The document discusses theoretical frameworks for research. It provides information on several theories that could be used as the basis for a study, including organizational theory, performance theory, and theories on governance, collective action, and service delivery. It emphasizes that the theoretical framework introduces and describes the theory that explains the research problem and will guide hypotheses, variable selection, and data analysis. The theoretical framework strengthens a study by allowing critical evaluation, connecting to existing knowledge, explaining phenomena, and identifying limits of generalizations.

1. Th
Theoretical
Framework

2. Theories are formulated to explain, predict, and
understand phenomena and, in many cases,
to challenge and extend existing knowledge,
within the limits of the critical bounding
assumptions.

3. • The theoretical framework is the structure
that can hold or support a theory of a
research study. The theoretical framework
introduces and describes the theory which
explains why the research problem under
study exists.

4. Formulating the Theoretical Framework
Purpose:
• It helps the researcher see clearly the
variables of the study;
• It can provide him with a general framework
for data analysis;
• It is essential in preparing a research proposal
using descriptive and experimental methods.
J199 lecture, R.E.Khan

5. The theory provides a point of focus
for attacking the unknown in a
specific area.
If a relationship is found between two
or more variables a theory should be
formulated to explain why the
relationship exists.

6. A theoretical framework consists of
concepts, together with their definitions, and
existing theory/theories that are used for your
particular study.
The theoretical framework must
demonstrate an understanding of theories and
concepts that are relevant to the topic of
your research paper and that will relate it to the
broader fields of knowledge in the class you are
taking.
Importance of Theory
http://libguides.usc.edu/content.php?pid=83009&sid=618409

7. The theoretical framework is not something that is found
readily available in the literature. You must review course
readings and pertinent research literature for theories and
analytic models that are relevant to the research problem you
are investigating. The selection of a theory should depend on its
appropriateness, ease of application, and explanatory power.
The theoretical framework strengthens the study in the
following ways.
An explicit statement of theoretical assumptions permits the
reader to evaluate them critically. to act in more informed and
effective ways.
Importance of Theory
http://libguides.usc.edu/content.php?pid=83009&sid=618409

8. The theoretical framework strengthens
the study in the following ways.
• An explicit statement of theoretical assumptions permits the
reader to evaluate them critically.
• The theoretical framework connects the researcher to existing
knowledge. Guided by a relevant theory, you are given a basis
for your hypotheses and choice of research methods.
• Articulating the theoretical assumptions of a research study
forces you to address questions of why and how. It permits
you to move from simply describing a phenomenon observed
to generalizing about various aspects of that phenomenon.
http://libguides.usc.edu/content.php?pid=83009&sid=618409

9. The theoretical framework strengthens
the study in the following ways.
• Having a theory helps you to identify the limits to those
generalizations. A theoretical framework specifies which key
variables influence a phenomenon of interest. It alerts you to
examine how those key variables might differ and under what
circumstances.
• By virtue of its application nature, good theory in the social
sciences is of value precisely because it fulfills one primary
purpose: to explain the meaning, nature, and challenges of a
phenomenon, often experienced but unexplained in the
world in which we live, so that we may use that knowledge
and understanding
http://libguides.usc.edu/content.php?pid=83009&sid=618409

10. Placement of a theory in quanti
research only
General guide:
• Introduce the theory early in the study:
• In the intro, in the review of lit,
• Immediately after the hypotheses or research ?s
(as a rationale for the connection among the
variables)
• Or as a separate section of the study (ideal so
that researcher can clearly identify the theory vis-
à-vis the study)
Source: LEONARDO R. ESTACIO JR, MPH,PHD

11. Quanti Theory Perspectives (Cresswell,
2009:59)
“The theory that I will use is____ (name of theory). It was
developed by ____ (identify the origin, source or
developer of the theory), and it was used to study ___
(identify the topics where one finds the theory being
applied). This theory indicates that ___ (id the
propositions of hypotheses in the theory). As applied
to my study, this theory holds that I would expect my
independent variable/s ___ (state independent
variables) to influence or explain the dependent
variable/s (state dependent variables) because ___
(provide a rationale based on the logic of the theory)
Source :EONARDO R. ESTACIO JR, MPH,PHD

