The document provides an overview of conducting a literature review. It discusses reviewing both primary and secondary sources to integrate existing research on a topic. It outlines several approaches to locating relevant literature, including ancestry and descendancy methods. Electronic databases like MEDLINE and CINAHL are also described. The purposes and structure of a literature review are explained, along with procedures like developing theoretical and conceptual frameworks and writing up the results. Guidelines for critiquing literature reviews and properly citing references are also provided.
A lecture on how to do a literature review. Covers what a literature is, journal hierachies, H index, I index, types of lit review - narrative, meta and systematic, search startegies, forest, filtering literature, using databases to search and making a search string
A lecture on how to do a literature review. Covers what a literature is, journal hierachies, H index, I index, types of lit review - narrative, meta and systematic, search startegies, forest, filtering literature, using databases to search and making a search string
A literature review is a search and evaluation of the available literature in your given subject or chosen topic area. It documents the state of the art with respect to the subject or topic you are writing about. It surveys the literature in your chosen area of study.
Literature review and referencing
The selection of available documents (both published and unpublished) on the topic, which contain information, ideas, data and evidence written from a particular standpoint to fulfil certain aims or express certain views on the nature of the topic and how it is to be investigated.
Composed of discussions of facts and principles to which the present study is related
They may be classified as:
Local, if the inquiry was conducted in the Philippines; and
Foreign, if conducted in foreign lands RELATED STUDIES
Importance, Purposes, and Functions of Related Literature and Studies
A survey or review of related literature and studies is very important because such reviewed literature and studies serve as a foundation of the proposed study. This is because related literature and studies guide the researcher in pursuing his research venture. Importance, Purposes, and Functions of Related Literature and Studies
Literature Review
A literature review surveys books, scholarly articles, and any other sources relevant to a particular issue, area of research, or theory, and by so doing, provides a description, summary, and critical evaluation of these works in relation to the research problem being investigated.
Types of literature review
On the purpose of research there are 5 main types of literature review:
Narrative Literature Review
Argumentative Literature Review
Theoretical Literature Review
Integrative Literature Review
Systematic Literature Review
A literature review is a search and evaluation of the available literature in your given subject or chosen topic area. It documents the state of the art with respect to the subject or topic you are writing about. It surveys the literature in your chosen area of study.
Literature review and referencing
The selection of available documents (both published and unpublished) on the topic, which contain information, ideas, data and evidence written from a particular standpoint to fulfil certain aims or express certain views on the nature of the topic and how it is to be investigated.
Composed of discussions of facts and principles to which the present study is related
They may be classified as:
Local, if the inquiry was conducted in the Philippines; and
Foreign, if conducted in foreign lands RELATED STUDIES
Importance, Purposes, and Functions of Related Literature and Studies
A survey or review of related literature and studies is very important because such reviewed literature and studies serve as a foundation of the proposed study. This is because related literature and studies guide the researcher in pursuing his research venture. Importance, Purposes, and Functions of Related Literature and Studies
Literature Review
A literature review surveys books, scholarly articles, and any other sources relevant to a particular issue, area of research, or theory, and by so doing, provides a description, summary, and critical evaluation of these works in relation to the research problem being investigated.
Types of literature review
On the purpose of research there are 5 main types of literature review:
Narrative Literature Review
Argumentative Literature Review
Theoretical Literature Review
Integrative Literature Review
Systematic Literature Review
T H E W R I T I N G C E N T E R Academic Services • .docxAASTHA76
T H E W R I T I N G C E N T E R
Academic Services • Phone: 962-7710
www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/
How to Write a Literature Review
What This Handout is About…
This handout will explain what a Literature Review is and offer insights into the form and
construction of a Literature Review in the Humanities, Social Sciences, and Sciences.
Introduction
OK. You’ve got to write a literature review. You dust off your world literature
anthology book, settle down in your Ebert and Roper at the Movies theatre chair with
your popcorn and soda in hand, and get ready to issue a “thumbs up” or “thumbs down”
as you leaf through the pages. “Literature Review” done. Right?
Wrong! The “literature” of a literature review refers to any collection of materials on a
topic, not necessarily the Great Literary Texts of the World. “Literature” could be
anything from a set of government pamphlets on British colonial methods in Africa to
scholarly articles on the treatment of a torn ACL. And a review does not necessarily
mean that your reader wants you to give your personal opinion on whether or not you
liked these sources.
