviewing related literature and studies may clarify vague points about his problem. 4. They help and guide the researcher in locating more sources of related information. This is because the bibliography of a study already conducted indicate references about similar studies. 5. They help and guide the researcher in making his research design especially in: a. the formulation of specific questions to be researched on; b. the formulation of assumptions and hypotheses if there should be any; c. the formulation of conceptual framework; d. the selection and application of the methods of research; e. the selection and application of sampling techniques; f. the selection and/or preparation and validation of research instruments for gathering data; g. the selection and application of statistical procedures; h. The analysis, organization, presentation, and interpretation of data; i. The making of the summary of implications for the whole study; j. The formulation of the summary of findings, conclusions, and recommendation; and 6. They help and guide the researcher in making comparison between his findings of other researchers on similar studies with the end in view of formulating generalization or principles which are the contributions of the study to fund of knowledge.
- Informed Consent Informed consent shall be obtained, with the possible exception of research involving archival work, participant observation, and observation in public places Researcher shall inform his/her participants as to the nature of the research and obtain verbal or written consent Verbal consent must be attested to in the absence of a written consent If participants are minors, consent of the parent/guardian must be obtained. Assent of the minor must also be obtained, properly documented, and attested to by an impartial witness of legal age Privacy and Confidentiality Researcher shall respect the respondent’s right to privacy & preserve the confidentiality of information Provisions to render the participants anonymous to those not directly involved in the research Researcher shall not release information that permits linking specific individuals to specific information Where information pertaining to groups or specific communities exposes them to possible harm or abuse, the researcher shall refrain from identifying such groups or communities unless required by law Withholding information Researcher should avoid deception In cases where the withholding of information may be justified by research design and objectives, debriefing must be performed No instance should the withholding of information result into irreversible harm Researchers and practitioners justify exposure of participants to risks and possible harm in terms of anticipated benefits to be greater than possible harm or risks. Advancement of knowledge Subsequent development of new drugs, technology and procedures Greater good for the greatest number The principle is basically an obligation not to inflict harm intentionally. Most persons who choose a health care profession only want to help people, not harm them, so this principle would seem easy to apply.
- Informed Consent Informed consent shall be obtained, with the possible exception of research involving archival work, participant observation, and observation in public places Researcher shall inform his/her participants as to the nature of the research and obtain verbal or written consent Verbal consent must be attested to in the absence of a written consent If participants are minors, consent of the parent/guardian must be obtained. Assent of the minor must also be obtained, properly documented, and attested to by an impartial witness of legal age Privacy and Confidentiality Researcher shall respect the respondent’s right to privacy & preserve the confidentiality of information Provisions to render the participants anonymous to those not directly involved in the research Researcher shall not release information that permits linking specific individuals to specific information Where information pertaining to groups or specific communities exposes them to possible harm or abuse, the researcher shall refrain from identifying such groups or communities unless required by law Withholding information Researcher should avoid deception In cases where the withholding of information may be justified by research design and objectives, debriefing must be performed No instance should the withholding of information result into irreversible harm Researchers and practitioners justify exposure of participants to risks and possible harm in terms of anticipated benefits to be greater than possible harm or risks. Advancement of knowledge Subsequent development of new drugs, technology and procedures Greater good for the greatest number The principle is basically an obligation not to inflict harm intentionally. Most persons who choose a health care profession only want to help people, not harm them, so this principle would seem easy to apply.