12. ADMINISTRATIVE
CAPABILITY AND
PERFORMANCE OF
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
UNITS IN THE
CORDILLERAS
ROGELIO D. MERCADO, DPA
This investigation substantially depended on
the capability approach originally developed by
Sen (1993). The capability approach, according to
Robeyns (2003) is a broad normative framework
for the evaluation of individual well-being and
social arrangements, the design of policies and
proposals about social change in society. She
claimed the capability approach is used in a wide
range of fields, most prominently in development
thinking, welfare economics, social policy and
political philosophy. It can be used to evaluate a
wide variety of aspects of people’s well-being,
such as individual well-being, inequality and
poverty. It can also be used as an alternative
evaluative tool for social cost-benefit analysis, or
to design and evaluate policies, ranging from
welfare state design in affluent societies, to
development policies by governments and non-
governmental organisations (NGOs) in developing
countries.

13. ADMINISTRATIVE
CAPABILITY AND
PERFORMANCE OF
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
UNITS IN THE
CORDILLERAS
ROGELIO D. MERCADO, DPA
This inquiry also relied on the
Theory of Organizational Performance
Management. Davis (2013) held that
performance management is a set of
techniques used to measure success
in meeting goals of an organization.
Performance management can be
used to evaluate specific processes
and systems, the performance of
departments or the performance of
individual employees. The theory of
organizational performance
management, known as OPM, applies
this approach to an organization as a
whole, assessing progress toward
goals and identifying and adjusting
factors which hinder progress.

14. collective theory was first proposed
as a solution to the problem of free-
riding in collective action by Mancur
Olson's seminal work, entitled “The
Logic of Collective Action” in 1965.
He is credited with initiating a
paradigm shift in the study of the
challenges facing collective action.
Olson argues that group benefits
that are difficult or impossible to
exclude allow individuals to access
these benefits, even though they
have not contributed their
proportional or appropriate share of
the resources needed to supply the
benefits
Management Performance of Pangasinan
Credit Cooperatives in the Context of
Collective Action and Good Governance
Edwin BR. Gbargaye, DPA

15. The governance theory has a bearing to the
present study. Originally, it was in
Britain when corporate governance entered the
mainstream through the publication of the
Watershed Cadbury Committee Report in 1992. .
The term “governance” is used in a variety of
ways and a variety of meanings (Rhode, 1996 and
Stoker 1997). There is however, a baseline
agreement that the development of governance
styles in which boundaries between and within
government and public sectors have become
blurred. The essence of “governance” is its focus
on governing mechanisms does not rest on option
to the authority and sanctions of the government.
The “governance” concept points to a creation of
a structure or an order which cannot be externally
imposed but as a result of the interaction of the
multiplicity of governing and each other
influencing actors (Kooiman and Van Vliet,
1993).
Management Performance of Pangasinan
Credit Cooperatives in the Context of
Collective Action and Good Governance
Edwin BR. Gbargaye, DPA

16. The provision of services
provided by the members of
the Women and Children
Protection Desk of the
Philippine National Police
Cordillera Administrative
Region (WCPD, PNP-CAR).
The theory that the researcher
will use in this study organizational
theory, performance theory and
Theory of Service Delivery.
Organizational
theory is being used in
this study to relate
performance of PNP
based on their
organizational structure,
financial resources,
human resources,
equipment; and facilities.
Melyrita A. Davis, DPA

17. The provision of services
provided by the members
of the Women and Children
Protection Desk of the
Philippine National Police
Cordillera Administrative
Region (WCPD, PNP-CAR)
Another theory which has a bearing
to this study is the theory of performance.
(Chandler: 1962; Donaldson: 1987).
Accordingly, it is assumed that an
organization in misfit fail to make the
adaptive changes that would move them
into fit if they underwent a crisis of low
performance. This is consistent with Simon
(1976) that management decisions are
boundedly rational that organizations do
not maximize their performance but
satisfies. Managerial decision making is
problem solving that is activated when
organizational performance falls below
deemed to be satisfactory (i.e.satisficing).
Thus, low performance of an organization
that whose structure misfits, contingency
variables lead into a change in the
organizational structure to bring it into fit.
In addition high performance feedback can
increase the contingency variables.
Melyrita A. Davis, DPA

