Vegetative propagation is an important technique in modern Indian agriculture to increase crop yields. It involves reproducing plants through plant parts like stems, roots, and leaves rather than seeds. The key types of vegetative propagation discussed are cuttings, layering, and grafting. Cuttings involve propagating plants from stem, root, or leaf cuttings taken from a mother plant. Layering causes a stem to root while still attached to the parent plant. Grafting involves joining tissue from one plant onto another to propagate commercially important crops like mangoes. Vegetative propagation allows for mass production of plants with desired traits and is widely used in horticultural nurseries.
This document discusses asexual reproduction in plants, which is the formation of new individuals from a single parent's cells and does not allow for genetic variation. It describes several methods of asexual reproduction including vegetative reproduction through bulbs, underground stems, runners, and leaves. It also discusses artificial propagation techniques like stem cuttings, grafting, layering, and plant tissue culture which can be used to reproduce plants without seeds.
All cells of a plant develop from the zygote. The zygote undergoes cell division and the cells differentiate into tissues and organs through the processes of growth and differentiation. During development, plants form complex structures like roots, leaves, flowers and fruits. Growth is defined as a permanent increase in size through cellular processes. There are different types of growth rates including arithmetic and geometric. Plant growth and development is regulated by plant growth regulators or phytohormones such as auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene.
This document discusses pollination, defining it as the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of a flower. It describes the two main types of pollination - self-pollination and cross-pollination. Self-pollination involves the transfer of pollen grains within or between flowers on the same plant, while cross-pollination involves the transfer between genetically different plants. The document outlines various pollination mechanisms like anemophily, entomophily and ornithophily and discusses the adaptations of flowers to each. It also describes methods to ensure cross-pollination and the importance and process of artificial pollination as well as coevolution between flowers and
Male and female gametes from plants unite during sexual reproduction to form a zygote, which develops into a new plant body. Sexually reproduced offspring have two parents and thus exhibit more variation than asexually reproduced offspring that have a single parent. Pollination involves the transfer of pollen grains containing male gametes from the anther to the stigma. It can occur through biotic vectors like insects or abiotically via wind or water. Self-pollination involves pollen transfer within a flower or between flowers on the same plant, while cross-pollination transfers pollen between plants. Asexual reproduction requires only one parent and can occur via vegetative propagation using plant structures like stems, leaves, and roots
Stem cuttings are the most common method of vegetative plant propagation. A stem cutting is a portion of a stem that includes at least one node and is rooted to form a new plant. There are several types of stem cuttings including softwood, semi-hardwood, and hardwood cuttings. Softwood cuttings are taken from new, succulent growth while hardwood cuttings are taken from dormant, mature stems. Leaf cuttings can also be used to propagate some plants by rooting leaf blades or sections. Proper environmental conditions and sometimes treatment with rooting hormones helps promote root formation on cuttings.
1) Plants reproduce both asexually through vegetative propagation and sexually through the fusion of male and female gametes.
2) Asexual reproduction occurs through vegetative propagation using plant parts like stems and leaves, as well as spore formation. This allows for rapid reproduction but limited genetic variation.
3) Sexual reproduction involves pollination of flowers transferring pollen between male stamen and female pistil, followed by fertilization and seed production. This introduces greater genetic variation but requires more time and energy.
Pollination in plants is the process where pollen is transferred from the anther, the male part of a flower, to the stigma, the female part of a flower. Pollen can be transferred to one plant or even a nearby plant so that they can get fertilized and make more flowers. This happens in plants that have flowers called angiosperms.
In this lesson you will learn about :
1) What is Pollination?
2) Types of Pollination
3) Self-Pollination
- Adaptations for Self-Pollination
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Self-Pollination
4) Cross-Pollination
- Adaptations for Cross-Pollination
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Cross-Pollination
5) Agents of Cross-Pollination
- Entomophilous
- Anemophilous
- Hydrophilous
6) Artificial Pollination
I hope this document is helpful to you. Please share the document with your friends if you think this will benefit them. Get ready for the next lesson. Thanks.
Vegetative propagation is an important technique in modern Indian agriculture to increase crop yields. It involves reproducing plants through plant parts like stems, roots, and leaves rather than seeds. The key types of vegetative propagation discussed are cuttings, layering, and grafting. Cuttings involve propagating plants from stem, root, or leaf cuttings taken from a mother plant. Layering causes a stem to root while still attached to the parent plant. Grafting involves joining tissue from one plant onto another to propagate commercially important crops like mangoes. Vegetative propagation allows for mass production of plants with desired traits and is widely used in horticultural nurseries.
This document discusses asexual reproduction in plants, which is the formation of new individuals from a single parent's cells and does not allow for genetic variation. It describes several methods of asexual reproduction including vegetative reproduction through bulbs, underground stems, runners, and leaves. It also discusses artificial propagation techniques like stem cuttings, grafting, layering, and plant tissue culture which can be used to reproduce plants without seeds.
All cells of a plant develop from the zygote. The zygote undergoes cell division and the cells differentiate into tissues and organs through the processes of growth and differentiation. During development, plants form complex structures like roots, leaves, flowers and fruits. Growth is defined as a permanent increase in size through cellular processes. There are different types of growth rates including arithmetic and geometric. Plant growth and development is regulated by plant growth regulators or phytohormones such as auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene.
This document discusses pollination, defining it as the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of a flower. It describes the two main types of pollination - self-pollination and cross-pollination. Self-pollination involves the transfer of pollen grains within or between flowers on the same plant, while cross-pollination involves the transfer between genetically different plants. The document outlines various pollination mechanisms like anemophily, entomophily and ornithophily and discusses the adaptations of flowers to each. It also describes methods to ensure cross-pollination and the importance and process of artificial pollination as well as coevolution between flowers and
Male and female gametes from plants unite during sexual reproduction to form a zygote, which develops into a new plant body. Sexually reproduced offspring have two parents and thus exhibit more variation than asexually reproduced offspring that have a single parent. Pollination involves the transfer of pollen grains containing male gametes from the anther to the stigma. It can occur through biotic vectors like insects or abiotically via wind or water. Self-pollination involves pollen transfer within a flower or between flowers on the same plant, while cross-pollination transfers pollen between plants. Asexual reproduction requires only one parent and can occur via vegetative propagation using plant structures like stems, leaves, and roots
Stem cuttings are the most common method of vegetative plant propagation. A stem cutting is a portion of a stem that includes at least one node and is rooted to form a new plant. There are several types of stem cuttings including softwood, semi-hardwood, and hardwood cuttings. Softwood cuttings are taken from new, succulent growth while hardwood cuttings are taken from dormant, mature stems. Leaf cuttings can also be used to propagate some plants by rooting leaf blades or sections. Proper environmental conditions and sometimes treatment with rooting hormones helps promote root formation on cuttings.
