In biology, tissue is a cellular organizational level between cells and a complete organ. A tissue is an ensemble of similar cells and their extracellular matrix from the same origin that together carry out a specific function. Broadly tissues can be classified into two major groups : Plant tissue and Animal tissue.
A plant tissue can be defined as a cell or a group of cells dividing, to give rise to large number of cell, which is collectively referred as tissues. They are structurally and functionally similar to these cells. Plants do have a higher level of structure called plant tissue systems. A plant tissue system can be defined as a functional unit, which connects all organs of a plant. Like animal tissue system, plant tissue system is also grouped into various tissues based on their functions.
In this lesson you will learn about :
1) Tissues - "The Teams of Workers"
2) Types of Plant Tissues
3) Plant Tissue Systems
I hope this document is helpful to you. Please share the document with your friends if you think this will benefit them. Get ready for the next lesson. Thanks.
It explains about what is plant tissue & both the types i.e meristem & permanent tissue. It also explains about the general characteristic, and how it has been classified based on origin, position, function and plane. It also furnish further information regarding the above
A group of cells which are similar in Origin and function but of more than One type in structure.
Water conducting tissue
Along with phloem make vascular tissue
Provide support to plants
1)Tracheary elements
These are nonliving cells, provide support and conduct water. Two types,
(a)Tracheids: elongate, tube like cell, tapering, rounded or oval ends, hard lignified walls.
(b)Vessels members: long, cylindrical, tube-like structures with lignified walls.
(2)Fibres: thick walls, evolve from tracheids and provide mechanical strength. Two types,
(a)Fibre-tracheids: medium thickness walls, have reduced boardered pits.
(b)Libriform fibres: very thick walls, have reduced simple pits.
Parenchyma cells: living cells, in woody plants, store of food in starch form. Two types:
(a)Axial parenchyma: derived from fusiform initials, have tracheary elements and fibres.
(b)Ray parenchyma: derived from ray initials of cambium, xylem ray cells.
Developmentally, xylem have two types
(1)Primary xylem: derived from procambium, developing from embryo, non-woody plants.
(2)Secondary xylem: from vascular cambium, second stage of plant development, in woody plants.
An edited version of Plant tissue previously posted. This presentation provide a good understand of plant tissues, types, and every necessary information concerning tissues in plant.
In biology, tissue is a cellular organizational level between cells and a complete organ. A tissue is an ensemble of similar cells and their extracellular matrix from the same origin that together carry out a specific function. Broadly tissues can be classified into two major groups : Plant tissue and Animal tissue.
In animals, organs are made up of four basic types of tissues - epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nerve tissue. These tissues have distinctive features and specific functions which combine to form functioning organs.
In this lesson you will learn about different types of animal tissues :
1) Epithelial Tissue
2) Connective Tissue
3) Muscular tissue
4) Neural Tissue
I hope this document is helpful to you. Please share the document with your friends if you think this will benefit them. Get ready for the next lesson. Thanks.
Pteridophytes are vascular plants and have leaves (known as fronds), roots and sometimes true stems, and tree ferns have full trunks. Examples include ferns, horsetails and club-mosses. Fronds in the largest species of ferns can reach some six metres in length!
Many ferns from tropical rain forests are epiphytes, which means they only grow on other plant species; their water comes from the damp air or from rainfall running down branches and tree trunks. There are also some purely aquatic ferns such as water fern or water velvet (Salvinia molesta) and mosquito ferns (Azolla species).
Pteridophytes do not have seeds or flowers either, instead they also reproduce via spores.
There are around 13,000 species of Pteridophytes.
It explains about what is plant tissue & both the types i.e meristem & permanent tissue. It also explains about the general characteristic, and how it has been classified based on origin, position, function and plane. It also furnish further information regarding the above
A group of cells which are similar in Origin and function but of more than One type in structure.
Water conducting tissue
Along with phloem make vascular tissue
Provide support to plants
1)Tracheary elements
These are nonliving cells, provide support and conduct water. Two types,
(a)Tracheids: elongate, tube like cell, tapering, rounded or oval ends, hard lignified walls.
(b)Vessels members: long, cylindrical, tube-like structures with lignified walls.