18. The present study anchored on the
theories of Governance and New Public
Management (NPM). The decentralization
of agricultural extension programs from the
Department of Agriculture to the Local
Government Code revealed several issues
associated to policy, program, thrust,
organizational structure, human
resources, operation /implementation and
fiscal resources as a consequence
associated with the transition from
centralized the decentralized system.
Thus, the devolution of agricultural
extension function required local
empowerment for self governance .
The delivery of
agricultural
extension services
by the local
Government Units in
Pangasinan
Rogelio C. Evangelista, DPA

19. The management of
internal control system of
Millionaire Multi-Purpose
Cooperatives operating in
Region I.
Scientific
Management
Theory. Frederick
Winslow Taylor
(1856-1915), the
Father of Scientific
Management,
assumed that labor
is not the cause of
most problems in
business and it is
only the
management which
can provide
solutions to the
problems of the
business.
Behavioral
Management
Theory. This theory
as stated by Robert
Owen, is that
management must
have concern on the
worker's condition
which affects the
quality and quantity
of his work. Mary
Parker Follett is the
psychologist who
first applied
psychology to
busi-ness.
Contingency
Management
Theory. The
contingency theory
focuses on the
following: 1.) legal
aspects; 2.) cultural
considerations; and
3.) emerging field of
public
administration. This
management theory
attempts to explain
the operation of the
system by assessing
the factors in a given
situation
Social
Management
Theory. This theory
considers the
system of
management as a
system of cultural
interrelationship. It is
also a social
interaction dealing
with other people, as
well as, cultural
relationships
Quantitative
Management Theory.
This theory expresses
mathematical models
and measurable data.
This emphasizes the
creation of models,
which state specific
assumptions, purposes
and necessity. The
quantitative
explanations of the
condition of
assumptions, purposes
and problems become
the foundation for
decision-making.
Agustin D. Cortez, Ph.D.

20. Based on the foregoing example
1. specifies the theory used as basis for the study
2. mentions the proponents of the theory
3. cites the main points emphasized in the theory
4. Supports his exposition of the theory by ideas from other
experts;
5. illustrates his theoretical framework by means of a diagram;
and,
6. reiterates his theoretical proposition in the study.
J199 lecture, R.E.Khan

21. Proposed
Theories

22. Hypothesis
The hypothesis stated in the
null form were tested at
.05 level of significance:
• There is no significant
relationship between
administrative capability
and performance of LGUs
in the Cordilleras.
ADMINISTRATIVE
CAPABILITY AND
PERFORMANCE OF
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
UNITS IN THE
CORDILLERAS
ROGELIO D. MERCADO, DPA

23. “THEORY OF LOCAL GOVERNANCE
CAPABILITY”
This inquiry has proven that there is a significant relationship
between administrative capability and performance of the
LGUs in CAR with an overall value of .843, interpreted as high
positive correlation as supported by the “p” value of .000
which is highly significant even at .01 level. In view of this
result, a THEORY OF LOCAL GOVERNANCE CAPABILITY is
hereby proposed. The proposed theory postulates that as
administrative capability of local government units increases,
the resulting performance also gets better. This
contemplation is also supported by the discovery that as
problems in administrative capability become more serious,
performance of LGUs declines.

24. “THEORY OF SOCIAL RESPONSIVENESS”
This investigation also revealed that social responsibility has a significant
perfect correlation with performance which suggests that the sense
of social responsibility of the LGUs is the most significant dimension
of administrative capability that influences their performance while
the lowest in significance is organization structure. This finding not
only affirmed the inclusion of social responsibility as a dimension of
administrative capability but also proved that social responsibility is
the most dominant dimension that affects performance. In effect, this
supports another contemplation that a “THEORY OF SOCIAL
RESPONSIVENESS” should be considered. This theory posits that as
long as an organization is fully committed to the prosecution of
socially desirable programs and services, no matter how high or flat
its structure is, its performance shall be highly regarded by the
people. For a government entity, this is the real essence of
“Commitment to Public Interest.”