1) Plants reproduce both asexually through vegetative propagation and sexually through the fusion of male and female gametes.
2) Asexual reproduction occurs through vegetative propagation using plant parts like stems and leaves, as well as spore formation. This allows for rapid reproduction but limited genetic variation.
3) Sexual reproduction involves pollination of flowers transferring pollen between male stamen and female pistil, followed by fertilization and seed production. This introduces greater genetic variation but requires more time and energy.
Pollination in plants is the process where pollen is transferred from the anther, the male part of a flower, to the stigma, the female part of a flower. Pollen can be transferred to one plant or even a nearby plant so that they can get fertilized and make more flowers. This happens in plants that have flowers called angiosperms.
In this lesson you will learn about :
1) What is Pollination?
2) Types of Pollination
3) Self-Pollination
- Adaptations for Self-Pollination
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Self-Pollination
4) Cross-Pollination
- Adaptations for Cross-Pollination
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Cross-Pollination
5) Agents of Cross-Pollination
- Entomophilous
- Anemophilous
- Hydrophilous
6) Artificial Pollination
I hope this document is helpful to you. Please share the document with your friends if you think this will benefit them. Get ready for the next lesson. Thanks.
Flowers contain reproductive organs called stamens and carpels. Stamens contain pollen and carpels contain ovaries with egg cells. Flowers can be unisexual with only stamens or carpels, or bisexual with both. Pollination is the transfer of pollen from stamen to carpel, allowing the male gamete in pollen to fuse with the female gamete in the ovule through a pollen tube. This fertilization produces a seed containing an embryo inside the ovary, which develops into a fruit.
This document discusses various methods of vegetative propagation, specifically grafting. It defines grafting as attaching the shoot of a superior plant to the root stock of an inferior plant to multiply the superior plant. Several types of grafting are described, including approach grafting, whip grafting, cleft grafting, top grafting, veneer grafting, epicotyl grafting, and budding. Budding is defined as a form of grafting where a bud is inserted into the rootstock and allowed to grow. Different budding techniques like T-budding, patch budding, chip budding, flap budding, and ring budding are also outlined.
Vegetative Propagation artificial and naturalshauryadhawan
Vegetative propagation is a method of asexual reproduction in plants where new plants are created from vegetative parts like stems, leaves, and roots without the use of seeds or reproductive organs. There are two types: natural propagation which occurs without human intervention as roots, stems, or leaves develop new plants, and artificial propagation which involves human techniques like cuttings, layering, grafting, and tissue culture to create new plants. Some key examples of plants that use vegetative propagation are potatoes, ginger, mint, and begonias.
Pollination and fertilization in plants is a multi-step process. Pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma of the flower through pollination, which can be self-pollination or cross-pollination. Upon reaching the stigma, the pollen grain germinates and the pollen tube grows down through the style until it reaches the ovule. Double fertilization then occurs, where one sperm cell fuses with the egg cell to form a zygote, and the other sperm cell fuses with the central cells to form the endosperm. This provides nutrition for the developing embryo and leads to the formation of seeds.
Sexual reproduction in plants involves the transfer of pollen from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same or different plant. Flowers contain reproductive parts like stamen and pistil. Pollination can be self or cross between plants. Plants also reproduce asexually through methods like cutting, grafting, layering and tissue culture which use plant parts like stems to form new plants.
seed is scientifically the mature embryo.
these powerpoint slides include the basic concepts of seed,its importance, parts of seed, composition,seed structure, seed development and embryogenesis.
This document discusses plant propagation methods. It describes sexual propagation using seeds and asexual propagation using vegetative parts like cuttings, layering, grafting, and budding. Sexual propagation transmits traits through pollination and seeds but asexual methods preserve the mother plant's characteristics and rapidly multiply plants. The document outlines common asexual techniques including stem cuttings, layering types, grafting approaches, and budding styles. It also defines plant anatomy terms and explains the germination process.
This document discusses three artificial methods of vegetative plant propagation: layering, cutting, and grafting. Layering involves bending a stem or branch to the ground and burying part of it so roots develop. Cutting uses small stem, leaf, or root cuttings planted in soil to develop new plants. Grafting combines desirable traits of two plant varieties by cutting the stem of the stock plant and placing a scion cutting from another plant over it, allowing them to fuse together into one plant with qualities of both.
This document summarizes key trends in plant evolution such as the reduction of the gametophyte generation and specialization of the sporophyte generation. It also describes the development of vascular tissue which improved water and nutrient transport within plants. Additionally, it reviews plant classification including bryophytes, seedless vascular plants like ferns and horsetails, gymnosperms, and flowering plants. Seedless vascular plants were dominant during the late Devonian through early Permian time periods but today are more marginal in their success.
Plant fertilization is the union of male and female gametes (reproductive cells) to produce a zygote (fertilized egg)
Double Fertilization
Both the male gametes/sperms participate in sexual reproduction.
Two male gametes fuse with one female gamete wherein one male gamete fertilizes the egg to form a zygote, whereas the other fuses with two polar nuclei to form an endosperm
Triple fusion is the fusion of the male gamete with two polar nuclei inside the embryo sac of the angiosperm.
Porogamy - entry through the micropyle.
Chalazogamy - entry through the Chalaza
Mesogamy - entry through the middle part or the integuments
Steps leading to fertilization
Germination of the pollen grain:
Stigma function is to provide place of lodging and germination of the pollen grain after pollination.
