MPA 211 MPA Customized Program Management of rural Urban Development

1. Rural Development is a
subset of the broad term of
development – a cherished
goals of individuals, families,
communities and nations all
over the world.

2. Contents
• Definition
• Why rural development?
• Basic elements of rural development
• On poverty
• A theory of change
• Approaches to rural development
• Rural problems
• Conclusions
• Recommendations

3. Why Rural
Development?
The seriousness of rural
poverty in the Philippines
has long been recognized.
From the 1960s to the
’90s, a succession of
Philippine presidents
embarked on a number of
rural development
programs to address this
situation. All of the
programs met with little
success.
One observer (Serrano
1999) describes these past
anti-poverty efforts in this
way: “Every regime
promised to reduce
poverty; the last two even
declared total war against
it. Not one made good on
its promise in a real way.
Poverty seems much
easier to create and
reproduce than real
prosperity. Indeed, poverty
has become the most
durable feature of
Philippine reality.

4. The notion of "rural" is
universally used by
OECD Member
countries. It describes
certain parts of the
country that are
characterized by a
relatively low number
or density of
population, or by
certain socio-economic
features.
An official definition
of “rural” does not
always exist.
Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development,
1996
The United nations define
Rural Development is a
process of change, by which
the efforts of the people
themselves are united, those
of government authorities to
improve their economic,
social and cultural
conditions of communities
into the life of the nation
and to enable
them to contribute fully to
national program.

5. Rural development is a process leading to
sustainable improvement in the quality of life of
rural people, especially the poor (katar Singh,
2002)
Rural development involves efforts that are
economic and social in nature intended to
encourage concepts of retention, growth,
and expansion in areas outside cities,
including improving quality of life for rural
residents through such activity.
The World Bank has defined rural development as a
strategy to improve the economic and social life of a
specific group of people, the rural people (Ignou,
2005).

6. The term rural development
connotes overall
development of rural areas
with a view to improve
quality of life of rural people.
Robert Chamber, 1983

7. Rural Development is a process, which
aims at improving the wellbeing and
self-realization of the people living
outside urban areas. In simple terms,
rural development may be regarded as
the scheme of development of rural
areas. It may define as a process, aimed
at the well-being of the people,
particularly those living in rural areas.

8. As a phenomenon: is It is
the end result of
interactions between
various physical
technological, economic,
socio cultural and
institutional factors.
As a strategy: it is
designed to
improve the
economic and
social well being
of a specific
group of people –
the rural poor.

9. As a discipline, it is
multidisciplinary in
nature, representing
an intersection of
agricultural, social,
behavioral,
engineering and
management
sciences.
Robert Chamber, 1983

11. F A S H I O N
In a rural area, there are
fewer people, and their
homes and businesses
are located far away
from one another.
Agriculture is the
primary industry in most
rural areas. Most people
live or work on farms or
ranches. Hamlets,
villages, towns, and
other small settlements
are in or surrounded by
rural areas

12. The report emphasizes the importance of
breaking the cycle of inequitable investment in
human capital and lack of well-paying job
opportunities that trap the poor in poverty,
generation after generation. Children from
poor households start life at a disadvantage.
Malnourished and stunted, with poor access to
quality health care, they are less likely to learn
the skills they need and fulfill their potential.
Making Growth Work for the Poor : A
Poverty Assessment for the Philippines

14. On Poverty
World Poverty 2023
According to the 2023 release, 1.1 billion
out of 6.1 billion people (just over 18%) live
in acute multidimensional poverty across
110 countries. Sub-Saharan Africa (534
million) and South Asia (389 million) are
home to approximately five out of every
six poor people
Under the Philippine Development Plan, the government is targeting to reduce
the poverty incidence rate to 16.4% 2023, to 13.2% by 2025, and to 9% by 2028.
It aims to have a “prosperous, predominantly middle-class society where no one is
poor” by 2040.
PHL confident it will bring down poverty rate to 9% by 2028 - BusinessWorld Online (bworldonline.com)

15. The Legatum Prosperity Index (LPI)
The LPI contains data
on 149 countries, for
89 variables, spread
across nine dimensions
of national well-being:
Economic Quality,
Business Environment,
Governance, Education,
Health, Safety &
Security, Personal
Freedom, Social Capital
and Natural
Environment.
ASEAN COMPARISONS
Singapore led the major ASEAN countries in the overall
prosperity index rankings. It ranked 21st in the world. It
was followed by Malaysia, 44th, and Indonesia, 49th. The
Philippines, 62nd, ranked fourth. Thailand, 74th, was next
and finally, Vietnam, 81st.
Further away from the
center represent a better
performance to the points
that are closer to the center.

