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FDM 203 Methods of Social Research 
PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 
Graduate School 
Urdaneta City Campus 
Prepared by: Maria Clarisa P. Lachica 
Michael John D. Sison 
MDM students 
Presented to: Josefina B. Bitonio, DPA 
Professor
Citing Sources: 
APA style 
or 
MLA format
In-Text Citation vs. Parenthetical Citation 
MLA (Modern Language Association) 
style is most commonly used to write 
papers and cite sources within the 
liberal arts and humanities. MLA style 
specifies guidelines for formatting 
manuscripts and using the English 
language in writing. MLA style also 
provides writers with a system for 
referencing their sources through 
parenthetical citation in their essays 
and Works Cited pages 
(https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl 
/resource/747/01/). 
APA citation style refers to the 
rules and conventions established 
by the American Psychological 
Association for documenting 
sources used in a research paper. 
APA style requires both in-text 
citations and a reference list. For 
every in-text citation there should 
be a full citation in the reference 
list and vice versa (Cornell 
University Library PSEC 
Documentation Committee, rev. 
2011).
Reference: 
Books 
• Ariola, Mariano M. Principles and Methods of 
Research. Rex Book Store, Inc. 2006 
• Calderon, Jose F. & Gonzales, Expectacion G. 
Methods of Research and Thesis Writing. (n.d.) 
• Calmorin, Laurentina P. & Calmorin, Melchor 
A. Research Methods and Thesis Writing 
(Second Edition). Rex Book Store, Inc. 2007 
• Webster’s Universal English Dictionary. 
Geddes & Grosset REPRO Mumbai, India 2006
Web 
• Barad, Dilip. The Literature Review. http://www.slideshare.net/dilipbarad/literature-review-review- 
of-related-literature-research-methodology Aug. 24, 2013 Retrieved August 09, 2014 
• Cornell University Library PSEC Documentation Committee. APA Citation Style. November 
2002; Revised April 2011 https://www.library.cornell.edu/research/citation/apa Retrieved July 
09, 2014 
• Imperial, Reynaldo. Principles of Ethics in Research. College of Arts and Sciences UP Manila 
• Malijan, Roqui. RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES. 
http://www.slideshare.net/RoquiMalijan/group-3-28367418 Nov. 18, 2013 Retrieved August 
09, 2014 
• Reyes, Jheng. Chapter III R ELATED LITERATURE 
AND STUDIES. http://www.slideshare.net/JhengReyes/chapter-iii-thesis-ni-gara 
July 24, 2014 Retrieved August 09, 2014 
• Swenson, Jennifer. Thesis Writing: A Guide For Students 
http://www.sparrowpapers.com/resources/thesis_writing_articles/thesis_writing_a_guide_for 
_students/ 
• ___________. APA.pdf Based on the Sixth Ed. of the Publication Manual of the American 
Psychological Association. Updated September 19, 2012. Retrieved August 09, 2014 
• ___________. Definition of related. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/related 
Retrieved August 15, 2014 
• ____________.Writing Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature. 
http://4humbeline.wordpress.com/2011/11/04/writing-chapter-2-review-of-related-literature/ 
Retrieved August 09, 2014

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In Text Citations in Writing Research