Types of stigmas-
Wet stigmas
Secrete exudates like water and other nutrients
In the form of droplets on the stigma.
Exudates made up of a mix of water, lipids, sugars, amino acids, phenolic compounds.
Highly viscous and adhesive. Ex: Petunia, Zea etc.
Dry stigma
Do not secrete exudates Ex: Gossypium
Double Fertilization & Triple Fusion:
Both the male gametes are involved in the fertilization.
Fertilize two different components of the embryo sac - Double Fertilization
One fuses with the egg nucleus (syngamy) -> Zygote(2n)
second fuses with polar nuclei -> primary endosperm nucleus (PEN).
Involves fusion of three nuclei - Triple fusion -> Endosperm(3n)
Pollen tube in the synergids:
Entry only through micropyle. Guided by oburator
Presence of chemotropic substances
Collapse of one the synergids prior to entry of the pollen tube.
Pollen tube in the synergids:
Entry only through micropyle. Guided by oburator
Presence of chemotropic substances
Collapse of one the synergids prior to entry of the pollen tube.
Discharge of pollen tube contents (two male gametes, vegetative nucleus and cytoplasm) into the synergids.
Disorganization of tube nucleus
Polyspermy &Heterofertilization
Heterofertilization - Type of double fertilization in plants in which endosperm and embryo are genetically different.
This happens when two different sperm nuclei from two different pollen tubes happen to enter the same embryo sac.
Dr. T. Annie Sheron
Annie Sheron
Kakatiya Government College
This document discusses plant propagation techniques for orchard crops. It defines plant propagation as the art and science of multiplying plants through sexual or asexual means. The two main types of propagation are sexual propagation using seeds, and asexual propagation methods like cuttings, budding, grafting, layering, and separation/division of specialized structures. Several specific asexual propagation techniques are described in detail such as stem cuttings, budding methods, grafting styles, and types of layering.
1. Asexual reproduction allows plants to clone themselves without combining gametes. Offspring are identical to the parent plant.
2. Natural vegetative propagation occurs without human intervention through structures like bulbs, rhizomes, stolons, tubers, and corms that allow new plants to grow.
3. Artificial vegetative propagation is done by humans, such as through cuttings, layering, grafting, tissue culture, and marcotting to propagate plants faster or for experimental purposes.
Pollination, transfer of pollen grains from the stamens, the flower parts that produce them, to the ovule-bearing organs or to the ovules (seed precursors) themselves. In plants such as conifers and cycads, in which the ovules are exposed, the pollen is simply caught in a drop of fluid secreted by the ovule. In flowering plants, however, the ovules are contained within a hollow organ called the pistil, and the pollen is deposited on the pistil’s receptive surface, the stigma. There the pollen germinates and gives rise to a pollen tube, which grows down through the pistil toward one of the ovules in its base. In an act of double fertilization, one of the two sperm cells within the pollen tube fuses with the egg cell of the ovule, making possible the development of an embryo, and the other cell combines with the two subsidiary sexual nuclei of the ovule, which initiates formation of a reserve food tissue, the endosperm. The growing ovule then transforms itself into a seed.
Sexual & Asexual Prop- Advantages & Disadvantages.pptPudhuvai Baveesh
Sexual and asexual propagation each have advantages and disadvantages. Sexual propagation using seeds is simple and inexpensive, but the seedlings have long juvenile periods and are not true to type. Asexual propagation through cuttings, grafting, and layering allows for identical, true-to-type plants to be produced quickly at large scale, though vegetative propagation limits evolution. The choice of method depends on factors like cultivar characteristics, scale of production, and horticultural goals.
This document discusses various methods of plant propagation including sexual propagation through seeds and asexual propagation through methods like cutting, grafting, budding, layering, division, and tissue culture. It provides details on each method, including defining key terms and outlining the basic process. The goal of plant propagation is to multiply plants of the same species while maintaining desirable traits.
This document discusses pollination and the different types of pollination including self-pollination, cross-pollination, and their advantages and disadvantages. It also describes the floral adaptations for different pollination mechanisms including anemophily (wind), hydrophily (water), entomophily (insects), ornithophily (birds), and chiropterophily (bats). Key adaptations include flower size, color, scent, nectar production, pollen characteristics, and timing of anther and stigma maturation.
This document summarizes plant reproduction, including both asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction occurs without the fusion of male and female gametes and includes vegetative reproduction through structures like rhizomes, tubers, bulbs, and artificial methods like stem and root cuttings. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes and begins with the flower, which contains stamens that produce pollen and pistils containing ovules. Pollination is when pollen is transferred, followed by fertilization where the male and female gametes fuse. This results in the development of seeds from the ovules and fruits from the ovaries. Seed dispersal then carries seeds away from the parent plant.
Layering is a method of vegetative propagation where a stem is induced to root while still attached to the parent plant. There are several types of layering including simple layering, where a stem is bent to the ground and covered with soil, and air layering, where a stem is girdled and surrounded with moist moss to promote root formation. Layering has advantages over other propagation methods as it prevents water and carbohydrate stress on the new plant and ensures a high success rate. Factors like wounding, moisture, and growth regulators can influence the rooting of layers.
The document summarizes the basic parts of a plant including roots, stems, leaves, and flowers. It describes the functions of each part. Roots anchor the plant and absorb water and minerals, transporting them to the stem. Leaves make food through photosynthesis, facilitate gas exchange, and store food. Stems transport water, minerals, and food throughout the plant and support leaves and flowers. Flowers contain reproductive organs to produce seeds and fruit.
This document discusses asexual plant propagation techniques used in horticulture. It describes various methods such as stem cuttings, leaf cuttings, budding, layering, separation, tissue culture, and grafting. For each method, it provides details on the process and diagrams for visual explanation. The advantages of asexual propagation and tissue culture are also summarized, such as reproducing exact clones of plants and producing new plants faster than seed propagation.
