This document discusses key concepts in population ecology, including:
1) Population size, density, and dispersion and how populations change over time through growth, aging, and mortality.
2) Models of population growth, including exponential and logistic growth and the role of carrying capacity in limiting growth.
3) Factors that control populations, including density-dependent factors like resources and density-independent factors like weather.
Ecological succession is the process of change in species composition of an ecological community over time. There are two main types: primary succession, which occurs in areas without previous life, and secondary succession, which occurs after a disturbance in an existing ecosystem. Succession will continue through different stages as species colonize an area and change the environment, eventually reaching a climax community that is stable and able to reproduce itself until the next disturbance. Humans can impact ecological succession through activities like agriculture that clear land and disrupt existing ecosystems.
Ecological succession is the natural process of change in species composition of an ecosystem over time. Primary succession begins in areas without soil, like newly exposed rock, and involves pioneer species like lichens forming soil. As the soil develops, other plants like mosses and ferns grow, adding more organic material. Eventually trees and other species dominate once soil is established. Secondary succession occurs in areas with existing soil that have been disturbed, like after a forest fire, and progresses more quickly through different pioneer species until a stable climax community develops.
Unit 5, Lesson 5.7- Ecological Successionjudan1970
Ecological succession is the gradual process by which ecosystems change and develop over time. There are two types: primary succession, which occurs on new habitats that have never been colonized, and secondary succession, which occurs on previously colonized habitats that have been disturbed. Primary succession from bare rock follows steps from pioneer lichens and mosses breaking down rock to develop soil, to larger plants like ferns and shrubs, and eventually forests over hundreds of years. Secondary succession is faster as soil and seeds are already present, such as after a forest fire or deforestation.
There are two types of succession: primary and secondary. Primary succession occurs on new bare rock from volcanic eruptions or retreating glaciers, beginning with pioneer organisms like lichens and progressing to slower growing tree species. This ends in a climax community, such as an oak-hickory forest in Ohio. Secondary succession follows a disturbance to an existing community from fires or farming, and the disturbed area undergoes similar changes through replacement of species until a climax community is reached again. Small ponds also undergo succession as they fill in over time.
Ecological succession refers to predictable changes in the structure of a community over time. Primary succession occurs on new areas without soil, like after a volcano, where pioneer species establish and create soil for more complex plants. Secondary succession follows a disturbance, like a fire, that reduces an existing ecosystem and leaves soil intact, allowing the area to transition back to its original state. Succession proceeds through early, middle, and late stages as species composition changes from small, fast reproducing pioneers to longer-lived plants and animals of a mature ecosystem.
Plant succession is the natural change in plant and animal communities over time. An open field may become a forest in 150-300 years through the stages of herb, shrub, young forest, mature forest and climax forest. Each stage brings changes to the variety and types of plants and wildlife present. Succession can be disrupted by weather events, fires or human activity. The patterns and drivers of succession are explained by models of facilitation, tolerance and inhibition.
This document discusses key concepts in population ecology, including:
1) Population size, density, and dispersion and how populations change over time through growth, aging, and mortality.
2) Models of population growth, including exponential and logistic growth and the role of carrying capacity in limiting growth.
3) Factors that control populations, including density-dependent factors like resources and density-independent factors like weather.
Ecological succession is the process of change in species composition of an ecological community over time. There are two main types: primary succession, which occurs in areas without previous life, and secondary succession, which occurs after a disturbance in an existing ecosystem. Succession will continue through different stages as species colonize an area and change the environment, eventually reaching a climax community that is stable and able to reproduce itself until the next disturbance. Humans can impact ecological succession through activities like agriculture that clear land and disrupt existing ecosystems.
Ecological succession is the natural process of change in species composition of an ecosystem over time. Primary succession begins in areas without soil, like newly exposed rock, and involves pioneer species like lichens forming soil. As the soil develops, other plants like mosses and ferns grow, adding more organic material. Eventually trees and other species dominate once soil is established. Secondary succession occurs in areas with existing soil that have been disturbed, like after a forest fire, and progresses more quickly through different pioneer species until a stable climax community develops.
Unit 5, Lesson 5.7- Ecological Successionjudan1970
Ecological succession is the gradual process by which ecosystems change and develop over time. There are two types: primary succession, which occurs on new habitats that have never been colonized, and secondary succession, which occurs on previously colonized habitats that have been disturbed. Primary succession from bare rock follows steps from pioneer lichens and mosses breaking down rock to develop soil, to larger plants like ferns and shrubs, and eventually forests over hundreds of years. Secondary succession is faster as soil and seeds are already present, such as after a forest fire or deforestation.
There are two types of succession: primary and secondary. Primary succession occurs on new bare rock from volcanic eruptions or retreating glaciers, beginning with pioneer organisms like lichens and progressing to slower growing tree species. This ends in a climax community, such as an oak-hickory forest in Ohio. Secondary succession follows a disturbance to an existing community from fires or farming, and the disturbed area undergoes similar changes through replacement of species until a climax community is reached again. Small ponds also undergo succession as they fill in over time.
Ecological succession refers to predictable changes in the structure of a community over time. Primary succession occurs on new areas without soil, like after a volcano, where pioneer species establish and create soil for more complex plants. Secondary succession follows a disturbance, like a fire, that reduces an existing ecosystem and leaves soil intact, allowing the area to transition back to its original state. Succession proceeds through early, middle, and late stages as species composition changes from small, fast reproducing pioneers to longer-lived plants and animals of a mature ecosystem.