(2)Fibres: thick walls, evolve from tracheids and provide mechanical strength. Two types,
(a)Fibre-tracheids: medium thickness walls, have reduced boardered pits.
(b)Libriform fibres: very thick walls, have reduced simple pits.
Parenchyma cells: living cells, in woody plants, store of food in starch form. Two types:
(a)Axial parenchyma: derived from fusiform initials, have tracheary elements and fibres.
(b)Ray parenchyma: derived from ray initials of cambium, xylem ray cells.
Developmentally, xylem have two types
(1)Primary xylem: derived from procambium, developing from embryo, non-woody plants.
(2)Secondary xylem: from vascular cambium, second stage of plant development, in woody plants.
An edited version of Plant tissue previously posted. This presentation provide a good understand of plant tissues, types, and every necessary information concerning tissues in plant.
In biology, tissue is a cellular organizational level between cells and a complete organ. A tissue is an ensemble of similar cells and their extracellular matrix from the same origin that together carry out a specific function. Broadly tissues can be classified into two major groups : Plant tissue and Animal tissue.
In animals, organs are made up of four basic types of tissues - epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nerve tissue. These tissues have distinctive features and specific functions which combine to form functioning organs.
In this lesson you will learn about different types of animal tissues :
1) Epithelial Tissue
2) Connective Tissue
3) Muscular tissue
4) Neural Tissue
I hope this document is helpful to you. Please share the document with your friends if you think this will benefit them. Get ready for the next lesson. Thanks.
Pteridophytes are vascular plants and have leaves (known as fronds), roots and sometimes true stems, and tree ferns have full trunks. Examples include ferns, horsetails and club-mosses. Fronds in the largest species of ferns can reach some six metres in length!
Many ferns from tropical rain forests are epiphytes, which means they only grow on other plant species; their water comes from the damp air or from rainfall running down branches and tree trunks. There are also some purely aquatic ferns such as water fern or water velvet (Salvinia molesta) and mosquito ferns (Azolla species).
Pteridophytes do not have seeds or flowers either, instead they also reproduce via spores.
There are around 13,000 species of Pteridophytes.
In plant anatomy, tissues are categorized broadly into three tissue systems: the epidermis, the ground tissue, and the vascular tissue. Epidermis - Cells forming the outer surface of the leaves and of the young plant body. Vascular tissue - The primary components of vascular tissue are the xylem and phloem.
slide1- introduction
slide2-Plant Tissue
Plant tissues are of two types :-
Meristematic tissue
Permanent tissue
slide3-Meristematic Tissue
Meristematic tissues continuously form a number of new cells and helps in growth and are generally made up live cells . Meristematic tissues are the group of cells that have the ability to divide. These tissues in a plant consist of small, densely packed cells that can keep dividing to form new cells. Meristems give rise to permanent tissues and have the following characteristics:
the cells are small,
the cells walls are thin,
cells have large nuclei,
vacuoles are absent or very small
there are no intercellular spaces.
Types of Meristematic Tissue
Apical Meristem:- Apical meristem is present on root apex, stem apex, leaf buds and flower buds. They are responsible for growth in length, i.e. primary growth.
Lateral Meristem: Lateral meristem is present along the side of the stem. They are responsible for growth in girth, i.e. secondary growth.
Intercalary Meristem: Intercalary meristem is present at the base of leaf or internodes. They are present on either side of the node.
slide4-Permanent Tissue [Plant Tissue]
Once the cells of meristematic tissue divide to a certain extent, they become specialized for a particular function. This process is called differentiation. Once differentiation is accomplished, the cells lose their capability to divide and the tissue becomes permanent tissue. Permanent tissues are of two types, simple permanent tissue and complex permanent tissue.
Permanent tissue gives support and are generally made up of dead cells . The cells of permanent tissues do not have the ability to divide. These cells are already differentiated in different tissue types and is now specialized to perform specific functions. They are subdivided into two groups, simple tissues consisting of cells which are more or less similar, e.g. epidermis, parenchyma, chlorenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma and complex tissues consisting of different kinds of cells, e.g. xylem and phloem.
slide5-Parenchyma tissue
The cells of parenchyma have thin cell wall. They are loosely packed; with lot of intercellular spaces between them. Parenchyma makes the largest portion of a plant body. Parenchyma mainly works are packing material in plant parts. The main function of parenchyma is to provide support and to store food.