This document summarizes the process of freezing fruits and vegetables for preservation. It discusses that freezing stops microbial growth and slows chemical changes by placing foods in temperatures of 0°F or -18°C. The quality of frozen foods depends on factors like the raw materials, pre-treatments like blanching, the freezing method/rate, and storage temperature/time. Freezing inactivates enzymes and microbes and causes small ice crystals to form if done rapidly, minimizing cell damage. Common freezing methods include cold air blasts, plate freezers, and immersing in liquid refrigerants. Frozen foods can be stored for long periods if kept at appropriate temperatures.
Flowers contain reproductive organs called stamens and carpels. Stamens contain pollen and carpels contain ovaries with egg cells. Flowers can be unisexual with only stamens or carpels, or bisexual with both. Pollination is the transfer of pollen from stamen to carpel, allowing the male gamete in pollen to fuse with the female gamete in the ovule through a pollen tube. This fertilization produces a seed containing an embryo inside the ovary, which develops into a fruit.
This document discusses various methods of vegetative propagation, specifically grafting. It defines grafting as attaching the shoot of a superior plant to the root stock of an inferior plant to multiply the superior plant. Several types of grafting are described, including approach grafting, whip grafting, cleft grafting, top grafting, veneer grafting, epicotyl grafting, and budding. Budding is defined as a form of grafting where a bud is inserted into the rootstock and allowed to grow. Different budding techniques like T-budding, patch budding, chip budding, flap budding, and ring budding are also outlined.
Vegetative Propagation artificial and naturalshauryadhawan
Vegetative propagation is a method of asexual reproduction in plants where new plants are created from vegetative parts like stems, leaves, and roots without the use of seeds or reproductive organs. There are two types: natural propagation which occurs without human intervention as roots, stems, or leaves develop new plants, and artificial propagation which involves human techniques like cuttings, layering, grafting, and tissue culture to create new plants. Some key examples of plants that use vegetative propagation are potatoes, ginger, mint, and begonias.
Pollination and fertilization in plants is a multi-step process. Pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma of the flower through pollination, which can be self-pollination or cross-pollination. Upon reaching the stigma, the pollen grain germinates and the pollen tube grows down through the style until it reaches the ovule. Double fertilization then occurs, where one sperm cell fuses with the egg cell to form a zygote, and the other sperm cell fuses with the central cells to form the endosperm. This provides nutrition for the developing embryo and leads to the formation of seeds.
Sexual reproduction in plants involves the transfer of pollen from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same or different plant. Flowers contain reproductive parts like stamen and pistil. Pollination can be self or cross between plants. Plants also reproduce asexually through methods like cutting, grafting, layering and tissue culture which use plant parts like stems to form new plants.
seed is scientifically the mature embryo.
these powerpoint slides include the basic concepts of seed,its importance, parts of seed, composition,seed structure, seed development and embryogenesis.
This document discusses plant propagation methods. It describes sexual propagation using seeds and asexual propagation using vegetative parts like cuttings, layering, grafting, and budding. Sexual propagation transmits traits through pollination and seeds but asexual methods preserve the mother plant's characteristics and rapidly multiply plants. The document outlines common asexual techniques including stem cuttings, layering types, grafting approaches, and budding styles. It also defines plant anatomy terms and explains the germination process.
This document discusses three artificial methods of vegetative plant propagation: layering, cutting, and grafting. Layering involves bending a stem or branch to the ground and burying part of it so roots develop. Cutting uses small stem, leaf, or root cuttings planted in soil to develop new plants. Grafting combines desirable traits of two plant varieties by cutting the stem of the stock plant and placing a scion cutting from another plant over it, allowing them to fuse together into one plant with qualities of both.
This document summarizes key trends in plant evolution such as the reduction of the gametophyte generation and specialization of the sporophyte generation. It also describes the development of vascular tissue which improved water and nutrient transport within plants. Additionally, it reviews plant classification including bryophytes, seedless vascular plants like ferns and horsetails, gymnosperms, and flowering plants. Seedless vascular plants were dominant during the late Devonian through early Permian time periods but today are more marginal in their success.
Plant fertilization is the union of male and female gametes (reproductive cells) to produce a zygote (fertilized egg)
Double Fertilization
Both the male gametes/sperms participate in sexual reproduction.
Two male gametes fuse with one female gamete wherein one male gamete fertilizes the egg to form a zygote, whereas the other fuses with two polar nuclei to form an endosperm
Triple fusion is the fusion of the male gamete with two polar nuclei inside the embryo sac of the angiosperm.
Porogamy - entry through the micropyle.
Chalazogamy - entry through the Chalaza
Mesogamy - entry through the middle part or the integuments
Steps leading to fertilization
Germination of the pollen grain:
Stigma function is to provide place of lodging and germination of the pollen grain after pollination.
Types of stigmas-
Wet stigmas
Secrete exudates like water and other nutrients
In the form of droplets on the stigma.
Exudates made up of a mix of water, lipids, sugars, amino acids, phenolic compounds.
Highly viscous and adhesive. Ex: Petunia, Zea etc.
Dry stigma
Do not secrete exudates Ex: Gossypium
Double Fertilization & Triple Fusion:
Both the male gametes are involved in the fertilization.
Fertilize two different components of the embryo sac - Double Fertilization
One fuses with the egg nucleus (syngamy) -> Zygote(2n)
second fuses with polar nuclei -> primary endosperm nucleus (PEN).
Involves fusion of three nuclei - Triple fusion -> Endosperm(3n)
Pollen tube in the synergids:
Entry only through micropyle. Guided by oburator
Presence of chemotropic substances
Collapse of one the synergids prior to entry of the pollen tube.
Pollen tube in the synergids:
Entry only through micropyle. Guided by oburator
Presence of chemotropic substances
Collapse of one the synergids prior to entry of the pollen tube.
Discharge of pollen tube contents (two male gametes, vegetative nucleus and cytoplasm) into the synergids.
Disorganization of tube nucleus
Polyspermy &Heterofertilization
Heterofertilization - Type of double fertilization in plants in which endosperm and embryo are genetically different.
This happens when two different sperm nuclei from two different pollen tubes happen to enter the same embryo sac.