Plant succession is the natural change in plant and animal communities over time. An open field may become a forest in 150-300 years through the stages of herb, shrub, young forest, mature forest and climax forest. Each stage brings changes to the variety and types of plants and wildlife present. Succession can be disrupted by weather events, fires or human activity. The patterns and drivers of succession are explained by models of facilitation, tolerance and inhibition.
Ecological succession describes how communities of plants and animals change over time in a particular area. There are two types of succession: primary succession, which occurs in areas without soil like after a volcanic eruption, and secondary succession, which occurs in areas with existing soil like after a forest fire. During primary succession, pioneer species like lichens and mosses establish first and help develop soil over time. Later stages see grasses and shrubs followed by trees. Secondary succession reestablishes ecosystems more quickly since soil remains intact, beginning with plants adapted to disturbed areas like fireweed before trees and other late stage species return. All succession leads eventually to a climax community of species best adapted to the local environment that will persist until
Ecological succession describes the process by which the species in an ecosystem change over time following a disturbance. It can be primary succession, which occurs on new surfaces like lava flows with no previous life, or secondary succession, which follows a disruption but not destruction of an existing community like after a forest fire. Succession proceeds as pioneering species like grasses establish and modify the environment, making it possible for other plants like shrubs and trees to grow and eventually form a stable community. Examples of succession include forests reestablishing on the island of Krakatoa after its 1883 eruption destroyed all life and sand dunes transforming into forests over time along shorelines.
This document discusses ecological succession. It defines succession as the process by which plant and animal communities change over time until a stable climax community is reached. There are two types of succession: primary succession, which occurs in areas without previous species like new sand dunes, and secondary succession, which occurs after a disturbance removes existing vegetation, like in abandoned fields. The stages of succession involve pioneer species first inhabiting the area and changing the environment, allowing new species to enter until a stable climax community is established. Videos and a worksheet on succession are assigned as homework.
This document discusses ecological succession, which is the process by which one community replaces another until a stable climax community is reached. It outlines the main steps of succession: nudation, invasion, competition/coaction, reaction, and climax. Nudation refers to the development of a bare area. Invasion involves pioneer species migrating and establishing in the bare area. Competition occurs as populations increase and species interact. Reaction changes the environment. The climax stage is the final stable community that will not be replaced. An example of succession is provided but not described in detail.
Ecological succession is the process by which the structure of a biological community evolves over time from a barren habitat to a stable community. Pioneer species are the first to colonize barren environments, such as lichens, ferns and mosses. Succession occurs through five sequential stages: nudation, invasion, competition/co-action, reaction, and stabilization or climax. Primary succession occurs on newly exposed rock surfaces, while secondary succession occurs in previously inhabited areas disturbed by events like fires or landslides.
The gradual replacement of one community by another in the development of vegetation towards a climax is the culmination stage in plant succession for a given environment.
This document discusses ecological succession, including primary and secondary succession. It provides examples of primary succession on new landscapes like volcanic islands or glacial retreat. Secondary succession is examined using a case study of an old field recovering from agriculture. The document also discusses how disturbances can impact succession, creating ecotones and edge effects. The intermediate disturbance hypothesis is presented, suggesting peak diversity at moderate disturbance levels. Island biogeography theories are summarized, relating them to habitat fragmentation. The solution of wildlife corridors is proposed to address fragmentation effects.
Plant succession refers to the natural orderly changes in plant and animal communities over time. If undisturbed, an open field may become a forest over 150-300 years. However, factors like soil, climate, topography, and natural or human disturbances can affect succession patterns. Succession progresses through stages from herbs to shrubs to young forest to mature forest and finally climax forest. Primary succession occurs on undeveloped land while secondary succession occurs on previously vegetated land disturbed by events like fires or logging.
Ecological succession is the gradual process of change and replacement of species in a community over time. There are two types of succession - primary succession, which occurs on new surfaces without an ecosystem like volcanic rock, and secondary succession, which happens in disturbed ecosystems. Pioneer species like bacteria and lichens are the first to colonize during primary succession, breaking down rock and forming soil for other species. Eventually a climax community develops that remains stable if undisturbed.
This document summarizes key concepts about ecology that were covered in Ms. Walker's biology class. It defines populations and communities, and describes the interdependencies between populations and the factors that influence population growth. Relationships between populations like predator-prey, parasitism, mutualism and commensalism are discussed. Ecological succession is introduced, including primary succession in a previously unoccupied area and secondary succession following a disruption. The document concludes by assigning homework to create a story applying these ecological concepts.
Ecological succession is the process by which one ecological community replaces another over time. There are two types of succession: primary and secondary. Primary succession occurs in areas without soil, like volcanic slopes, and involves pioneer species that help form soil and allow other plants and animals to move in over time. Secondary succession occurs in areas with existing soil that has been disturbed, like after a forest fire, and the process of the community reestablishing is faster since soil is already present. Both primary and secondary succession follow a similar pattern of colonization from small pioneer species to larger plants and animals that make up a climax community.
Plant Succession, Causes and it's Types Mahnoor Imran
This presentation describes the plant succession, causes and its main types that is primary and secondary succession with examples in detail. It is related to the Ecology topic in Botany.