It is loosely packed and inter cellular spaces are there .
In aquatic plants , air is filled in parenchyma tissue , so they are called Arenchyma .
Parenchyma in which chlorophyll is present is called chlorenchyma .
slide6- Collenchyma tissue
In collenchyma tissue , the cells are generally elongated and are circular , oval or polygonal in cross- section. Cell wall is evenly thickened with cellulose at the corners . It is present on internodes of the plant . It is closely packed and intercellular spaces are generally absent. It is a living cell and vacuo
NCERT Solutions | Class IX | Science (Biology) | Chapter 15 | Improvement in ...Biswarup Majumder
NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Biology is available in PDF format which you can download easily. Here is the most accurate and detailed Biology NCERT solutions for Class 9th CBSE textbook for free of cost.
I hope this document is helpful to you. Please share the document with your friends if you think this will benefit them. Get ready for the next solution. Thanks.
NCERT Solutions | Class IX | Science (Biology) | Chapter 7 | Diversity in Liv...Biswarup Majumder
NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Biology is available in PDF format which you can download easily. Here is the most accurate and detailed Biology NCERT solutions for Class 9th CBSE textbook for free of cost.
I hope this document is helpful to you. Please share the document with your friends if you think this will benefit them. Get ready for the next solution. Thanks.
NCERT Solutions | Class IX | Science (Biology) | Chapter 6 | TissuesBiswarup Majumder
NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Biology is available in PDF format which you can download easily. Here is the most accurate and detailed Biology NCERT solutions for Class 9th CBSE textbook for free of cost.
I hope this document is helpful to you. Please share the document with your friends if you think this will benefit them. Get ready for the next solution. Thanks.
NCERT Solutions | Class IX | Science (Biology) | Chapter 5 | The Fundamental ...Biswarup Majumder
NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Biology is available in PDF format which you can download easily. Here is the most accurate and detailed Biology NCERT solutions for Class 9th CBSE textbook for free of cost.
I hope this document is helpful to you. Please share the document with your friends if you think this will benefit them. Get ready for the next solution. Thanks.
He's a pirate (Pirates of the Caribbean) | Let's Play Ukulele | Free e-GuideBiswarup Majumder
"He's a Pirate" is a 2003 track composed by Klaus Badelt and Hans Zimmer for the 2003 Disney film Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl. It is featured on the soundtrack album of the film and is used at the beginning of the credits for the film...
In this "e-Guide" you will find "Complete TAB & Staff Notation" + "Chord Progression & Chord Diagram" of this song...You can easily play the song (Lead & Accompaniment) in your Ukulele following the Notation and Chord Progression...
All my documents are totally free...Please Like and share my documents if you think these documents will help you...Thanks...
"Alouette" is a popular French-speaking Canadian children's song, commonly thought to be about plucking the feathers from a lark, in retribution for being woken up by its song. Although it is in French, it is well-known among speakers of other languages.
In this "e-Guide" you will find "Complete TAB & Staff Notation" + "Chord Progression & Chord Diagram" of this song...You can easily play the song (Lead & Accompaniment) in your Ukulele following the Notation and Chord Progression...
All my documents are totally free...Please Like and share my documents if you think these documents will help you...Thanks...
The Godfather Theme | Speak Softly, Love | Let's Play Ukulele | Free e-GuideBiswarup Majumder
"Speak Softly, Love" is a popular song published in 1972, with music by Nino Rota and lyrics by Larry Kusik. The song was first introduced as an instrumental theme in the 1972 film The Godfather that was simply known as "Love Theme from The Godfather".
In this "e-Guide" you will find "Complete TAB & Staff Notation" + "Chord Progression & Chord Diagram" of this song...You can easily play the song (Lead & Accompaniment) in your Ukulele following the Notation and Chord Progression...
All my documents are totally free...Please Like and share my documents if you think these documents will help you...Thanks...
"Für Elise" is one of Ludwig van Beethoven's most popular compositions. It is usually classified as a bagatelle, but also sometimes referred to as an Albumblatt. The composition was not published during Beethoven's lifetime, having been discovered by Ludwig Nohl 40 years after the composer's death...