Dr. T. Annie Sheron
Annie Sheron
Kakatiya Government College
This document discusses plant propagation techniques for orchard crops. It defines plant propagation as the art and science of multiplying plants through sexual or asexual means. The two main types of propagation are sexual propagation using seeds, and asexual propagation methods like cuttings, budding, grafting, layering, and separation/division of specialized structures. Several specific asexual propagation techniques are described in detail such as stem cuttings, budding methods, grafting styles, and types of layering.
1. Asexual reproduction allows plants to clone themselves without combining gametes. Offspring are identical to the parent plant.
2. Natural vegetative propagation occurs without human intervention through structures like bulbs, rhizomes, stolons, tubers, and corms that allow new plants to grow.
3. Artificial vegetative propagation is done by humans, such as through cuttings, layering, grafting, tissue culture, and marcotting to propagate plants faster or for experimental purposes.
Pollination, transfer of pollen grains from the stamens, the flower parts that produce them, to the ovule-bearing organs or to the ovules (seed precursors) themselves. In plants such as conifers and cycads, in which the ovules are exposed, the pollen is simply caught in a drop of fluid secreted by the ovule. In flowering plants, however, the ovules are contained within a hollow organ called the pistil, and the pollen is deposited on the pistil’s receptive surface, the stigma. There the pollen germinates and gives rise to a pollen tube, which grows down through the pistil toward one of the ovules in its base. In an act of double fertilization, one of the two sperm cells within the pollen tube fuses with the egg cell of the ovule, making possible the development of an embryo, and the other cell combines with the two subsidiary sexual nuclei of the ovule, which initiates formation of a reserve food tissue, the endosperm. The growing ovule then transforms itself into a seed.
Sexual & Asexual Prop- Advantages & Disadvantages.pptPudhuvai Baveesh
Sexual and asexual propagation each have advantages and disadvantages. Sexual propagation using seeds is simple and inexpensive, but the seedlings have long juvenile periods and are not true to type. Asexual propagation through cuttings, grafting, and layering allows for identical, true-to-type plants to be produced quickly at large scale, though vegetative propagation limits evolution. The choice of method depends on factors like cultivar characteristics, scale of production, and horticultural goals.
This document discusses various methods of plant propagation including sexual propagation through seeds and asexual propagation through methods like cutting, grafting, budding, layering, division, and tissue culture. It provides details on each method, including defining key terms and outlining the basic process. The goal of plant propagation is to multiply plants of the same species while maintaining desirable traits.
This document discusses pollination and the different types of pollination including self-pollination, cross-pollination, and their advantages and disadvantages. It also describes the floral adaptations for different pollination mechanisms including anemophily (wind), hydrophily (water), entomophily (insects), ornithophily (birds), and chiropterophily (bats). Key adaptations include flower size, color, scent, nectar production, pollen characteristics, and timing of anther and stigma maturation.
This document summarizes plant reproduction, including both asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction occurs without the fusion of male and female gametes and includes vegetative reproduction through structures like rhizomes, tubers, bulbs, and artificial methods like stem and root cuttings. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes and begins with the flower, which contains stamens that produce pollen and pistils containing ovules. Pollination is when pollen is transferred, followed by fertilization where the male and female gametes fuse. This results in the development of seeds from the ovules and fruits from the ovaries. Seed dispersal then carries seeds away from the parent plant.
Layering is a method of vegetative propagation where a stem is induced to root while still attached to the parent plant. There are several types of layering including simple layering, where a stem is bent to the ground and covered with soil, and air layering, where a stem is girdled and surrounded with moist moss to promote root formation. Layering has advantages over other propagation methods as it prevents water and carbohydrate stress on the new plant and ensures a high success rate. Factors like wounding, moisture, and growth regulators can influence the rooting of layers.
The document summarizes the basic parts of a plant including roots, stems, leaves, and flowers. It describes the functions of each part. Roots anchor the plant and absorb water and minerals, transporting them to the stem. Leaves make food through photosynthesis, facilitate gas exchange, and store food. Stems transport water, minerals, and food throughout the plant and support leaves and flowers. Flowers contain reproductive organs to produce seeds and fruit.
This document discusses asexual plant propagation techniques used in horticulture. It describes various methods such as stem cuttings, leaf cuttings, budding, layering, separation, tissue culture, and grafting. For each method, it provides details on the process and diagrams for visual explanation. The advantages of asexual propagation and tissue culture are also summarized, such as reproducing exact clones of plants and producing new plants faster than seed propagation.
This document summarizes the process of freezing fruits and vegetables for preservation. It discusses that freezing stops microbial growth and slows chemical changes by placing foods in temperatures of 0°F or -18°C. The quality of frozen foods depends on factors like the raw materials, pre-treatments like blanching, the freezing method/rate, and storage temperature/time. Freezing inactivates enzymes and microbes and causes small ice crystals to form if done rapidly, minimizing cell damage. Common freezing methods include cold air blasts, plate freezers, and immersing in liquid refrigerants. Frozen foods can be stored for long periods if kept at appropriate temperatures.
There are different methods of commercial freezing available, but they are all based on two principles.
1) Very low temperatures inhibit growth of micro-organisms and limit enzyme and chemical activity.
2) The formation of ice crystals draws available water from the food, also preventing growth of micro-organisms.
The document provides a summary of the global, Asian, and North American frozen food markets from 2005-2010. It finds that the global market reached $194 billion in 2010, with Asia Pacific and North America markets valued at $16.5 billion and $42.9 billion respectively. The frozen pizza, potato, and ready meals markets all saw annual growth between 3-6% globally in this period. UK and North American trends show consumers increasingly choosing frozen foods for health, value and convenience. The outlook predicts continued strong growth in Asia Pacific and in healthy frozen product lines worldwide through 2012.
- The quality of frozen foods is influenced by storage temperature, with quality decreasing as temperatures increase. Maintaining temperatures of -18°C is accepted as safe for extended shelf life.
- Temperature fluctuations during storage can cause recrystallization of ice crystals and reduce quality through increased crystal size.
- Factors like freezer burn, moisture migration, lipid oxidation, protein denaturation, and enzymatic browning can negatively impact the quality of frozen foods during storage and must be controlled. Understanding these factors is key to minimizing quality loss.