This document provides information about plant succession over multiple pages. It begins with definitions and history, describing succession as the directional change in plant species occupying an area over time. It then describes different types of succession (primary, secondary, etc.), stages of hydrosere and xerosere successions, and trends during succession like increasing complexity and biomass. The document outlines the process of succession and concludes by discussing climatic, topographic, and biotic causes that can initiate succession.
Ecological succession describes the process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over time. It typically follows some form of disturbance that sets back succession. There are two main types of succession - primary succession, which occurs on new sites like emerging islands or land exposed after glaciers, and secondary succession, which occurs after smaller disturbances like fires or floods. Succession proceeds through stages as colonizing species arrive and habitat changes, typically culminating in a stable climax community. This process can inform land management by suggesting what types of vegetation should be left undisturbed or guided at different successional stages.
Ecological succession describes how communities change over time as earlier species are replaced by later species that are better adapted. Dredging disturbs benthic habitats by removing and disposing of sediments, potentially resetting ecological succession. The sediments dumped after dredging can smother existing organisms, impact species during reproduction, and contain toxic contaminants that can harm eggs, larvae, and coral reefs. Proper disposal methods aim to isolate contaminants and prevent their spread, such as capping sites or dredging in a way that buries more polluted sediments.
Ecological succession describes how communities of plants and animals change over time following a disturbance of an area. It can be primary succession, which occurs in areas without previous life like after a volcanic eruption, or secondary succession, which follows a disruption but not destruction of a community like after a forest fire. Succession proceeds as hardier species first colonize an area, gradually changing the environment to allow less hardy species to establish themselves until a stable community forms, though it may take a hundred years to fully recover from severe disturbances. Aquatic and coastal ecosystems like bogs and sand dunes also undergo successional changes as vegetation grows and transforms the landscape over long periods.
Ecological succession is the orderly progression of a vegetation community through developmental stages over time, eventually reaching a climax community. The key stages are:
1) Pioneer species first colonize the bare ground, exploiting the lack of competition. Moss and other low-growing plants are common pioneers.
2) After a few years, competition and environmental changes increase as the number of species grows. Soil develops, temperatures moderate, and nutrients rise with more complex food webs and larger herbivores present.
3) Further successional stages occur until a stable climax community is reached that is in equilibrium with the local climate and environment. In the UK, deciduous oak woodland is a common climax community
The document discusses different theories of plant succession:
1) The classical theory suggests that climax vegetation reaches a steady state once established.
2) The monoclimax theory proposes that each region has one climax community determined by climate.
3) The polyclimax theory argues that many climax communities can exist in a region, controlled by factors like soil moisture and topography.
Primary succession occurs when organisms first colonize lifeless areas, gradually changing conditions until an ecosystem forms. Secondary succession occurs more rapidly when organisms recolonize areas where ecosystems previously existed but were disturbed. Both primary and secondary succession involve predictable changes in communities over time that help maintain equilibrium in ecosystems.
Succession is the natural, orderly change in plant and animal communities that occurs at the same place over a period of time. In all communities, the composition of species changes over a period of time. Ecological succession leads to species diversity as it progresses. Secondary succession generally occurs faster than primary succession and is more likely to actually occur than latter
Ecological succession describes the predictable changes in communities over time. Primary succession occurs on new surfaces without soil, while secondary succession follows a disturbance with existing soil. Succession proceeds through stages from pioneer species to a climax community. Invasive species can disrupt normal succession. Community interactions include predation, competition, mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism. Early successional communities have simpler structures and functions than late successional communities.
Here are the answers to the quiz:
1. Temperature
2. Precipitation
3. Elevation
4. Australian desert
5. A forest occurring in tropical areas of heavy rain.
6. Chaparral
7. Tundra
8. Arctic fox
9. Grassland receives between 25- 75 cm of rain annually while savanna receives 50-150 cm.
10. Savanna has scattered trees while grassland does not have trees.
Ecological succession describes how communities of plants and animals change over time in a particular area. There are two types of succession: primary succession, which occurs in areas without soil like after a volcanic eruption, and secondary succession, which occurs in areas with existing soil like after a forest fire. During primary succession, pioneer species like lichens and mosses establish first and help develop soil over time. Later stages see grasses and shrubs followed by trees. Secondary succession reestablishes ecosystems more quickly since soil remains intact, beginning with plants adapted to disturbed areas like fireweed before trees and other late stage species return. All succession leads eventually to a climax community of species best adapted to the local environment that will persist until
Ecological succession describes the process by which the species in an ecosystem change over time following a disturbance. It can be primary succession, which occurs on new surfaces like lava flows with no previous life, or secondary succession, which follows a disruption but not destruction of an existing community like after a forest fire. Succession proceeds as pioneering species like grasses establish and modify the environment, making it possible for other plants like shrubs and trees to grow and eventually form a stable community. Examples of succession include forests reestablishing on the island of Krakatoa after its 1883 eruption destroyed all life and sand dunes transforming into forests over time along shorelines.
This document discusses ecological succession. It defines succession as the process by which plant and animal communities change over time until a stable climax community is reached. There are two types of succession: primary succession, which occurs in areas without previous species like new sand dunes, and secondary succession, which occurs after a disturbance removes existing vegetation, like in abandoned fields. The stages of succession involve pioneer species first inhabiting the area and changing the environment, allowing new species to enter until a stable climax community is established. Videos and a worksheet on succession are assigned as homework.
