MPA 213 Management of Rural Urban Development

1. Rural Development: Human Beings as the Cause and
Consequence of Development
01
03
02
04
Definition
Problem in Rural Development
PEOPLE RELATED PROBLEMS
Basic Elements of Rural Development
The Nature of Rural Problems
Rural Area
Objectives of Rural Development
What is Development?
Importance of Rural Development
Growth vs Development
International Trends
Agricultural Development
The Concept of Development
Rostow's 5 Stages of Growth

2. Rural Area
Where the people are engaged in primary industry in
the sense that they produce things
directly for the first time in cooperation with nature.

3. What is a
rural area?
01
-A rural area is a geographic area that is located
outside cities and towns.
-Typical rural areas have a low population density
and small
settlements
-Agricultural areas are commonly rural, though so are
others such as forests

4. What is Development?
• A process of
continues rise in
the capability of
the people to
control their
present and future
well being.
• Therefore,
development as a
process involves
both economic
growth and social
development.
Basic Elements of Rural Development
1. Basic Necessities in Life - food, shelter,
clothes, basic literacy,
primary health care and security of life and
property.
2. Self-respect- Every person seeks some
sort of self respect,
dignity, or honor. Absence or denial of self
respect indicates lack
of development
3. Freedom- freedom from political,
ideological freedom, economic
freedom, and
freedom from social servitude.

5. The Nature of Rural Problems
-Low Income
-Unemployment
-Low quality of social services like education and
healthcare
-Their remoteness from major urban center

6. "Rural Development is a process of
change, by which the efforts of the people
themselves are united, those of
government authorities to improve their
economic,
social and cultural conditions of
communities into the life of the nation and
to enable
them to contribute fully to national
program"
The United Nations define
Rural Development as:

7. Rural Community defined as
• A group of people with a common
characteristic or interest
living together, in a village.
A "Rural Community" can be classified as
rural based on the criteria of lower population
density, less social differentiation, less social
and spatial mobility, slow rate of social
change, etc.
Agriculture is the major occupation of rural
people.

8. Rural Development
is all about bringing change among rural community
from the traditional way of living to progressive way
of living.
It is also expressed as a movement for progress.
Objectives of Rural Development
1. To develop farm, home, public service and village
community.
2. To bring improvement in producing of crops and
animals living
condition.
3. To improve health and education condition etc.
improvement
of the rural people.
4. To improve villagers with their own efforts.
5. To improve village communication.

9. 1. People related
2. Agricultural related problems
3. Infrastructure related problems
4. Economic problems
5. Social and Cultural problems
6. Leadership related problems
7. Administrative problems
PROBLEM IN RURAL
DEVELOPMENT

10. PEOPLE RELATED
PROBLEMS
1. Traditional way of thinking
2. Poor understanding
3. Low level of education to understand
developmental efforts and new technology.
4. Deprived psychology and scientific
orientation.
5. Lack of confidence
6. Poor awareness
7. Low level of education
8. Existence of unfelt needs
9. Personal ego

11. Importance of Rural Development
Rural development is a dynamic process,
which is mainly concerned with
the rural area these include agricultural
growth, putting up of economic and social
infrastructure, fair wages as also housing
and house sites for the landless, village
planning, public health, education and
functional literacy, communication etc.

12. Growth vs.
Development
04
Economic growth is an essential component of development, it must encompass
more than the material and financial sides of people's lives. It is a multidimensional
process involving the reorganization and reorientation of both economic and social
systems; improvements in the level of distribution of incomes and output; involves radical
changes in institutional, social and administrative structures; and although development
is usually defined in a national context, its widespread realization may necessitate
fundamental modifications of the international economic, social and political systems as
well

13. International Trends
Many assistance organizations emphasize poverty reduction as an
important international assistance goal. The number of organizations which
focus on rural development as way to reduce poverty has grown with the
realization that most impoverished groups live in rural areas.

14. The World Summit for Social Development held in Copenhagen in
1995 declared the goal to reduce absolute poverty in the world by half through
people-centered social development.
As a result of this conference, the goal of reducing the ratio of the
poor by half between 1990 to 2015 was adopted at the DAC High Level
Meeting of OECD in 1996. In addition, the UN General Assembly (Millennium
Summit) in 2000 promoted this effort as one of its Millennium Development
Goals (MDGs), with the World Bank and IMF also promoting the target.
As a result of this international trends towards poverty reduction, the
number of organizations engaging in rural development has increased. For
example, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) is shifting its development
assistance focus to fighting poverty and the World Bank is developing a new
strategy for rural development in addition to the Poverty Reduction Strategy
Papers (PRSP). The Department for International Development (DFID) in
the United Kingdom adopted the Sustainable Livelihood concept as an
alternative development approach to existing rural development and for effective
anti-poverty programs.

