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It discuss about the total morphology of a leaf. It explains leaf characters, size, types, shape, Base of Sessile Leaves, kinds, functions, leaf modifications types, Phyllotaxis types, leaf margin, apex, lamina and leaf structure in detail.
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This is a three chapter review for the Agriculture Major Admission Test conducted by the College of Agriculture of Cavite State University, the topicsare: Plant Bilogy, Crop and Agriculture and basic Physiological processes of plants. Credits to all my sourceswhich include lecture notes from our faculty, online sources and books published in the Republic of the Philippines.
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2. Origin
• First stem of a plant develops from part
of a seed embryo called epicotyl, w/c is a
continuation of the hypocotyl
3. The Plant Body: Stems
FUNCTIONS OF STEMS
• Produces & support appendages
of plant (leaves, flowers, fruits)
• transport water and solutes
between roots and leaves.
• Stems in some plants are
photosynthetic.
• Produce & store materials
necessary for life (e.g., water,
starch, sugar).
• In some plants, stems have
become adapted for specialized
functions.
4. Stems support a display of
leaves.
Stems orient the leaves
toward the light with minimal
overlap among the leaves.
17. Apical Dominance
Apical dominance refers
to the suppression of
growth by hormones
produced in the apical
meristem.
Lateral branch growth are
inhibited near the shoot
apex, but less so farther
from the tip.
Apical dominance is
disrupted in some plants by
removing the shoot tip,
causing the plant to become
bushy.
21. Typical Stem Cross Section (Dicot Stem)
Epidermis Helianthus annuus-
sun flower annual
Cortex
A ring of vascular bundles
Pith
22. Epidermis
- window, reduce water loss
Cortex Collenchyma
- extensible support
Cortex Parenchyma
- photosynthesis, etc.
Fibers- rigid support
Functional Phloem
- conduct sugars etc. away
from leaf to rest of plant
Vascular Cambium
- adds 2° xylem and 2° phloem
Xylem
-conduct water and minerals
up from soil
Pith
-water storage, defense?
23. VIP Stem: Provide both name and function labels:
Epidermis: reduce evaporation, gas exchange
Cortex: photosynthesis, collenchyma support
Vascular Bundles: conduction
Pith: water storage? defense? disintegrate?
Vascular Bundle:
to center outside
Phloem Fibers: support
Functional Phloem:
conduct CH2O away from leaf
Vascular Cambium:
add 2° Xylem and 2° Phloem
Xylem:
conduct minerals up from soil
outside to center
25. Notice how the vascular cambia
of adjacent vascular bundles
line up side by side.
Notice that cambium tissue
differentiates between the
bundles, connecting the cambia
together.
Remnants of the procambium:
Intrafasicular cambium
Interfasicular cambium
Vitis vinifera - grape
26. The vascular cambium makes 2° tissues:
Vitis vinifera - grape
2° xyl
2°
ph em
loe
m
28. Three years of Secondary Growth
Tilia - basswood
Secondary
c ambium
Phloem
Secondary
Xylem
29. A cork cambium differentiates and produces a periderm.
Epidermis
cutin
suberin
Cork Cells
Cork Cambium
Phelloderm
30. Over time, the epidermis dies.
The cork cells build up to for
a thick layer for the bark of a
tree. We use this to make
stoppers for wine bottles and
so on.
When suberin is fully
developed, the cortex cells
will eventually be in the
dark. So these chloroplasts
will lose their function!
31. Bark =
epidermis +
periderm +
cortex +
phloem +
vascular
cambium
Wood =
secondary
xylem only!
Pith =
a small
percentage of
tree diameter
at maturity
33. The trees pictured below have long lost their
epidermis on the woody portion of the stem
Sequoia sempervirens - giant sequoia
34. The study of the growth rings in wood: Dendrochronology
35. Each year the cambium
produces a layer of secondary
xylem and a layer of secondary
phloem.
This photo shows secondary
xylem from parts of three years
in Pinus strobus (white pine).
spring of the next year
winter of that year
fall of that year
mid-summer of one year
36. Stems
Stems—the axes of plants—consist of nodes (where
leaves and axillary buds are produced) separated by
internodes.
37. Node - region of the stem where the leaf and bud are
borne.
Internode - the part of the stem between two adjacent
nodes.
Herbaceous - not woody; dying down at the end of the
growing season.
Woody - hard in texture, containing secondary xylem, and
persisting more than one growing season.
Acaulescent - having an inconspicuous stem.
Caulescent - having a distinct stem.
39. Bulbs
• Bulbs - large buds
with a small stem at
the lower end
surrounded by
numerous fleshy
leaves that store
nutrients; adventitious
roots at base
• Eg. onion, tulip, hyacinth,
daffodil and lily
40. Corms
• Corms - resemble
bulbs but composed
entirely of stem tissue
surrounded by a few
papery scale like
leaves, food storage
organs with
adventitious roots at
the base of corms
• Eg. crocus and
gladiolus.
41. Rhizomes
• Rhizomes - horizontal
stems that grow
below the ground with
adventitious roots
• Eg. irises, ferns, and
grasses.
48. Tubers
• Tubers – swollen
regions of stems that
store food for
subsequent growth
• The "eyes" of a potato
(irish potatoes Solanum
tuberosum) are the nodes
of a starch-ladened stem
49. Stolons
• Stolons or runners - Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon).
horizontal stem that
grow above the
ground with long
internodes
Eg. Bermuda grass
(Cynodon dactylon)
Spider plant (Chlorophytum)
Fern (Nephrolepis)
51. Wild Radish – Rosette & Bolt
A FLOWERING ANNUAL
YEAR ONE YEAR ONE
52. Common Mullen – Rosette & Bolt
A FLOWERING BIENNIAL
YEAR ONE
YEAR TWO
53. Buds
Buds are short embryonic stems. In
angiosperms they are found at the nodes,
in the leaf axil (the angle formed by the
stem and the petiole of the leaf).
Axillary bud - a bud located in the leaf
axil.
Terminal bud - a bud at the apex of a
stem.
54. PHYSIOLOGY OF STEMS
• Conduction of Materials by Xylem
1) Root pressure – powered by transpiration of water from
the leaves
2) Transpiration pull and water cohesion –
water is pulled up from the roots due to adhesion of water to the
xylem walls & tension generated by the water-potential gradient bet.
leaves & xylem
Other contributing factors:
3) Atmospheric pressure
4) Action of Living cells
5) Imbibition in cell walls of xylem
6) Capillary attraction
55. PHYSIOLOGY OF STEMS
• Conduction of Materials by Phloem
- nutrient-rich fluid in the phloem moves from
areas of high solute concentration & water
pressure to areas of low solute concentration &
water pressure
• Hypotheses of phloem function are:
1) cytoplasmic streaming
2) movement through interface
3) pressure flow or mass flow
