The document provides detailed descriptions and diagrams of the external and internal anatomy of frogs, including: 1) Descriptions and diagrams of the skeletal system, muscular system, digestive system, circulatory system, urogenital system, nervous system, and sense organs of frogs. 2) Labels and explanations of the major bones, muscles, organs, blood vessels, sections of the brain and spinal cord, and cranial nerves. 3) Annotations of the external features of male and female frogs including distinguishing characteristics.

1. MACROSCOPIC ANATOMY
r-------- Snout
- - - - - External naris
Browspot
Upper eyelid
Nictitating membrane
~)f~~~~=:::::::::::::=;E;::: Lower eyelid
• Digits of Fingers
..J.---"'1~-:S:r-- Tympanic membrane
........,~........... Carpus or wrist
~'l.ldOr--- Forearm
Upper arm
r------ Median dorsal line
...------ Hump
(~fl CfTID~~
t>h~·LW ·• (M()n:Wq .
~N.ir-------- Anus ~l-~b~l,~lu,'1: 'v~Arftb~t.n4
WJirfi1ilmiT---- Thigh Cq ~·, -AIV"ID,-G
Olrcl-tv- ·. Al-y-r;
Fctf,,,b·· Ru'idct-
r---- Shank G(Jil'S. ·. 191t1 C
~pt.d:~ '. v lll,.g~.rt
...~.~~,W).tJf!.
- · Tarsus or ankle _ .,.. :" M·)v
oF.~::--- Prehallux- !"V,A(lu:il:l ~ f
cJi:h-~.!:,;:::>-- Digits of toes J
Web
EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE FROG

2. ~--------Darkly pigmented
A MALE FROG
Ventral view
A FEMALE FROG
Ventral view
are~ of the skin
SwoJ._J..en thumb
Diffused skin
pigmentation
•-~~--Thumb not
swollen

3. Ischium
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Dorsal View
Met atarsals
Astragalus]Tarsals
Calcaneum

4. Transverse
process
Neural spine
Postzygapophysis
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
Dorsal view
2nd to 8th vertebrae
(Typical vertebrae)
Sacral vertebra
(9th vertebra)

5. Concavities
for articulation
lvi th sacral vertebra
ISOLATED VERTEBRAE
ATLAS
Antero-dorsal view
Neural spine
Neural arch
Postzygapophysis
Neural canal
Concavity for articulation
with occipital condyle
Centrun
.--------Neural spine
~-----Postzygapophysis
Transverse process
~~~~-------Prezygapophysis
.....____Neural canal
~~-------Centrum
TYPICAL VETEBRA
Antero-dorsal view
SACRAL VERTEBRA
Postern-dorsal view
Neural canal
UROSTYLE
Antero-latera! view
centrum
of the lOth

6. SKULL
Dorsal view
Exoccipital
Occipital condyle
~------------Premaxillae
orbit
SKULL
Ventral view

7. LOWER JAW
Dorsal view
HYOID APPARATUS
Ventral view
Anterior cornu
Alary process
Body
Posterior cor-nu
Thyroid process

8. ---------------------- Episternum
Omosternum
Clavicle
Scapula
Suprascapula
Glenoid fossa.
Fenestra
coracoid
Epicoracoid
r-------.::..::: Mesosternum
PECTORAL GIRDLE
Dorsal view
PELVIC GIRDLE, 1/2
(INNOMINATE BONE)
Lateral view
Xiphistermn

9. Head
Deltoid ridge/'~·
Condyle
Radio-ulna
Longitudinal groove
Centrale
Ordinary carpals
Metacarpals
Radiale -"""'o'!;I'J
!l:i(tl.==- Phalanges
Ulnare
FOREUMB, R1ght
Lataral Vtt1111
Tibio-fibula
~-
Calcaneum or fib111are
Astragalus or tibiale
~--~-- Ordinary tarsals
Calcar
AA~..,.,'Hf-- Metatarsals
'~~~~~~Phalanges
HINDLIMB, RIGHT
Ventral view

10. ~~~------~-rr-----Temporalis
~~:.------nm-;.;y--- Depressor mandibula
~~~~~~~~~~~~==Dorsal1s scapula~ ~rj;;,r--Cucullaris
~~~?// Latissimus dorsi
IH/IJ/II~r-...;::~=------- External oblique
m.mmr------------Longiss imus dorsi
llfi~~-----------Ilio-lumbaris
~~~~~----------Coccygeo-sacralis
~~~~i---==========Coccygeo-iliacus~ femoris anticus
m~~~~wBwm~~-----------Gluteus
:f'(U~~~ ~::m.::rn.------------ Vastus externus
~---------Triceps femoris
Semimembranosus
n~~~~---
Gracilis minor
fi--------Tibialis anticus
J:..!!.-.!.----
Tendon of Achilles
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Dorsal view

11. cutaneous~~~~tfl1
pectoralis
Suanentalis
is 0tC r.:.(·s
Scapulo-humeralis or deltoid
s epicoracofaaa-- -
(Anterior pectoralis)
--'"----Pectoralis sternalis
AU~--------PeCtoralis ~is
(Posterior pectoralis)
Linea alba----~~~~1:~~~------~Rectus abdominis
Inscriptiones
tendinae
Sartori
magnus
Gracil
major
Gracili
minor
Tibia-. ---;;.;
fibula
vn:;b£~ .·~~i" n;(~~
tt,_,ie;r ~.(.id<i";~{(I~
~~~~-Semitendinosus
Gracilis major (~t)
(Rect"US int,ernus major")
L-ww~~-- ·Gracilis minor )
(Rectus internus minor
MUSCULAR qysTEM,
·Ventral view
Extensor cruris
anticus t~~'(Jt~·.
Flexor tarsi anterior
lib;ttli~ lU~1 t.tl..'.. l.JC ~;~
-- 1.:~lCkr T-11 l' ''~Ji·~.
(The left side has been dissected to show the deeper muscles)