15. The 2020 Agenda for Sustainable
Goals adopted by all United Nations
Member States in 2015, provides a
shared blueprint for peace and
prosperity for people and the planet,
now and into the future. At its heart are
the 17 Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs), which are an urgent
call for action by all countries -
developed and developing - in a global
partnership. They recognize that
ending poverty and other deprivations
must go hand-in-hand with strategies
that improve health and education,
reduce inequality, and spur economic
growth – all while tackling climate
change and working to preserve our
oceans and forests.
The SDGs build on decades of work
by countries and the UN, including
the UN Department of Economic and
Social Affairs

16. Japan’s Assistance in Rural Development
In the past, Japanese assistance focused not on rural development
but
on agricultural development and the improvement of agricultural productivity.
Therefore, approaches centering on technical transfers such as construction
of
irrigation facilities and introduction of farming techniques were utilized.
However, the agricultural approach alone was insufficient. As a result,
multisectoral activities increased. This included non-agricultural income
generation, capacity building for farmers, health and hygiene, infrastructure,
education,
environment, and capacity building. International trends in comprehensive
efforts also contributed to this change.
In Japan, the ODA Charter of 1992 states that poverty in developing
countries should not be overlooked for humanitarian reasons. Also, in its
Medium-term Policy on ODA in 1999, the Japanese government
demonstrated
its intention by implementing ODA under the Charter, keeping the objectives
of the new 1996 DAC strategy in mind. This policy emphasizes the
importance
of economic growth and the fair distribution of its benefits and assistance for
the poor. In addition, the Japanese government emphasizes the importance of
basic education, health care, support for women in developing countries, safe
water supply, and the improvement of regional differences through assistance
to poor rural areas.

17. 1. Traditional Society
This society signifies a primitive society
having no access to modern science
and technology. It is a society based on
primitive attitude towards the physical
World. Thus, Rostow defines a
traditional society "as whose structure
is developed within the limited
production function. However, Rostow
does not view this traditional society as
being completely static.
The Concept of Development
Rostow’s 5 Stages of Growth

18. 2. Take-off Stage of Economic Growth
The Concept of Development
Rostow’s 5 Stages of Growth
The characteristics of takeoff is sometimes difficult to distinguish from
the stage of pre-condition to takeoff. However, since the pre condones
for the takeoff have been met in the transition stage, take off is a short
stage of development that takes nearly two decades. Development
become self-sustaining and investment must rise exceeding 10
percent of national income so as to increase per capita income and
level of investment. According to historical records, domestic finance
for takeoff has fulfilled through two main sources i.e. agricultural
taxes, rents (Meiji reforms, Japan, and voluntary investment by land
lords. According to Rostow there are three main requirements for
take-off:1.

19. 2. Take-off Stage of Economic Growth
At the take off stage, the economy will transform as follows;
-Urbanization increases, Industrialization proceeds,
Technological
breakthrough occurs
-the "secondary" (goods-producing) sector expands and ratio
of secondary
vs. primary sectors in the economy shifts towards secondary
-Increase growth rates in industrial sector
-Changes in social and political institutions
-Decrease the capital output Ratio
The Concept of Development
Rostow’s 5 Stages of Growth

20. 3. Pre-Conditions or the Preparatory Stage
These conditions mainly comprise fundamental changes in the social,
political
and economic fields; for example:
(a) A change in society's attitudes towards science, risk-taking and
profit-earning
(b) The adaptability of the labor force;
(c) Political sovereignty;
(d) Development of a centralized tax system and financial institutions
and
(e) The construction of certain economic and social infrastructure like
railways, ports, power generation and educational institutions,
The Concept of Development
Rostow’s 5 Stages of Growth

21. 4. Drive to Maturity
Rostow defines it as the period when a society has effectively
applied the range of modern technology to the bulk of its
resources.
" Now regularly growing economy drives to extend modern
technology over the whole front of its economic activity. Some 10-
20% of the national income is steadily invested, permitting output
regularly to outstrip the increase in population. The make-up of the
economy changes unceasingly as technique improves, new
industries accelerate, and older industries level off. The economy
finds its place in the international economy: goods formerly
imported are produced at home; new import requirements develop,
and new export commodities to match them. The leading sectors
will in an economy be determined by the nature of resource
endowments and not only by technology
The Concept of Development
Rostow’s 5 Stages of Growth

22. 5. Stage of Mass Consumption
The Concept of Development
Rostow’s 5 Stages of Growth
In this stage The age of high mass consumption refers to
the period of contemporary comfort afforded many western
nations, wherein consumers concentrate on durable goods.
Further, with progressive industrialization and urbanization
of the economy values of people change in favor of more
consumption of luxuries and high styles of living. These
new industries producing durable consumer goods become
the new leading sectors of economic growth.

28. .
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29. RESOURCE
PAGE
• https://www.slideshare.net/manishkumarsi
nha2/rural-development-ppt
• https://www.slideshare.net/jobitonio/rural-
development-109551216
• https://www.uky.edu/AS/Courses/GEO260/P
owerpoint/Concept_of_Development.ppt
• https://www.jica.go.jp/jica-ri/IFIC_and_JBICI-
Studies/english/publications/reports/study/top
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• https://launion.gov.ph/la-union-bukas-
portal/strategic-roadmap-2021/