16. As of 2022, the
Philippine Statistics
Authority has set the
poverty threshold
at ₱ 12,030 per
month for a family of
five, or ₱ 79 per
day per person to
spend on food and
non-food
requirements.

17. 30%
30.6%
18.7%
26.04%
18.4% 16.60%
Fisher folks Farmers
Children Self Employed
Women Youth

18. What are the examples of social
inequality in the Philippines?
• Yet inequality remains high: the top 1
percent of earners together capture 17
percent of national income, with only 14
percent being shared by the bottom 50
percent. With an income Gini coefficient of
42.3 percent in 2018, the Philippines had
one of the highest rates of income
inequality in East Asia
AlDub and Philippine Tax Reform - My Finance MD
₱ 12,030 per month
for a family of five
Social Inequality
A coefficient of 0 expresses perfect
equality where everyone has the same
income, while a coefficient of 100
expresses full inequality where only one
person has all the income.A

19.  Highest poverty incidence: Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in
Muslim Mindanao (BARMM).
 Davao Region experienced a significant increase in poverty incidence
due to its vulnerability to natural hazards, such as flooding and
earthquakes.
 $2.15 a day. Extreme poverty here is defined according to the UN's
definition of living on less than $2.15 a day – an extremely low threshold
needed to monitor and draw attention to the living conditions of the
poorest around the world. Read more in our article, From $1.90 to $2.15
a day: the updated International Poverty Line.
The Philippines' poverty
rate dropped to 22.4%, or
25.24 million people, in the
first half of 2023, (PSA),
from 23.7% in the same
period in 2021.
President Ferdinand
Marcos Jr. aims to bring
down the poverty rate to
9% before his six-year term
ends in 2028, by investing
in infrastructure and
courting foreign direct
investment to create jobs
and boost economic
growth.

23. Microsoft Word - UNDG-UNDAF-
Companion-Pieces-7-Theory-of-
Change.docx
A theory of change helps to identify
solutions to effectively address the
causes of problems that hinder
progress and guide decisions on which
approach should be taken, considering
UN comparative advantages,
effectiveness, feasibility and
uncertainties that are part of any
change process. A theory of change
also helps to identify the underlying
assumptions and risks that will be vital
to understand and revisit throughout
the process to ensure the approach will
contribute to the desired change
A theory of change is a method
that explains how a given
intervention, or set of
interventions, is expected to lead
to specific development change,
drawing on a causal analysis based
on available evidence. A theory of
change for the UNDAF must be
driven by sound analyses,
consultation with key stakeholders
and learning on what works and
what does not in diverse contexts
drawn from the experiences of the
UN and its partners.
United Nations Development
Assistance Framework (UNDAF)

24. Why use theory of change?
First, development
challenges are
complex, and are
typically caused by
many factors and
layers that are
embedded deeply in
the way society
functions.
Second, a theory
of change provides
a framework for
learning both
within and
between
programming
cycles
Third, the theory
of change is
increasingly being
utilized as a
means for
developing and
managing
partnerships and
partnership
strategies.
Finally, a common
theory of change
is the basis for
more effective
and unified
communication
by clearly
articulating its
shared vision and
strategy for how
change can
happen.

25. Key Principles for Developing a
Theory of Change
a) It should be developed consultatively to reflect
the understanding of all relevant stakeholders;
b) It should be grounded in, tested with, and
revised based on robust evidence at all stages;
and
c) It should support continuous learning and
improvement from programme design to
closure.

