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Chapter 26 - 1 Introduction to the Animal Kingdom

Most diverse kingdom in appearance
Each phylum has its own typical body plan (arrangement)

What is an Animal?

Animals are heterotrophic, eukaryotic, and multicellular and
lack cell walls.

95% = invertebrates (do not have backbone)
5% = vertebrates (have a backbone)

What Animals do to Survive

Physiology = Study of the functions of organs
Anatomy = the structure of the organism/organs

Homeostasis is maintained by internal feedback mechanisms
Feedback inhibition = the product or results of a process stops or limits the process
Ex: dog panting releases heat


There are 7 essential functions of animals:

Feeding:

Herbivore = eats plants
Carnivore = eats animals
Omnivore = eats plants and animals
Detritivore = feed on decaying organic material
Filter Feeders = aquatic animals that strain food from water
Parasite = lives in or on another organism (symbiotic relationship)

Respiration:
Take in O2 and give off CO2
Lungs, gills, through skin, simple diffusion

Circulation:
Very small animals rely on diffusion
Larger animals have circulatory system

Excretion:
Primary waste product is ammonia
Liquid waste
Response:
Receptor cells = sound, light, external stimuli
Nerve cells => nervous system

Movement:
Most animals are motile (can move)
Muscles usually work with a skeleton

Reproduction:
Most reproduce sexually = genetic diversity
Many invertebrates can also reproduce asexually = to increase their numbers rapidly

Trends in Animal Evolution

Cell Specialization and Levels of Organization:
Cells -->tissues -->organs -> organ systems

Early Development:

Zygote = fertilized egg
Blastula = a hollow ball of cells
Blastopore = the blastula folds in creating this opening
Protostome = mouth is formed from blastopore
Deuterosome = anus if formed from blastopore
Anus = opening for solid waste removal from digestive tract

The cells of most animal embryos differentiate into three layers called germ layers

Endoderm = (innermost) develops into the lining of the digestive tract and respiratory tract
Mesoderm = (middle) muscle, circulatory, reproductive, and excretory systems
Ectoderm = (outermost) sense organs, nerves, outer layer of skin

Body Symmetry:
Body Symmetry - the body plan of an animal, how its
parts are arranged

Asymmetry - no pattern (corals, sponges)
Radial Symmetry - shaped like a wheel (starfish,
hydra, jellyfish)
Bilateral Symmetry - has a right and left side
(humans, insects, cats, etc)

Cephalization - an anterior concentration of sense
organs (to have a head)

*The more complex the animals becomes the more
pronounced their cephalization




anterior - toward the head
posterior - toward the tail
dorsal - back side
ventral - belly side

Segmentation - "advanced"
animals have body segments,
and specialization of tissue
(even humans are segmented,
look at the ribs and spine)


Body Cavity Formation: A fluid-filled space where internal organs can be suspended

Types of Animals

       Phylum                      Examples                 Evolutionary Milestone
 Porifera              sponges                         multicellularity
 Cnidaria              jellyfish, hydra, coral         tissues
 Platyhelminthes       flatworms                       bilateral symmetry
 Nematoda              roundworms                      pseudocoelom
 Mollusca              clams, squids, snails           coelom
 Annalida              earthworms, leeches             segmentation
 Arthropoda            insects, spiders, crustaceans   jointed appendages
Echinodermata   starfish      deuterostomes

Chordata        vertebrates   notochord

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Zoology kingdom animalia

  • 1. Chapter 26 - 1 Introduction to the Animal Kingdom Most diverse kingdom in appearance Each phylum has its own typical body plan (arrangement) What is an Animal? Animals are heterotrophic, eukaryotic, and multicellular and lack cell walls. 95% = invertebrates (do not have backbone) 5% = vertebrates (have a backbone) What Animals do to Survive Physiology = Study of the functions of organs Anatomy = the structure of the organism/organs Homeostasis is maintained by internal feedback mechanisms Feedback inhibition = the product or results of a process stops or limits the process Ex: dog panting releases heat There are 7 essential functions of animals: Feeding: Herbivore = eats plants Carnivore = eats animals Omnivore = eats plants and animals Detritivore = feed on decaying organic material Filter Feeders = aquatic animals that strain food from water Parasite = lives in or on another organism (symbiotic relationship) Respiration: Take in O2 and give off CO2 Lungs, gills, through skin, simple diffusion Circulation: Very small animals rely on diffusion Larger animals have circulatory system Excretion: Primary waste product is ammonia Liquid waste
  • 2. Response: Receptor cells = sound, light, external stimuli Nerve cells => nervous system Movement: Most animals are motile (can move) Muscles usually work with a skeleton Reproduction: Most reproduce sexually = genetic diversity Many invertebrates can also reproduce asexually = to increase their numbers rapidly Trends in Animal Evolution Cell Specialization and Levels of Organization: Cells -->tissues -->organs -> organ systems Early Development: Zygote = fertilized egg Blastula = a hollow ball of cells Blastopore = the blastula folds in creating this opening Protostome = mouth is formed from blastopore Deuterosome = anus if formed from blastopore Anus = opening for solid waste removal from digestive tract The cells of most animal embryos differentiate into three layers called germ layers Endoderm = (innermost) develops into the lining of the digestive tract and respiratory tract Mesoderm = (middle) muscle, circulatory, reproductive, and excretory systems Ectoderm = (outermost) sense organs, nerves, outer layer of skin Body Symmetry:
  • 3. Body Symmetry - the body plan of an animal, how its parts are arranged Asymmetry - no pattern (corals, sponges) Radial Symmetry - shaped like a wheel (starfish, hydra, jellyfish) Bilateral Symmetry - has a right and left side (humans, insects, cats, etc) Cephalization - an anterior concentration of sense organs (to have a head) *The more complex the animals becomes the more pronounced their cephalization anterior - toward the head posterior - toward the tail dorsal - back side ventral - belly side Segmentation - "advanced" animals have body segments, and specialization of tissue (even humans are segmented, look at the ribs and spine) Body Cavity Formation: A fluid-filled space where internal organs can be suspended Types of Animals Phylum Examples Evolutionary Milestone Porifera sponges multicellularity Cnidaria jellyfish, hydra, coral tissues Platyhelminthes flatworms bilateral symmetry Nematoda roundworms pseudocoelom Mollusca clams, squids, snails coelom Annalida earthworms, leeches segmentation Arthropoda insects, spiders, crustaceans jointed appendages
  • 4. Echinodermata starfish deuterostomes Chordata vertebrates notochord