This document discusses ecological succession, which is the process by which one community replaces another until a stable climax community is reached. It outlines the main steps of succession: nudation, invasion, competition/coaction, reaction, and climax. Nudation refers to the development of a bare area. Invasion involves pioneer species migrating and establishing in the bare area. Competition occurs as populations increase and species interact. Reaction changes the environment. The climax stage is the final stable community that will not be replaced. An example of succession is provided but not described in detail.
Ecological succession is the process by which the structure of a biological community evolves over time from a barren habitat to a stable community. Pioneer species are the first to colonize barren environments, such as lichens, ferns and mosses. Succession occurs through five sequential stages: nudation, invasion, competition/co-action, reaction, and stabilization or climax. Primary succession occurs on newly exposed rock surfaces, while secondary succession occurs in previously inhabited areas disturbed by events like fires or landslides.
The gradual replacement of one community by another in the development of vegetation towards a climax is the culmination stage in plant succession for a given environment.
This document discusses ecological succession, including primary and secondary succession. It provides examples of primary succession on new landscapes like volcanic islands or glacial retreat. Secondary succession is examined using a case study of an old field recovering from agriculture. The document also discusses how disturbances can impact succession, creating ecotones and edge effects. The intermediate disturbance hypothesis is presented, suggesting peak diversity at moderate disturbance levels. Island biogeography theories are summarized, relating them to habitat fragmentation. The solution of wildlife corridors is proposed to address fragmentation effects.
Plant succession refers to the natural orderly changes in plant and animal communities over time. If undisturbed, an open field may become a forest over 150-300 years. However, factors like soil, climate, topography, and natural or human disturbances can affect succession patterns. Succession progresses through stages from herbs to shrubs to young forest to mature forest and finally climax forest. Primary succession occurs on undeveloped land while secondary succession occurs on previously vegetated land disturbed by events like fires or logging.
Ecological succession is the gradual process of change and replacement of species in a community over time. There are two types of succession - primary succession, which occurs on new surfaces without an ecosystem like volcanic rock, and secondary succession, which happens in disturbed ecosystems. Pioneer species like bacteria and lichens are the first to colonize during primary succession, breaking down rock and forming soil for other species. Eventually a climax community develops that remains stable if undisturbed.
This document summarizes key concepts about ecology that were covered in Ms. Walker's biology class. It defines populations and communities, and describes the interdependencies between populations and the factors that influence population growth. Relationships between populations like predator-prey, parasitism, mutualism and commensalism are discussed. Ecological succession is introduced, including primary succession in a previously unoccupied area and secondary succession following a disruption. The document concludes by assigning homework to create a story applying these ecological concepts.
Ecological succession is the process by which one ecological community replaces another over time. There are two types of succession: primary and secondary. Primary succession occurs in areas without soil, like volcanic slopes, and involves pioneer species that help form soil and allow other plants and animals to move in over time. Secondary succession occurs in areas with existing soil that has been disturbed, like after a forest fire, and the process of the community reestablishing is faster since soil is already present. Both primary and secondary succession follow a similar pattern of colonization from small pioneer species to larger plants and animals that make up a climax community.
Plant Succession, Causes and it's Types Mahnoor Imran
This presentation describes the plant succession, causes and its main types that is primary and secondary succession with examples in detail. It is related to the Ecology topic in Botany.
This document provides information about plant succession over multiple pages. It begins with definitions and history, describing succession as the directional change in plant species occupying an area over time. It then describes different types of succession (primary, secondary, etc.), stages of hydrosere and xerosere successions, and trends during succession like increasing complexity and biomass. The document outlines the process of succession and concludes by discussing climatic, topographic, and biotic causes that can initiate succession.
Ecological succession describes the process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over time. It typically follows some form of disturbance that sets back succession. There are two main types of succession - primary succession, which occurs on new sites like emerging islands or land exposed after glaciers, and secondary succession, which occurs after smaller disturbances like fires or floods. Succession proceeds through stages as colonizing species arrive and habitat changes, typically culminating in a stable climax community. This process can inform land management by suggesting what types of vegetation should be left undisturbed or guided at different successional stages.
Ecological succession describes how communities change over time as earlier species are replaced by later species that are better adapted. Dredging disturbs benthic habitats by removing and disposing of sediments, potentially resetting ecological succession. The sediments dumped after dredging can smother existing organisms, impact species during reproduction, and contain toxic contaminants that can harm eggs, larvae, and coral reefs. Proper disposal methods aim to isolate contaminants and prevent their spread, such as capping sites or dredging in a way that buries more polluted sediments.
Ecological succession describes how communities of plants and animals change over time following a disturbance of an area. It can be primary succession, which occurs in areas without previous life like after a volcanic eruption, or secondary succession, which follows a disruption but not destruction of a community like after a forest fire. Succession proceeds as hardier species first colonize an area, gradually changing the environment to allow less hardy species to establish themselves until a stable community forms, though it may take a hundred years to fully recover from severe disturbances. Aquatic and coastal ecosystems like bogs and sand dunes also undergo successional changes as vegetation grows and transforms the landscape over long periods.
Ecological succession is the orderly progression of a vegetation community through developmental stages over time, eventually reaching a climax community. The key stages are:
1) Pioneer species first colonize the bare ground, exploiting the lack of competition. Moss and other low-growing plants are common pioneers.