  • 1. FDM 203 Methods of Social Research PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY Graduate School Urdaneta City Campus Prepared by: Maria Clarisa P. Lachica Michael John D. Sison MDM students Presented to: Josefina B. Bitonio, DPA Professor
  • 2. Citing Sources: APA style or MLA format
  • 3. In-Text Citation vs. Parenthetical Citation MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. MLA style specifies guidelines for formatting manuscripts and using the English language in writing. MLA style also provides writers with a system for referencing their sources through parenthetical citation in their essays and Works Cited pages (https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl /resource/747/01/). APA citation style refers to the rules and conventions established by the American Psychological Association for documenting sources used in a research paper. APA style requires both in-text citations and a reference list. For every in-text citation there should be a full citation in the reference list and vice versa (Cornell University Library PSEC Documentation Committee, rev. 2011).
  • 4.
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  • 11.
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  • 14. Reference: Books • Ariola, Mariano M. Principles and Methods of Research. Rex Book Store, Inc. 2006 • Calderon, Jose F. & Gonzales, Expectacion G. Methods of Research and Thesis Writing. (n.d.) • Calmorin, Laurentina P. & Calmorin, Melchor A. Research Methods and Thesis Writing (Second Edition). Rex Book Store, Inc. 2007 • Webster’s Universal English Dictionary. Geddes & Grosset REPRO Mumbai, India 2006
  • 15. Web • Barad, Dilip. The Literature Review. http://www.slideshare.net/dilipbarad/literature-review-review- of-related-literature-research-methodology Aug. 24, 2013 Retrieved August 09, 2014 • Cornell University Library PSEC Documentation Committee. APA Citation Style. November 2002; Revised April 2011 https://www.library.cornell.edu/research/citation/apa Retrieved July 09, 2014 • Imperial, Reynaldo. Principles of Ethics in Research. College of Arts and Sciences UP Manila • Malijan, Roqui. RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES. http://www.slideshare.net/RoquiMalijan/group-3-28367418 Nov. 18, 2013 Retrieved August 09, 2014 • Reyes, Jheng. Chapter III R ELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES. http://www.slideshare.net/JhengReyes/chapter-iii-thesis-ni-gara July 24, 2014 Retrieved August 09, 2014 • Swenson, Jennifer. Thesis Writing: A Guide For Students http://www.sparrowpapers.com/resources/thesis_writing_articles/thesis_writing_a_guide_for _students/ • ___________. APA.pdf Based on the Sixth Ed. of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. Updated September 19, 2012. Retrieved August 09, 2014 • ___________. Definition of related. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/related Retrieved August 15, 2014 • ____________.Writing Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature. http://4humbeline.wordpress.com/2011/11/04/writing-chapter-2-review-of-related-literature/ Retrieved August 09, 2014

Editor's Notes

  1. APA Note: Do not enclose the title in quotation marks. Put a period after the title. If a periodical includes a volume number, italicize it and then give the page range (in regular type) without "pp." If the periodical does not use volume numbers, as in newspapers, use p. or pp. for page numbers.  Note: Unlike other periodicals, p. or pp. precedes page numbers for a newspaper reference in APA style. MLA:  Periodicals: • Journal, magazine, and newspaper articles may be accessed in hardcopy (include the word, Print at the end); from a website (include the word Web, and the date that you looked at it); or from a database (include the Database Name, the word Web, and the date that you looked at it). • Do not include an initial article at the beginning of a periodical title. • Include the volume and issue numbers for all journals but not for magazines and newspapers.  Encyclopedias and reference books: • If an encyclopedia does not arrange its articles alphabetically, then include the page numbers in the reference list as shown under "Book Article or Chapter."  Place of publication: • List only the first city mentioned. • Do not include the state or country. • If no place is given, put N.p.  Publisher: • Do not include articles, first names of people, or common words like Inc., Books, Press, and Publishing. Use abbreviations like: Acad., Assn., Inst., and Soc. Abbreviate "University Press" as "UP". See sections 7.5 and 7.4 of the handbook. • If the acronym for a company, organization, or agency is well-known, it should be used. • If no publisher is given, put n.p.  Dates: • The parts of the date are listed as day, month, year. • All months should be abbreviated except for May, June, and July (Jan., Feb., Mar., Apr., Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec.). • If no date is given, put n.d. See example under "Wiki." • For a website or other online source, also include the date that you looked at it.  Page numbers: • Cite the page numbers for the entire article in the reference list. Cite specific page numbers in parentheses in the text. • If possible, include only the final two digits of the concluding page number (ex. 393-94, 393-405, 1393-94, 1393-1405). • If the paging of a magazine or newspaper article is continued elsewhere in the issue, include only the first page followed by a plus sign (ex. 25+). • If no page numbers are given, put N. pag. • Newspaper and Magazine websites may include articles that originally appeared in the printed versions; these are cited as articles. A website may also include pages that were specifically created only for the website; these are cited as web pages. See the example for "Lyall" under "Newspaper Article."