26. UNDAF Steps Theory of Change
Identify what
is needed for
change
1. Focus on the high-level change the UN intends to contribute
UN Vision 203. Identify what is needed for the desired
development change to happen, informed by the problem
tree analysis and other evidence, and how partners are
contributing to this change.
2. to happen, informed by the problem tree analysis in the CCA
and other evidence, and how partners are contributing to
this change Identify what is needed for the desired
development change.
3. Establish and make explicit the related key
assumptions underpinning the theory of how
change happens, and major risks that may affect
it.
4. Identify partners and actors who will be most
relevant for achieving each result, taking into
account the related risks and assumptions.

27. Approaches to Rural Development
The issues of a growing population,
infrastructure development, and
unemployment are major concerns of
rural development. Rural development
continues to be a high priority concern in
both developed and developing countries.
Inadequate development in rural areas
can disrupt the nation’s food supply and
lead to destruction of natural resources.

28. Paternalistic Populist Technocratic
Radical
/activist
Approaches to Rural Development
Broad
Front
Sectoral Area
Approach
Target
Group
Integrated
Area
Development

29. The paternalistic approach had been
adopted in many rural development
efforts in the early decades of twenty
century. The Community Development
Programmes (CDP) have accelerated rural
development keeping in mind this
approach. The modus operandi of this
approach is to induct a government
functionary in the village who would act
as a “guide, philosopher and friend” of
the villagers required to familiarize them
with modern and scientific ideas about
agriculture and rural development. The
CDP aimed at the holistic development of
rural areas with the help of this approach
to rural development.
Fostering change
The inspiring story of Malabog Cacao Farming
Community in Davao, Philippines, the direct-
trade farmer partner of Filipino chocolate artisan,
Theo and Philo Chocolates.

30. The populist approach has
become more prominent in
recent times because of the
emphasis on poverty
alleviation. In this approach,
the role of the government is
to ensure local autonomy. it is
presumed that rural people
are vitally interested in change
and can transform their lives if
they get an opportunity to do
so because rural community is
the best judge of their needs.
In this approach proposed
pattern of development
activities is designed from the
bottom - up.
The Philippines has a well-established
and long-running program under the
DSWD that embodies the principles of
bottom-up development through an
approach called the community-driven
development (CDD).
Since its introduction in 2003, and
continuing through the scaled-up program
starting in 2013, the Kalahi-CIDSS (Kapit-
Bisig Laban sa Kahirapan-
Comprehensive and Integrated Delivery
of Social Services) has implemented
community-initiated projects in 17,538
barangays in 827 municipalities in 59
provinces as of July 2020. With this track
record and wealth of good practices and
lessons learned in identifying and
implementing community-based projects
that respond to the needs of poor rural
communities.
Reference: Tapping our experience in bottom-up development | Inquirer Opinion
Building capacities

31. The technocratic approach aims to
increase the output of agriculture with
the use of technology. It often ignores
concern for institutional, distributional
or environmental side effects. The
period of 1960s and 1970s was the
phase when technocratic approach
had been used. This approach,
however, focused predominantly on
improving agricultural productivity but
may fail to improve food security and
reduce poverty.
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The technocrat is chiefly concerned with
the application of the stock of modern,
transnational knowledge with the
application of problem solving analytical
skills to perplexing questions on
development. Among his important
contribution is often creation of
awareness of his countrymen the
potential direction of change.
Digital technology and
automation enable farmers to
optimize resource usage, reduce
waste, and minimize environmental
impact. For example, by using sensors
and data analytics, farmers can apply
fertilizers and pesticides only where
and when they are needed, reducing
chemical usage and runoff.
One aspiration of the Agricultural
Fisheries Modernization Act (AFMA) is
the promotion of industry dispersal and
rural industrialization. This involves a
policy of structural transformation,
which attempts to transition the
economy from a low productivity
sector, such as agriculture, to a high
productivity sector, such as industry.