2) After a few years, competition and environmental changes increase as the number of species grows. Soil develops, temperatures moderate, and nutrients rise with more complex food webs and larger herbivores present.
3) Further successional stages occur until a stable climax community is reached that is in equilibrium with the local climate and environment. In the UK, deciduous oak woodland is a common climax community
The document discusses different theories of plant succession:
1) The classical theory suggests that climax vegetation reaches a steady state once established.
2) The monoclimax theory proposes that each region has one climax community determined by climate.
3) The polyclimax theory argues that many climax communities can exist in a region, controlled by factors like soil moisture and topography.
Primary succession occurs when organisms first colonize lifeless areas, gradually changing conditions until an ecosystem forms. Secondary succession occurs more rapidly when organisms recolonize areas where ecosystems previously existed but were disturbed. Both primary and secondary succession involve predictable changes in communities over time that help maintain equilibrium in ecosystems.
Succession is the natural, orderly change in plant and animal communities that occurs at the same place over a period of time. In all communities, the composition of species changes over a period of time. Ecological succession leads to species diversity as it progresses. Secondary succession generally occurs faster than primary succession and is more likely to actually occur than latter
Ecological succession describes the predictable changes in communities over time. Primary succession occurs on new surfaces without soil, while secondary succession follows a disturbance with existing soil. Succession proceeds through stages from pioneer species to a climax community. Invasive species can disrupt normal succession. Community interactions include predation, competition, mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism. Early successional communities have simpler structures and functions than late successional communities.
Here are the answers to the quiz:
1. Temperature
2. Precipitation
3. Elevation
4. Australian desert
5. A forest occurring in tropical areas of heavy rain.
6. Chaparral
7. Tundra
8. Arctic fox
9. Grassland receives between 25- 75 cm of rain annually while savanna receives 50-150 cm.
10. Savanna has scattered trees while grassland does not have trees.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in community ecology, including species interactions, trophic levels, food webs, succession, biomes, and factors that limit population growth. It defines important ecological terms and describes various types of species relationships, ecological roles, community changes over time, and Earth's major terrestrial biomes.
The document discusses succession and characteristics of northeast forests. It notes that primary succession occurs on new surfaces like lava flows, while secondary succession occurs on previously vegetated land. It then describes northeast forests as a temperate ecosystem that receives over 40 inches of rain annually, causing high levels of mineral leaching. Most northeast forests are under 100 years old and lack diversity, as old growth is rare and fragmented. Prairies and savannas have also been largely lost, eliminating many early and mid succession environments. The forests have also experienced over 250 years of near complete fire suppression.
1. Forest succession is the gradual replacement of one community of plants by another, usually driven by differences in shade tolerance. Pioneer species that colonize first are shade-intolerant, while climax species that eventually remain are most shade tolerant.
2. In an eastern deciduous forest, pioneer species like black locust and loblolly pine establish first following clearing before being replaced by oak trees with intermediate tolerance and later more tolerant maple and beech.
3. Forest succession can be influenced by disturbances like clearing or fire that allow pioneers to grow, while lack of disturbance allows climax species suited to the location to persist indefinitely.
The document summarizes the three main Greek architectural orders - Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. The Doric order is the simplest with plain columns and capitals. The Ionic order is more decorative with fluted columns and scroll capitals. The most decorative is the Corinthian order, known for its columns with leaves and flowers at the top. Examples are given of each order, including the famous Parthenon which uses Doric style. Modern neoclassical buildings still employ elements of these Greek orders in their design.
Ecologisch ontwerpen voor onze toekomstakkernaarbos
This document discusses sustainable agricultural production and agroecology. It begins by outlining the intensification discourse around needing to double food production by 2050 to feed a growing population. However, it argues this narrative is false and advocates for local solutions to the global food security problem. The document then discusses various agroecological practices and systems that can support sustainable intensification, including crop-livestock integration, agroforestry, and landscape-level approaches to biodiversity conservation and ecosystem service provision. It emphasizes co-creating knowledge with farmers and a transition towards more sustainable food systems.
Ecological succession describes how communities change over time through primary and secondary succession. Primary succession occurs in areas without soil, like newly exposed rock, where pioneer species establish and slowly transform the rock into soil over long periods. Secondary succession follows disturbances that remove existing communities but leave soil intact, allowing the original community to regrow through stages. Mature communities have the highest biodiversity and are dominated by well-adapted species. The carbon, nitrogen, and water cycles describe the movement of these essential elements between living things and the environment.
Tree improvement | Techniques & PracticesAnand Charvin
Tree improvement relies on understanding and using variation that naturally occurs in tree populations.
This presentation aims to allow the users to learn about tree improvement and the techniques and practices.
There are two main types of ecosystems: terrestrial and aquatic. Terrestrial ecosystems include forests, deserts, grasslands, and mountains. Forests have a high density of life. Deserts have scarce flora and fauna due to high heat, sunlight and low water. Grasslands mainly comprise grasses with some shrubs and trees and support many grazing animals. Mountains provide diverse habitats from alpine to coniferous forests. Aquatic ecosystems include marine and freshwater. Marine ecosystems cover most of the Earth's surface while freshwater ecosystems include lakes, rivers, and wetlands.