In this "e-Guide" you will find "Complete TAB & Staff Notation" + "Chord Progression & Chord Diagram" of this song...You can easily play the song (Lead & Accompaniment) in your Ukulele and Guitar following the Notation and Chord Progression...
All my documents are totally free...Please Like and share my documents if you think these documents will help you...Thanks...
Fertilization is the process of fusion of the female gamete, the ovum or egg and the male gamete produced in the pollen tube by the pollen grain. Fertilization in flowering plants was discovered by Strassburger in 1884.
Flowers are the reproductive structures of angiosperms. They vary greatly physically and are of great diversity in methods of reproduction. The process of fertilization in plants occurs when gametes in haploid conditions meet to create a zygote which is diploid.
The male gametes of the flower are transferred on to the female reproductive organs through pollinators. The final product of this process is the formation of embryo in a seed.
In this lesson you will learn about :
1) What is Fertilization?
2) The Pollen Grain (Male Gamete)
3) The Ovule (Containing Female Gamete)
4) Microsporogenesis and Megasporogenesis
5) Germination of Pollen Grain
6) Double Fertilization
7) Post Fertilization Events
I hope this document is helpful to you. Please share the document with your friends if you think this will benefit them. Get ready for the next lesson. Thanks.
Pollination in plants is the process where pollen is transferred from the anther, the male part of a flower, to the stigma, the female part of a flower. Pollen can be transferred to one plant or even a nearby plant so that they can get fertilized and make more flowers. This happens in plants that have flowers called angiosperms.
In this lesson you will learn about :
1) What is Pollination?
2) Types of Pollination
3) Self-Pollination
- Adaptations for Self-Pollination
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Self-Pollination
4) Cross-Pollination
- Adaptations for Cross-Pollination
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Cross-Pollination
5) Agents of Cross-Pollination
- Entomophilous
- Anemophilous
- Hydrophilous
6) Artificial Pollination
I hope this document is helpful to you. Please share the document with your friends if you think this will benefit them. Get ready for the next lesson. Thanks.
A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants. The biological function of a flower is to effect reproduction, usually by providing a mechanism for the union of sperm with eggs.
In addition to facilitating the reproduction of flowering plants, flowers have long been admired and used by humans to bring beauty to their environment, and also as objects of romance, ritual, religion, medicine and as a source of food.
In this lesson you will learn about :
1) Flower - Definition & Functions
2) Floral Symmetry
3) Pedicellate & Sessile Flowers
4) Insertion of Floral Leaves on the Thalamus
5) Parts of a Flower
6) Some Important Terms related to Flowers
7) Floral Whorls - Calyx, Corolla, Androecium and Gynoecium
8) Placentation
9) Inflorescenece
I hope this document is helpful to you. Please share the document with your friends if you think this will benefit them. Get ready for the next lesson. Thanks.
All living things are made from one or more cells. A cell is the simplest unit of life and they are responsible for keeping an organism alive and functioning. This lesson to cells is the starting point for the area of biology that studies the various types of cells and how they work.
In this lesson you will learn about :
1) What is a Cell?
2) The Invention of the Microscope and the Discovery of Cell.
3) Cell Theory.
4) Cells - Number, Size, Shape and Function.
5) Structure of a Cell
6) Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.
7) The Plant and Animal cells.
8) Stem Cells.
I hope this document is helpful to you. Please share the document with your friends if you think this will benefit them. Get ready for the next lesson. Thanks.
Locomotion is movement of an organism from one place to another while movements can be performed at any particular space also. Bending of limbs, peristaltic movements, blinking of eye lids etc are some examples of movements. Locomotion is related with movements. Together, our bones, muscles, and joints - along with tendons, ligaments, and cartilage - form our musculoskeletal system and enable us to do everyday physical activities.
In this lesson you will learn about :
1) Functions of Human Skeleton
2) Parts of Skeletal System
3) Bone - Composition, Structure, Classification
4) The Human Skeleton
5) Joints
6) Lever Mechanism
I hope this document is helpful to you. Please share the document with your friends if you think this will benefit them. Get ready for the next lesson. Thanks.
Biology is the study of life. As humans are living things, we have an natural sense of curiosity and affection towards life and how has come to be.This section of "Introduction to Biology" takes the form of an asynchronous learning trail or link maze which participants seeking knowledge of fundamentals can follow seeking information and enlightenment at their own pace.