This document discusses a market research project on consumer behavior towards frozen food products in India. It provides background on India's food processing industry and the growth of the frozen foods market. Key findings from exploratory research including retailer, distributor and customer surveys are summarized. The research found that the changing Indian lifestyle with more working couples and time constraints is driving demand for convenient frozen and packaged foods. However, some consumers still prefer traditional foods.
Freezing helps to Inhibit the growth of microorganisms hence help in preservation of foods. So, freezing is a very easy and effective method for the preservation of fruits and vegetables and to retain them for longer duration.
En botánica, la apomixia ó apomixis es un modo de reproducción asexual, sin fertilización y sin meiosis. Una apomíctica ó planta apomíctica produce semillas que son genéticamente idénticas a la planta madre. Aunque evolutivamente las ventajas de la reproducción sexual se pierden, la apomixis permite la fijación indefinida de genotipos altamente adaptados. Esta ventaja de la apomixis es -desde el punto de vista genético- la misma que presenta la multiplicación vegetativa. No obstante, en la apomixis también se produce la dispersión de las semillas, lo que permite a las plantas apomícticas explorar y conquistar nuevos ambientes.
The document discusses three types of pollination: self-pollination where pollen is transferred within the same plant, cross-pollination where pollen is transferred between different plants, and wind or insect pollination which can occur across plants. Wind-pollinated flowers have adaptations like small dull colors, no scent or nectar, very light pollen, and dangling anthers and feathery stigmas to catch drifting pollen. Insect-pollinated flowers evolve traits including bright colors, sweet scents, nectar, sticky pollen, and positioned anthers and stigmas to attract insects and ensure pollen transfer.
Genetic Control Of Apomixis: Asexual Seed Formation discusses the genetic control of apomixis, or asexual seed formation, in plants. Apomixis allows plants to reproduce asexually through seeds that are genetic clones of the mother plant, bypassing meiosis and fertilization. There are two main types of apomixis - sporophytic and gametophytic. Several genes and loci have been identified that control different aspects of apomixis like avoidance of meiosis, parthenogenesis, and endosperm development. Studies in various plant species provide evidence that apomixis is genetically dominant but suppressed at genomic regions near the controlling loci. Polyploidy may also play
The document discusses plant reproduction, including asexual and sexual reproduction. It covers the life cycles of non-flowering plants like mosses and ferns which have motile sperm that require moist environments. The document also discusses the life cycles of flowering plants, which have evolved relationships with insect pollinators and can live in more diverse environments as a result. Key terms defined include haploid, diploid, mitosis, and meiosis. The alternation of generations in plant life cycles is also explained.
Pollination involves the transfer of pollen from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma. It is important for sexual reproduction in flowering plants, which produces variation that allows natural selection to occur. While animals can easily reproduce sexually as separate sexes, flowering plants have evolved relationships with pollinators like insects, birds, and bats to transport pollen between plants. Pollinators are attracted to flowers through visual cues like color and patterns, as well as smells, and they receive rewards of nectar and pollen in return for transferring pollen between plants and enabling fertilization and seed production.
this topic objectives are: differentiate self- pollination and cross pollination,draw self-pollination in plants and appreciate the importance of insects in pollination.
Four main methods of asexual reproduction are described: binary fission, spore formation, budding, and vegetative propagation. Vegetative propagation can occur naturally through bulbs, runners, and tubers, or artificially through methods like tissue culture and cuttings. Tissue culture, also called micropropagation, involves growing small plant parts in sterile conditions and produces clones. Advantages of vegetative propagation include certainty of reproduction without pollination or seeds, no dormancy period required, and identical clones transferring desired traits.
Biology Sexual and asexual reproductioneLearningJa
This document provides an overview of sexual and asexual reproduction. It defines key terms like meiosis, mitosis, gametes and fertilization. It describes several methods of asexual reproduction like binary fission, budding, regeneration and parthenogenesis. Advantages of asexual reproduction include not needing a mate and producing large numbers quickly, while disadvantages include inability to adapt to changes. Sexual reproduction generates genetic variation through meiosis and fertilization, allowing adaptation but requiring more time and energy to find a mate.
Asexual reproduction in plants involves propagating new plants using only vegetative parts of the parent plant, allowing plants that do not produce seeds or have difficult to germinate seeds to be cultivated. Some common asexual propagation methods are cuttings, separation, division, layering, grafting, budding, and tissue culture. Tissue culture offers advantages like producing large numbers of identical plants quickly in a small space while eliminating diseases from the parent plant.
Chapter 16 Reproduction in Plants Lesson 2 - Pollinationj3di79
Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma. It can occur through self-pollination within a flower or plant or cross-pollination between plants. Flowers have adapted traits for wind or insect pollination, with wind-pollinated flowers generally having small, dry pollen and insect flowers having nectar, scent and bright colors. Cross-pollination provides genetic diversity but requires two parents, while self-pollination only requires one but can lead to inbreeding over time. Plants use various mechanisms like separate male and female plants or maturation timing to encourage outcrossing.
The document is an assignment on the glossary of plant breeding terms submitted by a student. It contains definitions for over 70 terms related to plant breeding, genetics, and seed science. Some of the key terms defined include plant breeding, F1, F2, heterosis, hybrid, inbred line, male sterility, self-incompatibility, and certified seed. The glossary provides concise explanations of important concepts and terminology used in the fields of plant breeding, genetics, and seed production.
This document discusses pollination and was presented by the group Spartans. It defines pollination as the transfer of pollen from male to female reproductive organs in plants. The document outlines different types of pollination including self-pollination, cross-pollination, abiotic pollination via wind or water, and biotic pollination via insects, birds, bats, or humans. It discusses the importance and advantages and disadvantages of self-pollination and cross-pollination. The document also discusses factors that affect pollination, artificial means of pollination, problems with pollination, and solutions to improve pollination.