The document discusses population trends and projections in the Philippines from 2000 to 2040. It provides data on:
- Projected exponential growth rates which are expected to decline from 2.05% to 0.92% over the period.
- Projected total fertility rates, which are also expected to decline from 3.41 children per woman to 2.07 over the same period.
- Projections for the total population, which is expected to increase from 76.9 million to 141.7 million by 2040 under medium assumptions.
This document defines and classifies different types of climaxes in plant succession. A climax is the final stable plant community for a given environment. There are several types of climaxes, including climatic, edaphic, pre-climax, post-climax, biotic, catastrophic, and disclimax. Each type is distinguished based on the factors influencing the plant community, such as climate, soil conditions, biotic interactions, or human disturbances. The climax community is balanced and resistant to changes in environmental conditions.
Natural resource population dynamics examines how environmental factors influence changes in population numbers and composition over time. Bobwhite quail populations have severely declined over 50 years primarily due to loss of agricultural habitat. Quail need early succession habitat for nesting cover and brood ranges. Wildlife biologists track population changes of species of concern by counting calls and roadside surveys. Population dynamics are influenced by factors like density, birth rates, mortality rates, dispersal, age structure, sex ratios, and resource limitations.
Ecotone and edge effects & ecological successionRoxette Layosa
This document discusses ecotones, edge effects, and ecological succession. It defines an ecotone as the transition zone between two adjacent ecological communities. Edge effects refer to changes in populations or communities that occur at habitat boundaries, allowing for greater biodiversity. Ecological succession is the process by which a biological community evolves over time, occurring through primary succession on new habitats or secondary succession on previously disturbed habitats. Succession proceeds toward a climax community that is stable and balanced for the local climate and soil conditions.
Community ecology examines the interactions between populations of different species living in the same area. Species compete for limited resources but can coexist through mechanisms like resource partitioning, where species differentiate their use of resources to reduce competition. Disturbances can alter communities, initiating primary or secondary succession as the community reestablishes itself over time. Keystone species play an outsized role in community structure and ecosystem function.
The document discusses natural and artificial regeneration of forests. Natural regeneration refers to the natural process by which plants replace or re-establish themselves through seed dispersal or vegetative reproduction like coppicing. It depends on several factors like seed production, germination conditions, seedling establishment and survival. Artificial regeneration involves human intervention through methods like sowing, planting or other means to renew forest crops. The choice of species, site selection, nursery practices and planting methods are important considerations for artificial regeneration.
Breeding method for clonal propagation crops, apomixis and clonal selectionHit Jasani
This document discusses principles of plant breeding, specifically asexual reproduction and vegetative reproduction. It describes various natural and artificial methods of vegetative reproduction including underground stems, bulbs, runners and cuttings. It also discusses apomixis, an asexual reproduction process where embryos form without fertilization. Obligate and facultative apomixis are described. The role of asexual reproduction in plant breeding is to rapidly produce pure lines and maintain superior genotypes. Clonal selection is the process used to select superior clones from mixed populations of asexually reproducing crops like sugarcane and potato.
This document discusses several key concepts related to communities and succession in ecology. It defines a community as a group of interacting species living together in a shared habitat. Succession is introduced as the process of community changes over time, with species composition shifting as environmental conditions change. Several models of succession are described, including Clements' idea of orderly stages leading to a climax community and Gleason's more individualistic view. The roles of dispersal, biotic interactions, and environment in driving successional changes are also noted. Major global biomes like deserts and tundra are briefly outlined.
Jerry Franklin - Early seral forest: a diminishing resource?Ecoshare
The document discusses early successional forest communities that occur after stand-replacing disturbances before the reestablishment of a closed forest canopy. These communities have altered microclimates, are structurally and biologically rich, and alter ecosystem processes. They provide important habitat and are highly biodiverse, but salvage logging and reforestation efforts can negatively impact the recovery of these communities by removing structural legacies and reducing heterogeneity. Naturally regenerated early successional forests are likely more resilient to climate change due to their diversity.
Ecological succession is the gradual and continuous change in species composition and community structure over time in an area. It occurs through two main types - primary succession, which establishes communities on new areas like bare rock, and secondary succession, which occurs in previously inhabited areas affected by disturbances. Succession proceeds through stages from pioneer to climax communities as conditions change. Deforestation in the Amazon has led to large-scale land use changes and succession, with many secondary forest bird species colonizing but few displacing original forest birds over time. Roads may facilitate some species invasions but succession appears reversible through forest regrowth.
An ecotone is a transitional area between two adjacent ecological communities. It is where two communities meet and integrate. Ecotones have characteristics that are intermediate to the bordering ecosystems and often contain species found in both as well as some uniquely adapted to the ecotone. They have high biodiversity and experience an "edge effect" of even greater diversity than the surrounding ecosystems. Ecotones are dynamic boundaries that can form naturally over time or through human impacts and serve important roles as buffers, corridors for species movement, and sensitive indicators of environmental change.
Community interactions powerfully affect ecosystems through various types of relationships between species including competition, predation, herbivory, symbiosis, and disease. These interactions drive community structure and dynamics. Communities tend to have short food chains due to inefficiencies in energy transfer and limits to animal size. Dominant, keystone, and foundation species play important roles in determining community composition through competitive and facilitative effects. Ecological succession involves predictable changes in communities over time in response to disturbances.