In this lesson you will learn about :
1) What is Biology?
2) The Scientific Method
3) Characteristics of Life
4) Levels of Organization
5) Branches of Biology
6) Importance of Biology
I hope this document is helpful to you. Please share the document with your friends if you think this will benefit them. Get ready for the next lesson. Thanks.
"Happy Birthday to You" is a song that is traditionally sung to celebrate the anniversary of a person's birth...
In this e Guide you will find "Complete TAB & Staff Notation" + "Chord Progression & Chord Diagram" of this song...You can easily play the song (Lead & Accompaniment) in your guitar following the Notation and Chord Progression...
All my documents are totally free...Please Like and share my documents if you think these documents will help you...Thanks...☺️☺️☺️
"Pussy Cat, Pussy Cat" is a popular English language nursery rhyme...
In this e Guide you will find "Complete TAB & Staff Notation" + "Chord Progression & Chord Diagram" of this song...You can easily play the song (Lead & Accompaniment) in your guitar following the Notation and Chord Progression...
All my documents are totally free...Please Like and share my documents if you think these documents will help you...Thanks...☺️☺️☺️
"Jingle Bells" is one of the best-known and commonly sung American songs in the world. It was written by James Lord Pierpont and published under the title "One Horse Open Sleigh" in the autumn of 1857...
In this e Guide you will find "Complete TAB & Staff Notation" + "Chord Progression & Chord Diagram" of this song (Full Version)...You can easily play the song (Lead & Accompaniment) in your guitar following the Notation and Chord Progression...
All my documents are totally free...Please Like and share my documents if you think these documents will help you...Thanks...☺️☺️☺️
"Jingle Bells" is one of the best-known and commonly sung American songs in the world. It was written by James Lord Pierpont and published under the title "One Horse Open Sleigh" in the autumn of 1857...
In this e Guide you will find "Complete TAB & Staff Notation" + "Chord Progression & Chord Diagram" of this song (Easy Version)...You can easily play the song (Lead & Accompaniment) in your guitar following the Notation and Chord Progression...
All my documents are totally free...Please Like and share my documents if you think these documents will help you...Thanks...☺️☺️☺️
Frère Jacques is a nursery rhyme of French origin (English: "Are You Sleeping"). The song is about a friar who has overslept and is urged to wake up and sound the bell for the matins, the midnight or very early morning prayers for which a monk would be expected to wake...
In this e Guide you will find "Complete TAB & Staff Notation" + "Chord Progression & Chord Diagram" of this song...You can easily play the song (Lead & Accompaniment) in your guitar following the Notation and Chord Progression...
All my documents are totally free...Please Like and share my documents if you think these documents will help you...Thanks...☺️☺️☺️
"London Bridge Is Falling Down" (also known as "London Bridge") is a traditional English nursery rhyme and singing game, which is found in different versions all over the world...
In this e Guide you will find "Complete TAB & Staff Notation" + "Chord Progression & Chord Diagram" of this song...You can easily play the song (Lead & Accompaniment) in your guitar following the Notation and Chord Progression...
All my documents are totally free...Please Like and share my documents if you think these documents will help you...Thanks...☺️☺️☺️
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2. Tissues – “The Team of Workers”
Tissue is a cellular organizational level between cells
and a complete organ.
A tissue is an ensemble of similar cells and
their extracellular matrix from the same origin that
together carry out a specific function.
The English word is derived from the French tissu,
meaning something that is woven, from the verb tisser,
"to weave".
The study of human and animal tissues is known
as histology or, in connection with
disease, histopathology.
Biswarup Majumder | Bio-World
1
The level of organization
4. Meristematic Tissue / Meristem
Biswarup Majumder | Bio-World
Meristematic (Gk. meristos = divisible) tissue is defined
as a mass of young, immature and undifferentiated cells,
which remain young forever and divide throughout the
life of the plant.
Classification of Meristems :
3
(a) Based on position in the plant body
5. Meristematic Tissue / Meristem
Biswarup Majumder | Bio-World 4
(b) Based on the origin of formation
Meristematic tissue found in adult plant and still
actively does cell division.
Location : Seen just below promeristem.
Function : Forms the primary structure of the plant
body.