What is a literature review, then?
A literature review discusses published information in a particular subject area, and
sometimes information in a particular subject area within a certain time period.
A literature review can be just a simple summary of the sources, but it usually has an
organizational pattern and combines both summary and synthesis. A summary is a recap
of the important information of the source, but a synthesis is a re-organization, or a
reshuffling, of that information. It might give a new interpretation of old material or
combine new with old interpretations. Or it might trace the intellectual progression of the
field, including major debates. And depending on the situation, the literature review may
evaluate the sources and advise the reader on the most pertinent or relevant.
But how is a literature review different from an academic research
paper?
While the main focus of an academic research paper is to support your own argument, the
focus of a literature review is to summarize and synthesize the arguments and ideas of
others. The academic research paper also covers a range of sources, but it is usually a
select number of sources, because the emphasis is on the argument. Likewise, a literature
review can also have an “argument,” but it is not as important as covering a number of
sources. In short, an academic research paper and a literature review contain some of the
same elements. In fact, many academic research papers will contain a literature review
section. But it is the aspect of the study (the argument or the sources) that is emphasized
that determines what type of document it is.
Why do we write literature reviews?
Literature reviews provide you with a handy guide to a particular topic. If you have
limited time to conduct res.
Role of review of literature in research processKrishnanchalil
Review of literature is the edifice of any level of research. So, a clear idea about how to review literature, its importance, major pitfalls in reviewing and other related issues are the subject of this slide
Theoretical framework, also called conceptual framework is an structure that describes the relationships between variables. The theoretical framework links the researcher's work with the theory on the basis of which the research has been carried out.
Researchers almost never conduct a study in an intellectual vacuum: their studies are undertaken within the context of an already existing knowledge base.
This presentation has been made for those who intends to write their thesis or dissertation in the level of masters and Ph.D. I have done this only for the sake of Allah!
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
2. Literature Review
Review of literature is the
documentation of a comprehensive
review of the published and unpublished
work from secondary sources of data in
the areas of specific interest to the
researcher.
The primary purpose of literature
reviews is to integrate research
evidence to sum up what is known and
what is not known.
3. Types of Information
Primary Sources : descriptions of studies
written by the researchers who conducted
them.
Secondary Sources : Research documents
are descriptions of studies prepared by
someone else.
4. Locating Relevant Literature
Ancestry approach / footnote chasing :-
Citations from relevant studies are used to
track down earlier research on which the
studies are based (the “ancestors”).
Descendancy approach :- It is to find a
pivotal early study & to search forward in
citation indexes to find more recent studies
(descendants) that cited the key study.
5. Electronic Search
MEDLINE database : (Medical Literature On Line):
- search by subject headings / text word search.
- can be accessed as PubMed and MeSH
(Medical Subjects Headings).
CINAHL Database: Cumulative Index to Nursing
And Allied Health Literature.
- It covers references to hundreds of nursing and
allied health journals , as well as books, book
chapters and dissertations.
- Contains more than 1 million records.
6. A literature review has a number of functions
Bring clarity and focus to your research problem.
Improve your methodology.
Broaden your knowledge base in your research area.
Contextualise your findings.
Establishes the terms and context. How else will you define
exactly what you’re looking at and where its limits are?
Presents a survey of preceding literature on the topic. How else
will you know what’s been done already?
7. Explores ways that others have solved
similar questions/problems. How else will
you select an appropriate methodology and
approach?
Outlines the relationship of these texts to
each other. How else will you know what the
different perspectives and debates are, and
where you are coming from?
8. Cont…..
Evaluates the quality and relevance
of the literature. How else will you be
able to build on or reject it?
Establishes the gaps or
inadequacies. How else will you justify
your own contribution?
Demonstrates your scholarly rigor.
How else can I have faith in your
conclusions?
9. Why is it so important to write critically?! Bloom’s Taxonomy:
Cognitive Domain (1956) as revised by Anderson & Krathwohl
(2001)
11. Structure of literature review
Introduction
• Gives a quick idea of the topic of the literature review,
such as the central theme or organizational pattern.
Body
• Contains your discussion of sources.
Conclusions/Recommendations
• Discuss what you have drawn from reviewing literature so
far. Where might the discussion proceed?