This document provides an introduction to forest ecology, discussing key concepts and topics. It covers three major topics: site factors like climate, substrate and hydrology that influence forest composition; forest succession and changes over time due to disturbance; and natural disturbances like flooding, fire, wind, ice, insects and disease. Forest ecology examines how living organisms interact with each other and the physical environment in complex forest ecosystems.
Factors that shape an environment. Abiotic and Biotic, organisms niche, interactions between species in communities, succession (primary and secondary).
The document discusses key topics relating to ecosystems and biodiversity. It notes that the richest biodiversity is found near the equator, especially in areas like Indonesia and equatorial South America, as well as coral reefs. Ecological succession is influenced by environmental changes and disruption can affect rural and urban communities. Biodiversity at genetic, species, and ecosystem levels is important for ecological health but facing threats from human activity like habitat destruction. The Philippines has high biodiversity but also high rates of loss. Conservation efforts aim to stem further biodiversity loss.
The document discusses how community structure is shaped by various factors and species interactions. It defines keystone species as those that have a large influence on community structure through their presence or absence. Examples are provided, such as sea otters in kelp forests - by eating sea urchins, otters prevent the urchins from overgrazing the kelp and destroying the kelp forest habitat. The concept of ecological niches is also introduced, with the idea that two species cannot occupy the same niche indefinitely within a community.
This document discusses biodiversity at three levels - species diversity, genetic diversity, and ecosystem diversity. It notes that species diversity is highest near the equator and in coastal areas with warm sea surface temperatures. Throughout history there have been several mass extinction events that dramatically reduced biodiversity. Currently, the Holocene extinction caused by human activity is reducing biodiversity. The document outlines that each level of biodiversity influences the others, and loss at one level can impact the other levels. Maintaining biodiversity is important for sustaining ecosystem productivity and resilience against disasters.
Succession is the gradual process by which the species composition of a biological community changes over time due to ecological disturbances. Primary succession occurs in new areas where soil needs to develop, like sand dunes or volcanic islands. Secondary succession happens in areas damaged by events like fires or deforestation, which allows faster recolonization because soil and some species remain. As succession progresses, communities gain biomass and species diversity but productivity decreases, and specialized and nutrient-recycling species become more common. Biodiversity refers to genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity and is essential for communities to survive, with different reproductive strategies adapted to early or stable succession stages.
Concepts of biosphere, ecosystem, biome, ecotone, community and ecologySenjutiSaha1
The document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts in biogeography and ecology, including:
- Biosphere: The global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships within the Earth system. The biosphere is thought to have evolved over 3.5 billion years ago.
- Ecosystem: The community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment, interacting as a system. Ecosystems are controlled by both external and internal factors.
- Biome: A large naturally occurring community of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat. The main terrestrial biomes include rainforests, grasslands, tundra, and deserts.
- Ecotone: A
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The document discusses biodiversity, which refers to the variety of life on Earth at genetic, species, and ecosystem levels. It notes that biodiversity is highest in the tropics and along coasts with warm sea surface temperatures. Species diversity generally increases closer to the equator due to warm climates and high productivity. The document also defines several key terms related to biodiversity, such as genetic diversity, species diversity, species richness, ecosystem diversity, and community diversity.
The main causes of ecological succession include the biotic and climatic factors that can destroy the populations of an area. Wind, fire, soil erosion and natural disasters include the climatic factors. Ecological succession is important for the growth and development of an ecosystem. It initiates colonization of new areas and recolonization of the areas that had been destroyed due to certain biotic and climatic factors. Thus, the organisms can adapt to the changes and learn to survive in a changing environment.
1) An ecosystem consists of all the living organisms (biotic factors) in a particular area, along with the nonliving (abiotic) parts like air, water, and mineral resources.
2) Primary succession occurs in new areas like land exposed by retreating glaciers, where pioneer species arrive first and help create conditions for later species.
3) Secondary succession follows disruptions to existing ecosystems, as earlier species are replaced over time, progressing towards a stable climactic community composition.
Community ecology examines how species interact and relate to one another within biological communities. Ecologists represent feeding interactions through food chains and complex food webs. Organisms are classified based on trophic levels according to their position in the food web. Communities experience natural and human-caused disturbances and undergo succession over time. Some species have outsized impacts on community structure as keystone species, ecosystem engineers, or foundation species. Community ecologists study how communities resist or recover from disturbances.
My presentation with Bo Adams, Chief Learning & Innovation Officer, Mount Vernon Presbyterian School at the 2018 Southern Association of Independent Schools Annual Conference.
Description
So often tales from students, parents, and colleagues establish legend and lore about our classroom teachers, providing an incomplete picture of the landscape of teaching and learning in our schools. How might we accurately view that landscape ourselves and, with others, construct and understand a truer map of our pedagogical system? Learning walks are a means to "hike the pedagogical topography” in schools while leveraging simple tech tools to better map that landscape.
This document summarizes Derrick Willard's experience integrating iPads and social media into science instruction at Providence Day School in Charlotte, North Carolina. It describes how he has used digital tools like collaborative blogs, digital notebooks, note-taking apps, and formative assessment tools to move from a paper-based to a more paperless approach across various science courses from tropical ecology to AP Environmental Science to Science 8. The goal has been to promote creation, collaboration, and moving beyond just substituting digital tools for paper-based ones to truly transforming instruction using the SAMR model of technology integration.