2. Primary meristems
3. Secondary meristems
Meristematic tissue that originated from primary
permanent tissues [Some of the primary permanent
tissues regain meristematic activity and becomes
secondary meristem].
Location : Laterally placed in stem and root.
Function : Responsible for secondary growth of the
plant.
Example : Inter fascicular cambium and cork cambium of
stem, cambium of root.
1. Promeristems
Meristematic tissue that has existed in the plant since
the embryonic level.
Location : Extreme tip of stem and root.
Function : Forms primary meristem later the primary
structure of the plant body.
We have a definite growth pattern and growth stops at certain
stage or age. But plant growth is indefinite due to the presence of
meristems.
6. Biswarup Majumder | Bio-World
Cells are small.
Cells are usually cubical.
Cell wall is thin.
Nuclei are large.
Vacuoles almost absent.
Cells tightly packed with almost no intercellular spaces.
5
Characteristics :
A Typical Meristematic Tissue
The cells actively divide adding new cells to the plant.
New cells thus produced are transformed into mature
permanent tissues.
Root Meristem of Onion
Meristematic Cells
7. Permanent Tissue
Biswarup Majumder | Bio-World 6
These tissues arise from the meristematic tissue.
The cells of this tissue gradually loose their power to
divide and acquire a definite shape, size and function.
These tissues may be living or dead.
There are 2 types of permanent tissues :
1. Simple permanent tissue
2. Complex permanent tissue
This tissue comprises of same type of cells which perform
the same function and all arise from the same origin.
These are three categories of simple permanent tissues:
Parenchyma, Collenchyma, & Sclerenchyma.
Simple Permanent Tissue :
8. Parenchyma
Biswarup Majumder | Bio-World
It is the fundamental tissue composed of thin walled, living
cells whose cell wall is composed of cellulose. Small intercellular
spaces are present between the cells.
7
Structure :
It occurs in all soft parts of plants and is meant for storage of
food and to provide turgidity to softer parts of plants.
Parenchyma tissue in stem and roots store nutrients and water.
Location & Function :
Chlorenchyma - Certain parenchymatous tissue contain
chloroplast and synthesize food by the process of
photosynthesis.
Aerenchyma - In aquatic plants parenchymatous cells have air
cavities between them to store air, such a tissue is called
Aerenchyma. It provides buoyancy to the aquatic plants so that
they can float in water.
Types :
9. Biswarup Majumder | Bio-World
This tissue is composed of somewhat elongated cells with cell
walls that are irregularly thickened at corners due to
deposition of cellulose or pectin. They may be oval, circular or
polygonal. Very little intercellular spaces are present.
8
Structure :
It occurs below the epidermis of stem and petiole (stalk of the
leaf) and around veins.
Location :
This tissue provides mechanical support and flexibility and in
some cases it may possess chloroplasts to perform
Photosynthesis. The stem and leaves are able to bend easily
and then come back to their original position due to the
presence of collenchyma.
Function :
Collenchyma
10. Biswarup Majumder | Bio-World
It is a tissue of dead and thick walled cells, having no
intercellular spaces. The thickenings are of cellulose or lignin
or both. Several unlignified areas called pits often develop on
walls.
9
Structure :
This tissue is usually found in the hard and stiff parts of the
plant like seed coat, husk of coconut, in the stem around
vascular bundles, veins of leaves and hard covering of fruits
and nuts.
Location :
It is the chief mechanical tissue in plants and is able to bear
push, pull, strain and shearing forces. It provides strength to
plant parts and also protects the delicate parts of the plants.
Function :
They are of two types: fibres and sclereids.
Types :
Sclerenchyma
12. Complex Permanent Tissue
Biswarup Majumder | Bio-World 11
A tissue made up of more than one type of cells
functioning as a unit is called complex tissue.
There are two types of complex tissues - Xylem and
Phloem.
They are called vascular or conducting tissues.
Xylem helps to transport water and minerals from roots to
all part of the plant.
Phloem helps to transport food (sugar) from leaves to all
other parts of the plant.
13. It is a complex permanent tissue, which is specialized
for the conduction of water and mineral substances in
the plant body.
Xylem is a heterogenous tissue made up of four
different types of cellular elements. They are :
Of these, the tracheids and the tracheae are
described as essential elements since they are directly
involved in the translocation of water and mineral
substances.