12. Procedures for reviewing the
literature
There are five steps involved in
conducting a literature review:
search for existing literature in your area
of study;
review the literature selected;
develop a theoretical framework;
develop a conceptual framework;
writing up the literature reviewed.
13. 1. Search for existing literature
Start with at least some idea of the broad
subject area and of the problem you wish
to investigate, in order to set parameters
for your search.
Next compile a bibliography for this broad
area. There are two sources that you can
use to prepare a bibliography:
books;
journals.
14. Notice
Be aware that sometimes a title does
not provide enough information to
decide if a book/ journal is going to be of
use.
Start with the latest issue, examine its
contents page to see if there is an article
of relevance to your research topic.
Start by reading the abstract. If it is
relevant then download and read.
15. 2. Review the literature
selected
Now that you have identified several
books and articles as useful, the next
step is to start reading them critically to
pull together themes and issues that are
associated.
If you do not have a theoretical
framework or themes in mind to start
with, use separate sheets of paper for
each article or book.
16. Once you develop rough frameworks, slot the
findings from the material so far reviewed into
that framework, using a separate sheet of
paper for each themes of that framework. As
you read further, go on slotting the information
where it logically belongs under the themes
so far developed.
17. Notice where there are significant differences
of opinion among researchers and give your
opinion about the validity of these
differences.
Ascertain the areas in which little or nothing
is known-the gaps that exist in the body of
knowledge.
18. 3. Develop a theoretical
framework
As you start reading the literature,
you will soon discover that the
problem you wish to investigate has
its roots in a number of theories that
have been developed from different
perspectives.
19. 4. Develop a conceptual
framework
The conceptual framework stems
from the theoretical framework
and concentrates, usually, on one
section of that theoretical
framework which becomes the
basis of your study.
21. 5. Writing up the literature reviewed
While reading the literature for theoretical
background of your study, you will realize that
certain themes have emerged.
List the main ones, converting them into
subheadings. These subheadings should be
precise, descriptive of the theme in question,
and follow a logical progression.
Now, under each subheading, record the main
findings with respect to the theme in question,
highlighting the reasons for and against an
argument if they exist, and identifying gaps
and issues.
22. How to write references?
Book
Journal
Online document
23. Format for Citing
References :
Author, A., & Author, B. (year). Title of
book (edition if not first). City: Publisher.
Book by a single author
Leshin, C.B. (1997). Management on
the World Wide Web. Englewood Cliffs,
NJ: Prentice-Hall.
24. Format for Citing
References
Author, A., & Author, B. (year). Title of
book (edition if not first). City: Publisher.
Book by more than one author
Cornett, M., Wiley, B.J., & Sankar, S.
(1998). The pleasures of nurturing (2nd
ed). London: McMunster Publishing.
25. Format for Citing
References
Journal Article
Author, A., & Author, B. (year). Title of article.
Title of Journal, volume number (issue
number), page numbers.
Barry, H. (1996). Cross-cultural research
with matched pairs of societies. Journal of
Social Psychology, 79 (1), 25-33.
Jeanquart, S., & Peluchette, J. (1997).
Diversity in the workforce and management
models, Journal of Social Work Studies,
43, 72-85.
26. Format for Citing
References
Referencing Electronic Sources
Author, A. (year, month day). Title of
article. Title of Newspaper. Retrieved
from home page web address
Nader, C. (2009, June 19). Mental
health issues soar among children. The
Age. Retrieved from
http://www.theage.com.au
27. Critiquing Research Literature
Reviews
1. Does the review seem thorough and up-to-date
? Does it include major studies on the topic ?
2. Does the review rely on appropriate materials
(e.g. mainly on research reports , using primary
sources)?
3. Is the review merely a summary of existing
work , or does it critically appraise and
compare key studies ? Does the review
identify important gaps in the literature ?
28. 4. Is the review well organized ? Is the development of
ideas clear ?
5. Does the review use appropriate language ,
suggesting the tentativeness of prior findings ? Is
the review objective ? Does the author paraphrase ,
or is there an over relevance on quotes from
original sources ?
6. If the review is in the introduction for a new study,
does the review support the need for the study ?
7. If it is a review designed to summarize evidence for
clinical practice , does the review draw appropriate
conclusions about practice implications ?