32. The radical/activist approach relies on the
redistribution of wealth and income via land reform.
The main objective behind this approach is to
directly challenge the existing rural social order. The
radical approach aims to bring social change and the
redistribution of power and influence, through which
the most disadvantaged members of the society
stand to gain (Griffin 1973). The understanding is that
unequal power relationships, based upon differential
access to assets, are the root cause of poverty.
Sometimes the proponents of this approach are
motivated by socialist ideals (Lea & Chaudhri 1983).
resistance, weak farmers’ organizations, and the continuing espousal by the New People’s Army of its own agrarian
revolution combine to make the government’s agrarian reform program only partially successful in breaking up land
monopolies. This is why poverty is still pronounced in many rural areas. The rise of an agrarian reform movement has
significantly contributed to the partial success of the government’s agrarian reform program. But the government has
not been able to tap the full potential of this movement to push for faster and more meaningful agrarian reform
(NOREF, 2016)
Agrarian reform and conflict in the rural areas of the
Philippines are closely intertwined. The weak government
implementation of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform
Program, inherent loopholes in the law, strong landowner

33. Broad Front Approach This approach envisaged
attacking the rural problems on all major fronts
simultaneously so as to bring about the desired changes
in the living conditions of rural people. Following this
approach, Community Development Programme (CDP)
was launched in 1952. The CDP aimed at Rural
Development the holistic development of rural areas
such as the development of agricultural and allied
activities, development of cottage and small scale
industries, promotion of cooperatives, provision of
education, health and sanitation, supply of safe drinking
water and creation of economic infrastructure by way of
roads, electricity, irrigation, communication, etc. The CDP
is designed to improve the quality of life of the whole
rural community with the active participation of the
people.

34. Sectoral Approach: This
approach calls for concerted
efforts to push the growth
rates in specific sectors of the
economy. To put the
agricultural economy on the
path to rapid and sustainable
development by making
critical minimum efforts to
help raise production and
productivity in the agricultural
sector, a major engine of
economic development.
The Sectoral Committees act as clearinghouses of the
Council. Thus, all matters needing RDC action has to be
deliberated first by the concerned Sectoral Committee.
Recommendation/s must be made by the SecCom
concerned before the matter can be presented to the
RDC.
1.Development Administration Committee;
2.Economic Development Committee;
3.Infrastructure Development Committee; and
4.Social Development Committee.
The following are the regular members of the four Sectoral
Committees

35. Economic Development Committee (EDC)
1.National Economic and Development Authority
(NEDA)
2.Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP)
3.Cooperative Development Authority (CDA)
4.Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR)
5.Department of Agriculture (DA)
6.Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR)
7.Department of Science and Technology
(DOST)
8.Department of Tourism (DOT)
9.Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)
10.Fiber Development Authority (FIDA)
11.National Food Authority (NFA)
12.Philippine Coconut Authority (PCA)
13.PSR – Labor sector
14.PSR
15.PSR
16.PSR
The members of each SecCom shall be the
following:
Development Administration Committee (DAC)
1.National Economic and Development Authority
(NEDA)
2.Bureau of Local Government Finance (BLGF)
3.Civil Service Commission (CSC)
4.Commission on Human Rights (CHR)
5.Department of Budget and Management (DBM)
6.Department of the Interior and Local
Government (DILG)
7.Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board
(HLURB)
8.National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB)
9.Office of Civil Defense (OCD)
10.Philippine Information Agency (PIA)
11.Philippine National Police (PNP)
12.Presidential Management Staff (PMS)
13.PSR
14.PSR
15.PSR
16.PSR

36. Infrastructure Development Committee (IDC)
1.National Economic and Development Authority
(NEDA)
2.Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines (CAAP)
3.Department of Energy (DOE)
4.Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH)
5.Information and Communications Technology Office
(ICTO)
6.Land Transportation Franchise and Regulatory Board
(LTFRB)
7.Land Transportation Office (LTO)
8.Maritime Industries and Naval Authority (MARINA)
9.National Electrification Administration (NEA)
10.National Irrigation Authority (NIA)
11.National Telecommunications Commission (NTC)
12.Philippine Ports Authority (PPA)
13.PSR
14.PSR
15.PSR
16.PSR
Social Development Committee (SDC)
1.National Economic and Development Authority
(NEDA)
2.Commission on Higher Education (CHED)
3.Department of Education (DepEd)
4.Department of Health (DOH)
5.Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE)
6.Department of Social Welfare and Development
(DSWD)
7.Housing and Urban Dev’t Coordinating Council
(HUDCC)
8.Population Commission (PopCom)
9.National Commission on Indigenous Peoples
(NCIP)
10.National Nutrition Council (NNC)
11.National Youth Commission (NYC)
12.Technical Education Skills Development
Authority (TESDA)
13.PSR-Basic Sector
14.PSR-Basic Sector
15.PSR
16.PSR