12. ~-------------------- Median subrostral fossa
pulvinar rostrale
Lateral subrostral
fossa
Internal naris or
c"hoana1
'---------~per lip fold
~~~~~---------- Vomerine teeth
~~~--------- Sulcus marginalis
~~~--------- Maxillary teeth
-~;,;:;iii;;---- Orbital prominence.
Opening into the
Esophagus
Eustachian tube "fl{·.(.tf·~-
Laryngeal ·prominence
~---------------------Tuberculum prelinguale
BUCCAL CAVnY OF A MALE FROG

13. Jugular .vein
Carotid artery
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein
Nasal cavity
Mouth cavity
· Brain
Esophagus
Abdominal vein
Small intestine
INTERNAL. ORGANS,
Lateral view
Spinal cord
Pelvic .girdle
Kidney
Adrenal gland
Mesonephric quct
Renal .portal vein
Cloaca
Anus
Urinary bladder
Large intestine
"-"---- · Testis
Spleen
Fat body
Postcava
Hepatic portal vein

14. ...-----419.~- $kin
---~~;--Dorsal subcutaneous
lymph space
Epaxial muscles
orizontal skeletogenous
septum
·~~~~--Trunk vertebra
Kidney
isterna magna
or subvertebral
lymph sinus
Gonadl=Jt~~::::::::==~~
Dorsal-
mesentery
Stomach -~~:r.--rrt
Omentum____~~~~~-J
Duodenum _ _:~~;.::?o:;:c--
Linea alba------~~;:~~~~~;;~ Ventro-lateral subcutaneous
connective tissue
Ventral subcutaneous lymph space
Ventral abdominal ve:i.n
BODY CAVITY

15. Lung
Corpora
adiposa
Spleen
Testis
Kidney
COELOM AND VISCERA
Ventral view of a Male Frog
Heart
Liver
Gall bladder
Pancreas
Stanach
Duodenum }Small
Ileum
intestine
Large intestine
Cloaca
Anus

16. Duodenum~--~~~~~
Ileum __~------~·~
Mesentery
proper or
Mesenterium
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Ventral View

17. Dr~~------------- Cricoid cartilage
;,_~~~~~----- Laryruc
· RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

18. Entrance of -~--~----~~
Wolffian duct
MALE UROGENITAL SYSTEM
Ventral view
Fat body or Corpora
adiposa
Postcava
Testis
Vas efferens
Adrenal gland
Kidney
Renal vein
Mesonephric duct or
Wolffian duct
Vestigial oviduct
Entrance of oviduct
Urinary bladder
Cloaca
Anus

19. .~~~r----- Fat body or corpora
adiposa
+--1-~~U...------ Postcava
~~--~----Kidney
~-~---OViduct
ovary_.,____,
with
eggs
fri~;.---....___ Mesonephric duct or
Wolffian duct
of oviduct
~-,~----~---urinary bladder
4--T~----- Cloaca
..__....,&.j~
~--------------Anus
FEMALE UROGENITAL SYSTEM
Ventral view

20. Ventricle
Lung
Liver
Gall bladder
Kidney
Ventra1--~~~~~~r-lr~
abdominal V.
Pulmonary V.
Sinus venosus
Hepatic v.
Bepatic portal V.
Postcava
v.
v.
v.
v.
intestine
Femoral v.--------------
Sciatic V.-----------------,
~~~----~-Urinary bladder
~~~~~---------Pelvic V.
VENOUS SYSTEM
Ventral view of a Female Frog
v.
v.

21. Truncus arteriosus--------
Common carotid A---------------~
carotid A.
Systemic arch ___
Pulmo-cutaneous A.
Pulmonary A. _____
---=..:...._
Right -lung
----~Conus arteriosus -----~----~~~~
Syst~~ic A.-------~-~~~·
Coeliaco-mesenteric A.
Adi{:X)sal A.
Anterior mesenteric A.-+~~
ovari an A. ------------~~~
(spermatic ·A. in
A.
A.
A.
A.
Left gastric A.
Hepatic A.
~~~~~~Right gastric A.
Pancreatic A.
Jr;'~~:!r=~L Duodenal A.
the male). Intestinal As.
K1dney
Renal As.-------------t~~~~~~;!.~~2=~JJ~-- Splenic A.
Oviducal A. Spleen
Posterior mesenteric A.~~~~--~~•
Right common iliac A---~~~~~
,...._r:til
Epigastric A.~-----~--~~~~~
A.
---~o-=-------- Sciatic A.
Epigastrico-vesical
~ecto-vesical A. --------------~
ARTERIAL SYSTEM
Ventral view of a Female Frog
A.
A.

