Ecological succession describes the process by which the species in an ecosystem change over time following a disturbance. It can be primary succession, which occurs on new surfaces like lava flows with no previous life, or secondary succession, which follows a disruption but not destruction of an existing community like after a forest fire. Succession proceeds as pioneering species like grasses establish and modify the environment, making it possible for other plants like shrubs and trees to grow and eventually form a stable community. Examples of succession include forests reestablishing on the island of Krakatoa after its 1883 eruption destroyed all life and sand dunes transforming into forests over time along shorelines.

1. Ecological Succession

2. Most natural ecosystems are in a state of equilibrium . This means that their biotic and abiotic features remain relatively constant over time.

3. The major biomes , for example, usually maintain a characteristic set of species over hundreds of thousands of years.

4. Changes on a large scale occur slowly and are caused by changes in climatic conditions.

5. Equilibrium is established when abiotic conditions are stable .

6. Equilibrium and Change Energy flows through the ecosystem . Nutrients are cycled through food webs.

7. Equilibrium and Change In addition, photosynthesis and cellular respiration are balanced.

8. When ecosystems are in equilibrium , populations are healthy and stable .

9. On the scale of biomes , ecosystems remain relatively unchanged over time. This is not true, however, on a small scale.

10. Smaller ecosystems are in a constant state of change . A forest fire or disease outbreak can cause short-term changes on a local level.

11. On August 27, 1883, the volcanic island of Krakatoa in Indonesia literally blew up. This explosion produced a sound wave that carried for 4,600 km.

12. The island was destroyed, along with every living thing that inhabited its lush tropical forests .

13. The remaining part of the island was buried in more than 40 m of ash and volcanic rock .

14. Despite this dramatic disturbance, life had returned to the island within 9 months .

15. Seeds were carried from nearby islands by the wind , the sea and birds .

16. Insects and spiders soon followed. In time, many other organisms returned to the island.

17. Within a hundred years, a lush rainforest community was re-established.

18. Equilibrium and Change This process of establishing and replacing a community following a disturbance is called ecological succession .

19. Ecological succession is initiated by a disturbance such as a geological event, a fire or human activity.

20. Primary succession occurs on soil or bare rock where no life previously existed , such as following a volcanic eruption.

21. Secondary succession follows a disturbance that disrupts but does not destroy the community.

22. The regrowth of an area following a forest fire is an example of secondary succession.

23. Severe pollution events or industrial activity such as surface mining are human-caused disturbances that initiate secondary succession.

24. Succession results in gradual changes as plants, animals, fungi and micro-organisms become established in an area.

25. The typical pattern sees small , hardy plants such as grasses colonizing the open landscape.

26. These plants gradually alter the soil and local abiotic environment and make conditions suitable for shrubs and trees to grow.

27. These shrubs and trees in turn create conditions suitable for large trees that may come to dominate the landscape.

28. Ecological Succession Eventually, a relatively stable community may form. While plants are the most visible part of succession, animal species also change.

29. Aquatic ecosystems also undergo succession. In northern Ontario, bogs form when small lakes of non-flowing water are gradually covered over and filled by vegetation .

30. Ecological Succession Bog succession proceeds as sphagnum moss forms a floating mat along the shoreline.

31. Year after year, the floating moss grows further outward from the shore. The dying and decaying moss sinks below the surface, slowly filling in the lake.

32. This living carpet is colonized by other plants. Eventually, the once open body of water becomes completely covered in vegetation .

33. Another example of succession occurs along sandy shores of oceans and large lakes, such as along the coast of Lake Huron.

34. Dune succession begins when grasses establish in loose sand . Once the grasses establish, they reduce wind erosion and their roots hold the sand in place.

35. Over time, plant numbers increase and soil characteristics change. Eventually a large sand dune can be transformed into a lush forested ecosystem.

36. Unfortunately, sand dune communities are fragile and easily disturbed by human activity.

37. Benefits of Succession Succession provides a mechanism by which ecosystems maintain their long-term sustainability . It also allows ecosystems to recover from natural or human-caused disturbances .

38. Succession offers hope that even severe environmental damage may be reversed .

39. However, the time needed is very long and the original cause of the disturbance must be eliminated .