Vegetative propagation is a process of plant reproduction using vegetative plant parts like roots, stems, leaves rather than seeds or spores. It involves the use of meristem tissue and mitosis to produce new plants identical to the parent plant. There are two types of vegetative propagation - natural processes involving structures like tubers, rhizomes, bulbs and runners, and artificial processes like cutting, grafting, layering and tissue culture which involve human intervention to propagate desirable plant varieties.
This document discusses vegetative propagation, which is the asexual reproduction of plants using plant parts like roots, stems, leaves, etc. rather than seeds. It notes that vegetative propagation produces clones of the parent plant. Some reasons for vegetative propagation include the inability to produce viable seeds, ensuring plants are true to the type of the parent, adapting plants to habitats, and producing more plants more quickly than through seeds. The document outlines natural vegetative propagation methods like adventitious roots and runners as well as artificial methods like cuttings, grafting, layering, suckering, and tissue culture.
This document provides an overview of asexual and sexual reproduction. It discusses various modes of asexual reproduction like binary fission, multiple fission, regeneration, fragmentation, budding and spore formation. It also covers vegetative propagation and tissue culture. For sexual reproduction, it describes the floral parts like carpels and stamens and the processes of pollination, fertilization and double fertilization in flowering plants.
Plants and animals can reproduce both asexually and sexually. In asexual reproduction, offspring are identical clones of the parent, while sexual reproduction requires the fertilization of egg and sperm to produce offspring with unique combinations of traits. Plants undergo mitosis or meiosis and have structures like flowers, fruits, and spores to facilitate reproduction. Their life cycles and methods of asexual reproduction vary. Animals also use mitosis, meiosis, and sexual reproduction involving male and female gametes. Fertilization results in offspring with a mix of parents' traits. Both kingdoms pass genetic material to offspring through DNA and chromosomes.
Topic is Asexual reproduction in plant ,in Detail with proper diagram and example.
The diagram are taken form web browser and notes is taken from liable source, ref books and NCERT book.
I can assure you that if you go through this ppt then you will not need any Reference book to read or to make note.
Reference is Textbook of NEET and AIIMS "Botany"
so plz give me your valuable feedback.
Thank you
Asexual reproduction is a process in which new organism is produced from a single parent without the involvement of gametes or cells. Many unicellular and multi cellular organisms reproduce asexually.
To achieve the target of creating a new plant or a plant with desired characteristics, tissue culture is often coupled with recombinant DNA technology. The techniques of plant tissue culture have largely helped in the green revolution by improving the crop yield and quality.
The knowledge obtained from plant tissue cultures has contributed to our understanding of metabolism, growth, differentiation and morphogenesis of plant cells. Further, developments in tissue culture have helped to produce several pathogen-free plants, besides the synthesis of many biologically important compounds, including pharmaceuticals. Because of the wide range of applications, plant tissue culture attracts the attention of molecular biologists, plant breeders and industrialists.
PPT on Tissue Culture Class 10 CBSE Text Book NCERT.One Time Forever
This is a PPT Based on Class 10 Chapter How Do Organisms Reproduce, on a Small Topic of it That is Tissue Culture with easy and detailed explanation of each topic of tissue culture along with some pictures and some examples. Hopefully it Would Be Helpful To You. Thank You.
Plant propagation refers to the process of creating new plants through various methods such as seeds, cuttings, bulbs, and other plant parts. There are two main types of propagation - sexual propagation using seeds which involves both male and female gametes, and asexual vegetative propagation using plant parts like cuttings, bulbs, and stolons. Plants disperse their seeds in different ways including wind, water, animal, explosion, and fire dispersal to transport seeds away from the parent plant. Common vegetative propagation techniques include division, layering, grafting, micropropagation, and using stolons, bulbs, and cuttings. A variety of tools and growing structures help facilitate plant propagation.
Vegetative propagation is a form of asexual reproduction used by plants to produce offspring without seeds, pollen, or flowers. The offspring are genetically identical to the parent plant. Vegetative propagation can occur naturally through modified plant structures like stems, roots, leaves, and buds, or can be induced artificially through methods like cuttings, grafting, and tissue culture. Vegetative propagation is advantageous for gardeners because it allows desirable plant traits to be reproduced rapidly and in large quantities.
Artificial methods of asexual reproduction in plants include grafting, cutting, layering, and micropropagation. Grafting involves joining the shoot system of one plant (the scion) to the root system of another plant (the stock). Cutting propagation is done through stem, leaf, or root cuttings. Layering is when a stem is bent and covered with soil to produce roots. Micropropagation, also called tissue culture, allows rapid multiplication of plants in a sterile laboratory environment through culturing small pieces of plant tissue on nutrient media.
How do organisms reproduce part 1 (Asexual Reproduction)pankajkumar2073
The document discusses various modes of reproduction in organisms. It explains that reproduction allows for the survival and increase of species by producing new individuals. It describes asexual reproduction methods like binary fission, budding, regeneration, fragmentation, and spore formation which involve a single parent. Sexual reproduction involves two parents. The document also discusses the importance of variation during reproduction for species survival and evolution.
Plant tissue culture, also known as micropropagation, uses sterilized plant parts or seeds placed in sterile containers with nutrient-rich gel medium to propagate plants. The explants are prevented from infection by microorganisms during rooting or multiplying. Exact copies of donor plants can be created using this method, which is useful for cloning plants with desirable traits faster than traditional propagation. The process involves establishing an aseptic culture, multiplying propagules, preparing propagules for soil transfer, and establishing plants in soil. Tissue culture allows for rapid multiplication of plants from a single explant in a brief period.
Cloning is the asexual reproduction of plants through vegetative propagation techniques like taking cuttings, division, or grafting. This allows the production of exact genetic copies of plants. When taking cuttings for cloning, a portion of the plant with stem and leaves is placed in a sterile medium and grown into a new plant. Clones have advantages like allowing reproduction of superior cultivars, disease resistance, and overcoming issues with seeds like low germination rates or long juvenile periods before flowering.
This document provides an overview of the key structures and functions of plants. It discusses the main tissue systems - dermal, vascular and ground tissues - that make up plant bodies and allow them to transport water and nutrients. Roots are described as having important functions of nutrient/water uptake and transport. Stems are discussed as providing structure, support and a transport system between roots and leaves. Leaves are highlighted as the main photosynthetic organs. The document also covers plant diversity and types of plant reproduction including seeds and their protective structures.