Xylem fibers and xylem parenchyma are described as
associated elements, since they are only supporting
structures.
The tracheids, the trachea and the xylem fibers are
non-living components, while xylem parenchyma
represents the only living component of the tissue.
Xylem
Biswarup Majumder | Bio-World 12
14. Xylem Components
Biswarup Majumder | Bio-World
The tracheids are elongated, dead cells, with tapering ends.
They are characterised by the presence of a thick cell wall
consisting of primary wall and a secondary wall. The primary
wall is composed of cellulose where as the secondary wall is
made up of lignin.
There is a spacious lumen that extends throughout the
length of the tracheid.
In some cases, due to the deposition of lignin, the primary
wall develops numerous concave depressions called pits.
When pits are present, the tracheid is described as pitted
and when pits are absent, it is described as simple.
13
Xylem Tracheids :
Xylem Tracheae :
They are commonly known as xylem vessels.
The tracheae are found arranged parallel to each other,
extending from one end of the plant body to another.
The tracheae are long cylindrical dead cells.
They are characterized by a thick cell wall consisting of a
primary wall and a secondary wall. The primary wall is made
up of cellulose where as the secondary wall is made up of
lignin.
There is a spacious lumen that extends throughout the
length of the trachea.
The deposition of lignin in the secondary wall is not always
uniform. As a result, the xylem vessels exhibit different
types of secondary thickenings.
15. Xylem Components
Biswarup Majumder | Bio-World 14
They are represented by the dead sclerenchyma fibers
that are found in between the vessels and the tracheids.
They are meant for providing mechanical support to the
essential elements.
Xylem Fibres :
This is the only living component in the xylem tissue.
It is represented by groups of parenchyma cells that are
found in between the vessels and the fibers.
They are meant for storage of reserve food.
Xylem Parenchyma :
The rings seen in the trunk of an old tree which has been cut
transversely are the xylem rings. The age of a tree can be
determined by counting the number of rings.
16. Phloem is a complex permanent tissue, which is specialized
for the conduction of food and other organic substances.
Phloem is also a heterogenous tissue, made up of four
different types of cellular elements, namely,
Of these, the sieve tubes and the companion cells are
directly involved in the translocation of the organic
substances. Hence, they are commonly described as
essential elements.
Phloem parenchyma and phloem fibers are described as
associated elements since they play only a supporting role
in the process.
The sieve tubes, the companion cells and the phloem
parenchyma represent the living components of the tissue
while phloem fibres represent the only nonliving component
of the tissue.
Phloem is commonly described as a living, complex
permanent tissue.
Biswarup Majumder | Bio-World 15
Phloem
17. Phloem Components
Biswarup Majumder | Bio-World
They represent the most active food conducting elements
in the phloem tissue.
The sieve tubes are found arranged parallel to one another
from one end of the plant body to another.
Each sieve tube is formed by a series of hollow, cylindrical
cells called sieve tube cells arranged one above the other.
The sieve cells are separated from each other by
horizontal perforated plates called sieve plates. The sieve
cells communicate with each other through the sieve plates.
Each sieve cell has a thin cell wall, which is composed of
only cellulose. The cell has a central mass of dense
cytoplasm. The granular cytoplasm forms a number of
projections called cytoplasmic strands extending towards
the sieve plate. The nucleus is absent.
16
Sieve Tubes :
Companion Cells :
They are more or less spindle shaped cells associated with
the sieve tube cells.
Each companion cell is found attached to any one lateral
surface of a sieve cell.
The companion cell and the neighboring sieve cell together
represent a pair of sister cells.
The companion cell has a granular cytoplasm, prominent
nucleus and one or two small vacuoles. The nucleus of the
companion cell is said to be capable of exerting its
influence on the adjacent sieve cells.
18. Phloem Components
Biswarup Majumder | Bio-World 17
Phloem fibres are represented by the dead sclerenchyma
fibres that are found in between the sieve tubes.
They are meant only for providing mechanical support.
Phloem Fibres :
Phloem parenchyma is represented by a group of living
parenchyma cells that are found in-between the sieve
tubes.
They are meant only for storage of organic food.
Phloem Parenchyma :