37. Area Approach Policymakers at the advent of
the Fourth Five Year Plan realized that earlier
approaches to rural development resulted in
increasing regional imbalances. It was realized
that no single approach was suitable for areas
with different socio-economic and physical
characteristics in different parts of the country. It
was thought that Area Specific approach could
reduce inter-regional disparities in growth and
development, by promoting all-around
development of economically and socially
backward areas. Hence, the Government adopted
this approach in Fifth Five Year Plan, which
envisaged adopting specific approaches to the
development of backward areas such as hilly
areas, desert areas, drought-prone areas etc.
AREA MANAGEMENT PROGRAM (AMP)
Through the AMP, the DEnr will make these identified areas self-
sustaining in a well-protected environment, and with people happy
because they are free from hunger and poverty. "The AMP will
provide alternative sources of livelihood that promote the
preservation of the environment and natural resources," Lopez
added.
Of the 29 priority areas, 13 are located in Luzon, 6 in Visayas and 10 in
Mindanao.
The AMP areas in Luzon are Chico River and Mt. Pulag in the Cordillera
Administrative Region; Zambales; Laur in Pantabangan, Nueva Ecija;
Sierra Madre in Cagayan; Sierra Madre in Nueva Ecija; Kaliwa
Watershed in Marikina and Sierra Madre; Batangas Coastline and
Verde Passage; Laguna Lake; Palawan; Sibuyan Island; Romblon;
Occidential and Oriental Mindoro; and Sorsogon.
Saranggani, Caraga-Cantilan, South Upi, Marilog, Mt.
Hamiguitan/Mati, Talaingog in Davao del Norte, Rajah Buayan,
Dinagat Island, Tawi-Tawi, and Lanao del Sur make up the areas in
Mindanao
The priority areas in Visayas are the provinces of Guimaras, Antique,
Samar, Bohol and Cebu, and the city of Iloilo

38. Target Group Approach It was
realized that though area approach
programmes have facilitated the
development of specific areas but a
certain section of society i.e.
economically vulnerable group,
small farmer and landless labourer
are not benefited as desired. So it
was realized to formulate certain
target-specific programmes to
alleviate poverty and generate
employment among the weaker
sections.
.
Farmers
06
01
02
03
04
05
Fisherfolks
Women
Indigeneous
OFW
Laborer

39. Integrated Approach. It was revealed that an
increase in the rate of growth of an economy
alone cannot facilitate the fruits of development
to “trickle-down” to the poor who are at the
lower rung of the socio-economic ladder.
Following this approach, Integrated Rural
Development Programme (IRDP) was launched in
1978.
The IRDP is a multi-level, multi-sector, multi-
section programme, covering mutually
supporting projects and activities concerned with
different sections of rural communities. The
major focus of this approach is on providing
income-generating assets and self-employment
opportunities to the rural poor, helping them rise
above the poverty line and improve the quality of
their lives.
Bidani is a community-based, multidisciplinary,
holistic, development-oriented approach aimed at
improving governance and strengthening the food
and nutrition security of Philippine villages.
Evolving from the Nutrition Improvement Model
(NIM), in 1982, the project changed its acronym to
Bidani to live up to its approach. With funding
assistance from the Netherlands for 10 years
(1990-2000), the project expanded to a program
of seven SUCs: with UPLB as national overall
coordinator
Bicol River Basin Development Program ◦
BRBDP is the Philippines' first experience
implementing an integrated area
development program
Palawan integrated area Development Project
Bukidnon integrated area Development Project

40. The impact of an agrarian reform can also be assessed by
reviewing changes in the number of individuals or households who
live below the poverty line. In fixing the poverty line, food intake is
an important element, and allowance is usually also made for
expenses on non-food items, such as clothing, housing and fuel,
as well as education and health. In the field of agriculture, changes
in production patterns and yields of the most important crops can
be expressed in absolute terms or by index numbers. These are
published, for all countries, in FAO's annual production yearbooks.
Asia’s longest-running land reform program,
which turned 37 on Friday, June 10, 2023
remains to be “a total failure,” claimed land
rights defenders in the Philippines.

