The document outlines the process of RNA and protein synthesis, including the structure and types of RNA such as messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA, as well as the steps of transcription, translation, and the roles of RNA and DNA in coding for proteins. Key concepts covered are the genetic code, how mRNA carries instructions to assemble amino acids brought by tRNAs into proteins with the help of rRNA during translation on the ribosome.
Apresentação genética médica Evolução médica com base na genéticadnei
No início do século XXI, cientistas mapearam a estrutura genética dos seres humanos (genoma humano).
A genética na medicina desencadeia um papel fascinante por salvar muitas vidas, ao saber o fundo hereditário em cada caso.
Sex determination is important to distinguish an organism as male, female and hermaphrodite. XX-XY sex determination is one type of determination which is found in mammals, plants and insects.
Apresentação genética médica Evolução médica com base na genéticadnei
No início do século XXI, cientistas mapearam a estrutura genética dos seres humanos (genoma humano).
A genética na medicina desencadeia um papel fascinante por salvar muitas vidas, ao saber o fundo hereditário em cada caso.
Sex determination is important to distinguish an organism as male, female and hermaphrodite. XX-XY sex determination is one type of determination which is found in mammals, plants and insects.
Slide sobre mutações gênicas e cromossômicas, que ocorrem em células germinativas ou somáticas, podem ser espontâneas ou induzidas. Tem alguns exemplos das mesmas. Espero que gostem!
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In einem Kundenprojekt, in dem ca. 40 Forms & Reports 11g Applikationsserver identisch installiert bzw. konfiguriert werden mussten, setzte sich Neselovskyi intensiv mit der Automatisierung der Middleware auseinander. Es handelte sich um eine Forms & Reports 11G Release 1 Installation auf Oracle Enterprise Linux.
Im ersten Teil des Vortrags bei der DOAG Konferenz 2012 in Nürnberg stellte Borys Neselovskyi , Senior Consultant bei der IT-Beratung OPITZ CONSULTING, wichtige Aspekte der Installation vor, wohingegen er im zweiten Teil Themen behandelte, die die Konfiguration betreffen. Der Referent verwendete die aktuellste Fusion Middleware Version.
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The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
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Genetic code 2081
1. UUU
Phenylalanine UUC
Glutamic acid Glycine Leucine
UUA UCU
UUG UCC
AG U C A Serine UCA
Aspartic acid C
A GU G
UC
UCG
Alanine G U
U
C A Tyrosine
UAU
A
G
UAC
C
G U
A
C C Stop
G
U
C A
A
G
U G U G
Valine
U Cysteine
A C
C A Stop
U G Tryptophan
G U
Arginine A G U C
A C C A Leucine
C
G
Serine U
G A C
U
A
A
CU
Lysine A Proline
C
U G
Asparagine G
G A
C
UG G
A
C
U
Threonine ACUGACU Histidine
Glutamine
Arginine
Isolucine
Methionine
What is the amino acid sequence for the codons: GCA UAC CCC GUA?
Animated by Jeff Christopherson
alanine tyrosine proline valine
4. C AG U C A
A GU G
UC
G U
U
C A
A
G
C
G U
A
C C
G
U
C A
A
G
U G U G
U
A C
C A
U G
G U
A G U C
C
U
G A A C C C
U
G
A
A
A
CU
C A
U G
G
G A
C
UG G
A
C
U
ACUGACU
5. RNA and Protein Synthesis
A. The Structure of RNA
B. Types of RNA
C. Transcription
D. RNA Editing
E. The Genetic Code
F. Translation
G. The Roles of RNA and DNA
H. Genes and Proteins
6. Concept Map
RNA
can be
Messenger RNA Ribosomal RNA Transfer RNA
also called which functions to also called which functions to also called which functions to
Bring
Combine
mRNA Carry instructions rRNA tRNA amino acids to
with proteins
ribosome
from to to make up
DNA Ribosome Ribosomes
7. Transcription
Adenine (DNA and RNA)
Cystosine (DNA and RNA)
Guanine(DNA and RNA)
Thymine (DNA only)
Uracil (RNA only)
RNA
polymerase
DNA
RNA
9. Translation
Nucleus
Messenger RNA
Messenger RNA is transcribed in the nucleus.
Lysine mRNA
Phenylalanine tRNA
Transfer RNA
Methionine
The mRNA then enters the cytoplasm and
attaches to a ribosome. Translation begins at
AUG, the start codon. Each transfer RNA has
an anticodon whose bases are complementary
to a codon on the mRNA strand. The ribosome
positions the start codon to attract its
anticodon, which is part of the tRNA that binds
methionine. The ribosome also binds the next
Ribosome codon and its anticodon.
mRNA Start codon
10. Translation (continued)
The Polypeptide “Assembly Line”
Growing polypeptide chain
The ribosome joins the two amino acids—
methionine and phenylalanine—and breaks
the bond between methionine and its tRNA.
The tRNA floats away, allowing the ribosome
Ribosome
to bind to another tRNA. The ribosome moves
tRNA
along the mRNA, binding new tRNA molecules
and amino acids.
Lysine tRNA
mRNA
Completing the Polypeptide
The process continues until the ribosome reaches
one of the three stop codons. The result is a
mRNA Translation direction growing polypeptide chain.
Ribosome
11. Interest Grabber
• Determining the Sequence of a Gene
• DNA contains the code of instructions for
cells. Sometimes, an error occurs when
the code is copied. Such errors are called
mutations.
12. Interest Grabber continued
1. Copy the following information about Protein X: Methionine—Phenylalanine
—Tryptophan—Asparagine—Isoleucine—STOP.
2. Use Figure 12–17 on page 303 in your textbook to determine one possible
sequence of RNA to code for this information. Write this code below the
description of Protein X. Below this, write the DNA code that would produce
this RNA sequence.
3. Now, cause a mutation in the gene sequence that you just determined by
deleting the fourth base in the DNA sequence. Write this new sequence.
4. Write the new RNA sequence that would be produced. Below that, write the
amino acid sequence that would result from this mutation in your gene. Call
this Protein Y.
5. Did this single deletion cause much change in your protein? Explain your
answer.