Derrick Willard and Matt Scully from Providence Day School in Charlotte, North Carolina discuss how the iPad is changing science instruction at their school. They implemented iPads in various science courses from tropical ecology to AP Environmental Science. This allowed them to go paperless, use digital tools for collaboration and projects, access content on demand, and use formative assessment apps. They found the iPad helped promote productivity, note taking, projects presented on Apple TV, digital lab notebooks, and collaborative blogs. The iPad is helping bring 21st century skills like digital learning to the science classroom.
This document discusses coal mining practices and their environmental impacts. It begins by explaining that coal and other minerals are mined to produce energy and materials like steel. Several mining techniques are described, including surface mining methods like mountaintop removal and subsurface techniques like longwall mining. The document notes that while mining is important, it can cause issues like water and air pollution, subsidence, and damage to landscapes. Laws like the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act were passed to regulate impacts and require cleanup, but mining continues to significantly alter environments.
This document discusses different types of species interactions including competition, predation, parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. It provides examples of each type of interaction and how species may coevolve or partition resources in response to competition or predation. Species must adapt to interactions, migrate to avoid negative interactions, or may go extinct if unable to adapt or migrate in response to competition or predation.
1. Hazardous waste landfills are designed with multiple layers to prevent contamination, including compacted waste, clay and plastic linings, leachate collection systems, and groundwater monitoring wells.
2. Common hazardous wastes include cleaning products, paints, pesticides, batteries, motor oil and antifreeze which should not be thrown in the trash or poured down drains but disposed of properly.
3. Transitioning to a low-waste society requires reducing and reusing materials to minimize pollution, following principles like industrial ecology that mimic natural cycles.
This document discusses municipal solid waste (MSW) in the United States and Mecklenburg County, North Carolina from 1997-2009. It notes that most MSW in the US comes from mining, oil and gas, and agriculture, while municipal waste makes up a small percentage. It also outlines current practices for dealing with MSW, including landfilling, recycling, and incineration. Barriers to increasing recycling rates are discussed, such as low environmental costs and subsidies that favor virgin materials over recycled materials. Potential solutions proposed include taxing resource extraction and requiring government agencies to purchase more recyclables.
A presentation by Garet Johnson of the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Planning Department to our AP Environmental Science Class at Providence Day School on 1/6/2011.
Slide deck for presentation on using social media to extend the science classroom given at the North Carolina Association of Independent Schools Conference on November 5, 2010.
Slide deck for a presentation on an integrated math/science unit given at the North Carolina Science Teachers Professional Development Institute on November 12, 2010.
The document discusses the concepts of keystone and foundation species through several examples. It describes research showing that the sea star Pisaster ochraceus is a keystone species that controls populations of mussels, maintaining diversity in intertidal communities. Studies on kangaroo rats and prairie dogs also demonstrate how removing these species can transform ecosystems by reducing diversity. Kelp is provided as an example of a foundation species as a dominant primary producer.
This document discusses different types of species interactions including competition, predation, parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. It provides examples of each type of interaction such as the competitive exclusion of grey squirrels outcompeting red squirrels in Britain. Species may coevolve due to competitive interactions, developing strategies like resource partitioning to coexist. Predator-prey relationships can drive coevolution through evolutionary arms races. Commensal and mutualistic interactions provide benefits to one or both species involved.
This document describes how a teacher used ClustrMaps to visualize the geographic locations of visitors to his class blog over 10 months. The blog gained over 1600 visitors from countries all around the world, including places in North America, Europe, Asia, Africa, South America, and the Pacific. The map showed the expanding international audience for the class blog over time.
The document discusses various mining techniques and their environmental impacts. It describes how minerals are identified and land is acquired for mining under the 1872 Mining Law. Surface mining techniques like open-pit, strip, contour, and mountaintop removal mining are outlined. Subsurface mining techniques like room-and-pillar and longwall mining are also summarized. The document discusses the impacts of mining such as scarring of land, erosion, subsidence, water and air pollution from acid mine drainage and slurry pond spills. It provides an example of reclamation at an abandoned coal mine in Pennsylvania.
The document discusses waste management statistics from the United States and Mecklenburg County, North Carolina from 1997-2008. It notes that municipal solid waste (MSW) makes up a small percentage of total waste generated annually in the US. Most MSW is disposed of in landfills, though recycling rates have increased since the 1980s. Barriers to higher recycling rates include a lack of incentives to use recycled materials and convenience of disposal options.
This is my "ignite" format (20 slide/15 sec slide) slide deck from my presentation at NCAIS Innovate Conference on March 11, 2010 at Cary Academy. No Audio, but presentation should be on YouTube Channel soon.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Fig 10.8 Graphs showing changes in biomass and diversity with succession.
Fig 10.9 (a) Hypothesized changes in soil nitrogen during the course of soil development. (b) Change in total soil phosphorus over time with soil development. (Source : P. M. Vitousek and P. S. White, 1981, “Process Studies in Forest Succession,” in D. C. West, H. H. Shugart, and D. B. Botkin, eds. Forest Succession: Concepts and Applications [New York: Springer-Verlag, 1981], Figure 17.1, p. 269.)
Fig 10.7 Diagram of bog succession. Open water (a) is transformed through formation of a floating mat of sedge and deposition of sediments (b) into wetland forest (c).