42. - Unemployment
- Low quality of social services like
education and healthcare
-Their remoteness from major urban
center

43. As adults, therefore, they earn low incomes
and cannot afford to invest in their own
children. They have little to meet their basic
needs and nothing to save against
emergencies. Frequent natural disasters
buffet the poor, whose limited means to cope
and disproportionate suffering push them
deeper into poverty. Poverty is a threat to
peace. In the parts of the country affected by
conflict, where physical assets have been
destroyed, families displaced, and human
capital eroded, people are trapped in a cycle
of conflict and poverty

44. The lack of well-paying
jobs limited the gains for
labor from structural
transformation. Every
year, 1 percent of the
employment shifted out
of agriculture, but most
of those workers end up
in low-end services jobs.
Such limited gains for
labor could negatively
affect the country’s long-
term competitiveness

45. Philippines struggles with unemployment despite economic growth
• One reason is that job creation has struggled to keep pace
with an ever-expanding population. In three of the past
five years, the number of people entering the job market
has been greater than the number of jobs created.
• The conundrum highlights the difficulty of spreading the
benefits of economic growth and suggests they have yet
to trickle down to more deprived areas.
• Participation in the labor force remains relatively low. Only
about 65 per cent of the population aged 15 and above is
looking for work, one of the lowest levels in the region.
This compares with 78 per cent in Vietnam, 72 per cent in
Thailand and 68 per cent in Indonesia.
• This is partly explained by the high value set on further
education in the Philippines: young Filipinos typically
spend some time in college before entering the labor
market, contributing to the lower participation rate. Others
in the region go to work earlier.
Salvosa, 2015

49. and

54. PH’s egg processing capital demonstrates innovation in the value chain approach
Egg processing facility, managed by the
Batangas Egg Producers Cooperative (BEPCO),
which showcases the benefits of farm
consolidation and industrialization by value-
adding, processing, manufacturing, and
developing markets for their poultry products
Some of the product innovations of BEPCO are
pasteurized liquid egg yolk with pure white and
frozen variants, ready-to-eat roasted eggs, and egg
powder in three variants. The cooperative also
develops by-products such as processed chicken
manure, eggshell fertilizer, egg mixes, and ready-to-
drink protein drinks
BEPCO is a group of farmers, feed millers, and egg industry business stakeholders.

55. “ Let’s take a break !
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scrambled it to make a type specimen book.

56. Under EO No. 14, signed January 27,
2023 the development plan “aims to
“bring back the country to a high-growth
trajectory and, more importantly, enable
economic and social transformation for a
prosperous, inclusive, and resilient
society.”
15 Years 17 Goals 169 Targets 232
indicators

57. SDG 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
11.a Support positive economic, social and environmental links between urban, peri-urban and rural
areas by strengthening national and regional development planning
What is the SDG for rural development?
Addressing rural development is key to SDG 2, which aims to eliminate
hunger and ensure access to safe, nutritious, and sufficient food all year
round. This is achieved by promoting sustainable agricultural practices,
increasing productivity and incomes for small-scale farmers, and improving
land and labor conditions.

58. The development experience shows that mere
economic growth will not result in better living
standards. It is realized that we must focus on
rural development keeping in mind the diversity
and need of beneficiaries. It was realized that a
multi-dimensional approach is needed to solve
the problem of poverty in developing countries,
especially like us where the majority of the
population, residing in rural areas depends upon
agricultural and allied activities for their
livelihood. In rural development, factors other
than economic growth like education, health
facilities, infrastructural facilities, employment
generation and attack on poverty are equally
important.

59. .
The concern for distributive justice also appears
important while making such strategies where the
outcome of development will reach every
contributing member of the rural agricultural
economy including small and big farmers. It is
realized that for a better understanding, we must
develop various approaches and strategies of rural
development because a single approach and
strategy cannot work. It is difficult to formulate a
single strategy suited to every developing country
diverse environments.
.