Dr. John visited Norfolk State University to give a talk on invasive plant species. He explained that invasive plants rapidly grow and spread, driving out native plants. Invasive plants can be transported through various means and their seeds may be introduced intentionally or accidentally. Researchers examine biological traits of plant species to determine if they are invasive and economically costly. The talk discussed using computational methods to create databases of invasive species and conduct risk analysis and policy support.
Plant tissue culture is a collection of techniques used to maintain or grow plant cells, tissues, and organs under sterile conditions. The history of plant tissue culture began in the 1830s with theories of cell totipotency. Significant developments included the discovery of plant growth regulators in the 1920s-1940s and the development of plant cell differentiation and somatic embryogenesis in the 1950s-1960s. There are several types of plant tissue culture including shoot culture, callus culture, embryo culture, and meristem culture. Applications include germplasm conservation, large-scale production, disease eradication, genetic engineering, and more. The advantages are rapid propagation, disease-free plants, year-round growth, and conservation of endangered
Plant tissue culture provides several benefits for studying plant growth and development. It allows scientists to isolate plant parts and culture them in vitro, simplifying the study of controlling influences. Some key applications of plant tissue culture include clonal propagation of disease-free plants, studying plant cells' ability to regenerate whole plants from cultured cells, producing genetic variability through somaclonal variation, regenerating plants from pollen to create haploids, and rescuing hybrid embryos. Plant tissue culture also enables fundamental biological research, production of high-value biochemicals, and generation of transgenic plants.
Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptxRayLetai1
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
1. Topic 1- Vegetative propagation
Vegetative reproduction (vegetative propagation, vegetative multiplication, vegetative
cloning) is a form of asexual reproduction in plants. It is a process by which new organisms
arise without production of seeds or spores.[ It can occur naturally or be induced
by horticulturists.
Although most plants normally reproduce sexually, many have the ability for vegetative
propagation, or can be vegetatively propagated if small pieces are subjected to chemical
(hormonal) treatments. This is because merismetic cells capable of cellular
differentiation are present in many plant tissues. Horticulturalists are interested in
understanding how meristematic cells can be induced to reproduce an entire plant.
2.
3. Types
In a wide sense, methods of vegetative propagation include
cutting, vegetative layering, division, budding, grafting and tissue
culture. Cutting is the most common artificial vegetative
propagation method, where pieces of the "parent" plant are
removed and placed in a suitable environment so that they can
grow into a whole new plant, the "clone", which is genetically
identical to the parent.
4. Natural vegetative propagation
Natural vegetative propagation is mostly a process found
in herbaceous and woody perennially plants, and typically involves structural
modifications of the stem, although any horizontal, underground part of a plant
(whether stem, leaf, or root) can contribute to vegetative reproduction of a
plant. Most plant species that survive and significantly expand by vegetative
reproduction would be perennial almost by definition, since specialized organs
of vegetative reproduction, like seeds of annuals, serve to
survive seasonally harsh conditions.
5. Artificial vegetative propagation
Mass propagation of eucalyptus seedlings
Vegetative propagation of particular cultivars that have desirable
characteristics is very common practice. Reasons for preferring vegetative
rather than sexual means of reproduction vary, but commonly include
greater ease and speed of propagation of certain plants, such as many
perennial root crops and vines. Another major attraction is that the
resulting plant amounts to a clone of the parent plant and accordingly is of
a more predictable quality than most seedlings. However, as can be seen in
many variegated plants, this does not always apply, because many plants
actually are chimeras and cuttings might reflect the attributes of only one
or some of the parent cell lines. Man-made methods of vegetative
reproduction are usually enhancements of natural processes, but they
range from rooting cuttings to grafting and artificial propagation by
laboratory tissue culture.
6. Types
The three common methods for the artificial propagation of plants are:
1. Cuttings, A small part of a plant which is removed by making a cut with a
sharp knife is called a 'cutting'. A cutting may be a piece of stem, root or
even a leaf. While making a cut, care should be taken to see that there are
some buds on it.
In this method, a cutting of the parent plant (say, of stem or shoot) having
some buds on it is taken and its lower part is buried in the moist soil. After
a few days, the cutting develops roots; shoot, and grows into a new plant.
Cuttings are a means of asexual reproduction in plants. The new plant
formed from a cutting is exactly similar to the parent plant.
7. 2. Layering, and
In this method, a branch of the plant is pulled towards the ground and a part of it is
covered with moist soil leaving the tip of the branch exposed above the ground. After
some time, new roots develop from the part of the branch buried in the soil. The
branch is then cut off from the parent plant. The part of the branch which has
developed roots grows to become a new plant (just like the parent plant). Jasmine
plant (chameli) is propagated or produced by the layering method.
The parts of branches which are buried in soil grow their own roots. When this
happens, the branches of the parent plant connecting the newly formed plants are
cut off so that the newly formed plants may grow on their own and develop into
mature plants (like the parent plant).
8. 3. Grafting.
Grafting is a method in which the cut stems of two different plants (one with
roots and other without roots) are joined together in such a way that the two
stems join and grow as a single plant. This new plant will have the characteristics
of both the original plants.
(i) The cut stem of a plant (or tree) having roots (and fixed in soil) is called stock.
Stock is the lower part of a plant (or tree) having the roots.
(ii) The cut stem of another plant (without roots) is called scion. Scion is the
upper part of a plant which may have leaves on it (but no roots).
9. Topic 2-Tissue culturePlant tissue culture is a collection of techniques used to maintain or grow plant
cells, tissues or organs under sterile conditions on a nutrient culture medium of
known composition. Plant tissue culture is widely used to produce clones of a
plant in a method known as micro propagation. Based on the concept of cellular
totipotency. All the multicellular organisms basically are formed from a single
cell (a zygote). The single cell produces an undifferentiated multiple cells until
it’s called a callus. The embro formed is called the embroid. Again, a single cell
can also be separated and cultured to give rise to a new plantlet. This is called
cell culture.