22. Right
arteriosus
HEART
Dorsal view
HEART
Ventral view
Truncus arteriosus
Right Precava
Pulloonary veins
Right auricle
Sinus venosus
Coronary sulcus
Postcava
Ventricle
Truncus arteriosus
Left precava
Left auricle
Coronary sulcus
Postcava

23. Brain
Spinal
cord
.,
.:·:
....
~~. 0
·' .,.
0
·.·
·.
Olfactory nerve
r---- Olfactory lobe
or Optic lobe
or cerebellum
-.~. or Medulla
.;.';
"·'
·;·
•:
..
'.:.. Brachial enlargement
..
,·.::
•.
Dor sal fissure:: :-:
Lumbar enlargement
~--~ Roots of posterior
spinal nerves
Fi lum tenninale
Cauda
Equina
BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD
Dorsal view

24. Optic --::ir7'"'"'t.~­
chiasma
... ~
·. .. ;
,.
.. '
;-
I •
t •'
' .
I
}
·~
.• r-i- ; . . . . . - - - -
.·.i
..;· .i
Olfactory nerve
Telencephalon or Cerebral hemisphere
Optic nerve
Optic tract
Infundibulum
Oculomotor nerve
,Hypophysis or pituitary body
Mesencephalon or Optk lobe
Abducens nerve
BraChial enlargement
Ventral fissure
L.Dbar enlargement
Roots of posterior
spinal nerves
cauda
equina
BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD
Ventral view

25. Metenceph_alon
Olfactory nerve (1)
Olfactory lobe
Telencephalon
Pineal body or Epiph_ysis
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Trochlear nerve (4)
Trigeminal nerve (5)
Facial nerve {7)
Auditory nerve (8)
Glossopharyngeal nerve (9)
Vagus nerve (10)
BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES
Dorsal view
Spinal
Olfactory nerve (1)
Telencephalon
Optic nerve (2)
Optic tract
Infundibulum
Oculomotor nerve (3)
Trigeminal nerve (5)
Facial nerve (7)
Auditory nerve (8)
Glossopharyngeal nerve {9)
Vagus nerve (10)
BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES
Ventral view

26. '~---------- Olfactory nerve
J---------- Olfactory lobe
lst and 2nd ventricles
or Lateral ventricles
~------~ Telencephalon
Foramen of Monro
3rd ventricle
or
CAVITIES OF THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD
Iter